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scope of the larger system.In Benin, switching to 5-dose MCV vials and using either no threshold or a 30% threshold led to an improvement in MCV availability of 10% compared to using 10-dose MCV with no threshold.This was a result of decreasing MCV wastage by nearly 21%.However, this policy and presentation combination... | Conclusion: While the ideal vial-opening threshold policy for MCV varies by supply chain, implementing a 30% vial-opening threshold for 10-dose MCVs benefits each system by improving overall vaccine availability and reducing associated medical costs and DALYs compared to no threshold. |
methods of controlling pests and diseases, and the right quantity of organic and inorganic fertilizers to boost the yield of crops.Farmers are willing to adopt farm intensification techniques to increase yield but the cost involved and the lack of farmer education and training programs make them continue to practice tr... | The Ashanti region has recorded the second highest deforestation rates.Despite the government's efforts to maintain and protect Ghana's forest reserves, deforestation continues.We observed deforestation patterns in the Ashanti region of Ghana from 1986 to 2015 using Landsat imagery to identify the main causes of defore... |
For the three laboratory sorption experiments, data of wood mass, drainage water volume, initial solution pH and equilibrium solution pH are presented in Table 1.Initial and equilibrium bromide concentrations as well as bromide concentration reduction after being in contact with wood are presented in Table 2.Photos of ... | Three different woodchip forms were tested for bromide sorption including ground woodchip, unwashed woodchips, and washed woodchips.We used six varying initial bromide concentrations to conduct the bromide sorption experiments with each woodchip form.Data on the initial and equilibrium bromide concentrations, wood mass... |
Bananas, an important staple food crop in countries in the great lakes region of Africa, are threatened by the banana Xanthomonas wilt disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv.musacearum.The pathogen, infecting all banana varieties including East African Highland Bananas and exotic types of banana, cau... | Banana production in Africa's great lakes region is threatened by the Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv."Gonja manjaya," expressing stacked hypersensitive response-assisting protein gene (HRAP) and the plant ferredoxin-like protein gene (PFLP) were evaluated for resistance agains... |
banana NPR1 genes were transcribed following infection, but NPR1 transcription was not higher in lines with stacked transgenes in comparison to lines with a single transgene.The NPR1 protein is redox-sensitive during pathogen attack.The NPR1 protein is reduced to its monomeric form before translocation to the nucleus f... | musacearum, a biotrophic pathogen.Transgenic banana plants, cv.Transgenic lines also produced more hydrogen peroxide due to pathogen infection and also had higher transcription of stress response genes encoding NPR1, a defense response co-transcriptor, the antimicrobial PR-3 and glutathione S-transferase.However, trans... |
Gas-fluidised beds have been extensively studied in academia and widely used in industry.When examined at the macro-scale, fluidised beds may appear to behave like a solid, a liquid or a gas, depending on the magnitude of the applied superficial gas velocity.These “phase transitions” are important since the fundamental... | Using DEM simulations, the paper examines the different types of behaviour as the gas velocity is increased to cover the complete range from fixed bed to homogeneous expansion, bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidisation.The paper highlights the transitions between the various regimes.At minimum fluidisation velocity, Um... |
‘incipient fluidisation’ which is the start of a transition from solid-like to fluid-like behaviour and that only when the contact number reaches a small asymptotic value is the bed ‘fully fluidised’ and bubbling can then occur.Above Umb bubbling occurs, with the size of the bubbles increasing with increase in gas velo... | Above Umb, the amplitude of the pressure drop fluctuations increases to a maximum when U=Uc, which marks the transition from bubbling to turbulent behaviour.The simulations also show that in the turbulent regime the average pressure drop increases with increasing gas velocity.This aspect appears not to have been report... |
Jatropha curcas - a species of Euphorbiaceae family - is generally found in the tropical asian countries .Jatropha is currently cultivated and is importantly used for alternative biodiesel development throughout those regions.Like other Euphorbiaceae plants, J. curcas is characterized by the presence of toxic compounds... | Jatropha curcas is currently known as an alternative source for biodiesel production.Beside its high free fatty acid content, J. curcas also contains typical diterpenoid-toxic compounds of Euphorbiaceae plant namely phorbol esters.This article present the transcription profile data of genes involved in the biosynthesis... |
We propose an effective multitask learning setup for reducing distant supervision noise by leveraging sentence-level supervision.We show how sentence-level supervision can be used to improve the encoding of individual sentences, and to learn which input sentences are more likely to express the relationship between a pa... | A new form of attention that works well for the distant supervision setting, and a multitask learning approach to add sentence-level annotations. |
The data contains pregnancy related deaths records grouped into gynaecology, ante-natal, post-natal, and labour related deaths of pregnant women obtained from June 2009 to July 2017 and collected from the hospital records of Umaru Shehu hospital, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria.The data is quantitative in nature and pr... | Pregnancy related deaths (PRD) are public health concern in most developing countries and Nigeria in particular.Despite the efforts put in by the concerned authorities, PRD remains an integral part of maternal mortality or maternal deaths in Nigeria in general and Borno state in particular, as evidenced from the record... |
Historical anthropogenic pressures and rapid environmental changes have turned tropical and sub-tropical mangrove forests into one of Earth's most threatened ecosystems, causing worldwide loss of coastal livelihoods and ecosystem services.Since 1950, we have lost nearly 50% of global mangrove coverage.The current rate ... | Knowledge gaps in spatiotemporal changes in mangrove diversity and composition have obstructed mangrove conservation programs across the tropics, but particularly in the Sundarbans (10,017 km2), the world's largest remaining natural mangrove ecosystem.Using mangrove tree data collected from Earth's largest permanent sa... |
be the key mechanism behind biotic homogenization.To test this, we deducted the number of PSPs in each ecological zone at which a mangrove species occurred in 1986 from the number of PSPs at which it occurred in 2014.The resulted value was then standardized by the number of total PSPs at which the species was present a... | Spatially, the hyposaline mangrove communities were the most diverse and heterogeneous in species composition while the hypersaline communities were the least diverse and most homogeneous at all historical time points.Since 1986, we detect an increasing trend of compositional homogeneity (between-site similarity in spe... |
in a significant carbon stock loss in these zones.Indeed, in terms of the salinity zones, the hyposaline zone shows a twofold increase in ecosystem carbon stock than the hypersaline zone.Sarker et al. also observed a sharp negative response of H. fomes abundance and a sharp positive response of E. agallocha abundance a... | Temporally, the western and southern hypersaline communities have undergone radical shifts in species composition due to population increase and range expansion of the native invasive species Ceriops decandra and local extinction or range contraction of specialists including the globally endangered Heritiera fomes.The ... |
the number of people considered poor in the closed economy and a decrease of 149,864 in the open economy.If the adoption rate increased to 30% of the maize area in western Kenya, the economic surplus is predicted to be USD 173 million in the closed economy and USD 177 million in the open case.In addition, the number of... | This study examines the farm-level economic benefits and aggregate welfare impacts of adopting push–pull technology (PPT)—an innovative, integrated pest and soil-fertility management strategy—with a set of household- and plot-level data collected in western Kenya.The evaluation is based on a combination of econometric ... |
CDKN2A, CASP8, PIK3CA, USP6, MLL2, HLA-A, FANCA, PDE4DIP, and FAT1 were also identified .Furthermore, significantly co-occurring alterations in FADD CCND1, FGF19, and ORAOV1 were found to occur mutually exclusive with EGFR amplification among HPV-negative early TSCC tumors, as previously described in other cancers .Int... | Objectives Nodal metastases status among early stage tongue squamous cell cancer patients plays a decisive role for choice of treatment, wherein about 70% patients may be spared from surgery with accurate prediction of negative pathological lymph node status.However, there is an unmet need for prognostic biomarkers to ... |
Nuclear graphite is used extensively around the world, as a neutron moderator and as a structural and reflector material in nuclear reactors .It is also a component of advanced gas-cooled reactor fuel assemblies, the material of choice for the latest generation of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and as a matrix ma... | This paper introduces a novel approach, developed through an academic and industrial collaboration, to the thermal treatment of nuclear graphite waste arising as a result of reactor decommissioning and oxide fuel assembly dismantling.Engagement with UK regulators has indicated that it is likely to be desirable to furth... |
high weight loss and high irradiation.On a larger scale this is reassuring as it suggests that the irradiation history and details of the neutron flux on the graphite will not have a considerable impact on the graphite disposal.The purpose of the laboratory scale experiments was to gain information on the pilot scale p... | A crucial part of the process is the thermal oxidation of the graphite via a plasma furnace.Laboratory scale treatment of the graphite found the oxidation rate to increase with temperature, with a significant increase in the CO/CO2 production ratio at T > 1000 °C.Effects of graphite particle size, over the range 0.5–10... |
in the middle radius region between the casting outer surface and the centreline were predicted.Flow instability causes the formation of quasi A-segregates, but both the appearance of equiaxed crystals and their interaction with the growing columnar dendrites strengthen the segregates significantly.The equiaxed phase i... | A three-phase mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification model is used to calculate the macrosegregation in a 2.45 ton steel ingot.The main features of mixed columnar-equiaxed solidification in such an ingot can be quantitatively modelled: growth of columnar dendrite trunks; nucleation, growth and sedimentation of equiaxed... |
found that when females were larger than their partners, and therefore competitively dominant, they had greater residual fitness than females that were smaller than their partner, but only when competition for resources on the carcass was intensified by the presence of mites.Perhaps mites could have influenced how male... | Why is there so much variation within species in the extent to which males contribute to offspring care?Answers to this question commonly focus on intraspecific sources of variation in the relative costs and benefits of supplying paternal investment.With experiments in the laboratory on the burying beetle, Nicrophorus ... |
cupric ions directly or after biological pretreatment for chloride leaching, respectively.Experiments were carried out in 250 g/L NaCl, at pH 1.8, and 24 h with ground material.The maximum dissolution of Ni, Co, and Zn into the solution was achieved in the experiment BC2, which was run with biological pretreatment proc... | This study focuses on investigating the extraction of gold, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, and zinc present in the flotation tailings.Primarily, bioleaching with mixed acidophilic culture was applied as a pretreatment process for the recovery of nickel, cobalt, and zinc, as well as for iron removal.The effect of solid c... |
Tradeoffs between rewards at different points in time are ubiquitous in many animals’ choices about mating, cooperation, parental investment, and foraging.In an uncertain world, gains expected in the future may never bear fruit.Future gains and losses should therefore be underweighted relative to those available in the... | Primates, including humans, appear more willing to wait for rewards than other animals, such as rats or pigeons.Another group displaying impressive patience are the corvids, which possess large brains and show sophisticated cognitive abilities.Here, we assess intertemporal choice in one corvid species, the Western scru... |
to be making intertemporal choices.Separating a failure to learn from an inability to learn is difficult.Indeed, it is arguably impossible to demonstrate an inability to learn to discriminate future delays.We are therefore prevented from drawing conclusions beyond highlighting the relatively extensive learning experien... | These birds cache food for future consumption and respond flexibly to future needs.Cache-theft and cache-degradation are time-dependent processes in scrub-jay ecology that might necessitate sensitivity to delays between caching and retrieval.We adopt a caching paradigm with delays of up to 49. h. Across two experiments... |
of income.Livestock health is clearly linked to human health and prosperity, hunger, malnutrition, and poor health are widespread and stubborn development challenges.Routine vaccination programmes are employed in the endemic regions of the world but regular immunisation is required.Improved vaccines, in terms of stabil... | The deployment of effective veterinary vaccines has had a major impact on improving food security and consequently human health.Effective vaccines were essential for the global eradication of Rinderpest and the control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in some regions of the world.Effective vaccines also underp... |
We introduce three generic point cloud processing blocks that improve both accuracy and memory consumption of multiple state-of-the-art networks, thus allowing to design deeper and more accurate networks.The novel processing blocks that facilitate efficient information flow are a convolution-type operation block for po... | We introduce three generic point cloud processing blocks that improve both accuracy and memory consumption of multiple state-of-the-art networks, thus allowing to design deeper and more accurate networks. |
Recently, Generative Adversarial Networks have emerged as a popular alternative for modeling complex high dimensional distributions.Most of the existing works implicitly assume that the clean samples from the target distribution are easily available.However, in many applications, this assumption is violated.In this pap... | An unsupervised learning approach for separating two structured signals from their superposition |
TB9."The absolute peak runoff values could obviously also be compared with local regulatory standards, such as the UK's 2 l/s/ha greenfield runoff objective.In this case, both TBs fail to meet the target by a considerable margin.In Fig. 14, both scenarios assumed initial losses of 10 mm.However, it has been shown withi... | A four-year record of rainfall and runoff data from nine different extensive (80. mm substrate) green roof test beds has been analysed to establish the extent to which the substrate composition and vegetation treatment affect hydrological performance.The test beds incorporated three different substrate components with ... |
Myositis specific antibodies represent not only important diagnostic tools for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, but also help to stratify patients into subsets with particular clinical features, treatment responses and disease outcome.These antibodies even have the potential to be used in classification criteria.Con... | Background: Myositis specific antibodies (MSA) represent not only important diagnostic tools for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), but also help to stratify patients into subsets with particular clinical features, treatment responses, and disease outcome.Methods: A total of 54 sera from patients with idiopathic... |
the antibody levels.Other potential limitations of LIA include the lack of analyte specific controls and proper calibration as well as the temperature sensitivity of the test.In efforts to improve standardization, the fundamental first step is to compare newer technologies such as LIA or PMAT to IP and to understand di... | Consequently, standardization of MSA is of high importance.Although many laboratories rely on protein immunoprecipitation (IP) for the detection of MSA, IP standardization is challenging and therefore reliable alternatives are mandatory.Recently, we identified significant variation between IP and line immunoassay (LIA)... |
shelter.This should signal scrutiny, for example, of initial projections in Haiti – where no industrialised pre-fabrication existed - to deliver within 12 months .rental subsidies were a strategic alternative that was available immediately not because renting is more popular or commonplace – the opposite is the case in... | We examine Japan's transitional shelter strategy following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) against these questions: who decides when and where to build housing; what is built, how and by whom; who finances, owns or rents; and how might such conditions affect disaster response?The analysis puts ... |
Figs. 14, 15, and 16 show the corresponding images."This is a difficult case; however, it is shown that regardless of the sun's trajectory the algorithm will always follow the brightest point of the image in the field of view of the fish-eye camera. "The metrics here do not coincide closely with those of the NOAA's due... | The design and implementation of a solar tracker based on panoramic images captured by a fisheye camera are proposed.Such images receive a digital treatment to estimate the sun azimuth and the elevation angles.These angles are fed to a microcontroller, handling an accelerometer with a gyroscope, that positions the sola... |
easier and more efficient.This case also indicates that the control and protection sequence proposed can be applied for the MTDC with droop control.In this case, the MTDC is connected in meshed topology as illustrated in Fig. 12.When a permanent DC fault occurs on DC Line 12, the control and protection approach at the ... | A comprehensive process of the control and protection against a DC fault in a voltage source converter (VSC) based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system typically includes fault detection, fault isolation and system recovery.master-slave control and droop control under DC faults, this paper presents the fault isola... |
In today׳s dynamic and competitive work environment, organizations are faced with challenges of how to attract and retain productive workforce.This however, has made organizations to look beyond remuneration but also consider factors like work culture, career growth, work life balance, training and development and othe... | The article presented an integrated dataset on employee value proposition (EVP) and performance of selected Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) firms in Nigeria.The study adopted quantitative approach with a descriptive research design to establish the major determinants of employee value proposition.The population of t... |
Learning can be framed as trying to encode the mutual information between input and output while discarding other information in the input.Since the distribution between input and output is unknown, also the true mutual information is.To quantify how difficult it is to learn a task, we calculate a observed mutual infor... | We take a step towards measuring learning task difficulty and demonstrate that in practice performance strongly depends on the match of the representation of the information and the model interpreting it. |
a worse prognosis.These cells have been polarised by the tumour microenvironment to switch off autologous anti-cancer T cells responses and can impair both the manufacturing and efficacy of CAR-T cells .One of the principle challenges in targeting human MDSCs remains their heterogeneous nature, with differences in immu... | In humans such approaches have not developed due to difficulties in identifying targets amenable to clinical translation.Findings: RNA-sequencing of human M-MDSCs and G-MDSCs identified transcriptomic differences, but that CD33 is a common surface marker.Interpretation: The study identifies that M-MDSCs and G-MDSCs are... |
co-cultured at a ratio of 1:0.5 and compared to CD33 + CD14+ monocytes.Mean of T cells and unpolarised MDSC proliferation shown as controls.D) The percentage of CD68+ CD14+ cells is increased following tumour polarisation, compared to the mean of unpolarised cells.HLA-DR is also downregulated compared to unpolarised ce... | Background: Targeting of MDSCs is a major clinical challenge in the era of immunotherapy.Antibodies which deplete MDSCs in murine models can reactivate T cell responses.Methods: RNA-sequencing of M-MDSCs and G-MDSCs from cancer patients was undertaken.Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry of blood and tumours determi... |
This comprehensive genomic analysis of aneuploid colorectal cancer identified frequent mutations and deletions of BCL9L leading to caspase-2 dysfunction and the tolerance of chromosome missegregation, which operates independently of TP53 status.These data support the existence of parallel pathways complementing TP53 dy... | Chromosomal instability (CIN) contributes to cancer evolution, intratumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance.Through genomic analysis of colorectal cancers and cell lines, we find frequent loss of heterozygosity and mutations in BCL9L in aneuploid tumors.BCL9L deficiency promoted tolerance of chromosome missegregation ... |
central role for caspase-2 as an enzyme regulating p53, underpinned by seminal work from other groups.We found that loss of BCL9L prevents cleavage of BID through caspase-2 in TP53-null cells and thereby inhibits apoptosis.This p53-independent role for caspase-2 in the suppression of aneuploidy might operate as a fail-... | Efforts to exploit aneuploidy tolerance mechanisms and the BCL9L/caspase-2/BID axis may limit cancer diversity and evolution. |
a water resource, fresh SGD was named in relation to ship navigation."Although this is not a direct societal effect of fresh SGD, it could be relevant to better understand the role of SGD in sailors' knowledge.While obviously it had a traditional use for refilling the drinking water supplies of ships, it also creates a... | Terrestrial groundwater discharging directly into the sea (“fresh submarine groundwater discharge”, fresh SGD) is increasingly recognized as nutrient and pollutant pathway from land to coastal oceans.However, its active use by coastal populations and its role for coastal societies is nearly entirely neglected.In Peru, ... |
In this paper we propose to view the acceptance rate of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm as a universal objective for learning to sample from target distribution -- given either as a set of samples or in the form of unnormalized density.This point of view unifies the goals of such approaches as Markov Chain Monte Carl... | Learning to sample via lower bounding the acceptance rate of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm |
Current practice in machine learning is to employ deep nets in an overparametrized limit, with the nominal number of parameters typically exceeding the number of measurements.This resembles the situation in compressed sensing, or in sparse regression with penalty terms, and provides a theoretical avenue for understandi... | Proposes an analytically tractable model and inference procedure (misparametrized sparse regression, inferred using L_1 penalty and studied in the data-interpolation limit) to study deep-net related phenomena in the context of inverse problems. |
economic activity.For example, six items were included in pro-WEAI to capture women’s participation in agricultural activities; whereas, only one item each was included to capture women’s participation in non-agricultural economic activities and in women’s wage and salary employment.In other studies, single key-word qu... | Women's empowerment is a process that includes increases in intrinsic agency (power within); instrumental agency (power to); and collective agency (power with).We used baseline data from two studies—Targeting and Realigning Agriculture for Improved Nutrition (TRAIN) in Bangladesh and Building Resilience in Burkina Faso... |
were not completely melted.These characteristics are more conspicuous on the actual profile of Flaws B and C; the presence of voids on the cross-sectional profile of Flaw C implies that the electrical resistance of the flaw was larger than the designed one.The measured eddy current signals are shown in Fig. 4.The signa... | This study demonstrates that 3D printing technology offers a simple, easy, and cost-effective method to fabricate artificial flaws simulating real cracks from the viewpoint of eddy current testing.The method does not attempt to produce a flaw whose morphology mirrors that of a real crack but instead produces a relative... |
Multiple sclerosis is a progressive, neurological condition that affects 2·5 million people worldwide."The disease impacts all aspects of patients' lives, having substantial and adverse effects on quality of life.Multiple sclerosis is associated with high direct and indirect costs to patients, their families, and socie... | Background: People severely impaired with progressive multiple sclerosis spend much of their day sitting, with very few options to improve motor function.As a result, secondary physical and psychosocial complications can occur.Effective and feasible self-management strategies are needed to reduce sedentary behaviour an... |
the study requested to keep the frame on completing the study, thus further supporting the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.Behavioural change techniques were an integral component of the standing frame intervention.To complement the physiotherapy advice and support, individuals had access to paper-bas... | In this study, we aimed to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of a home-based, self-managed, standing frame programme.An economic assessment established the resources required to provide the standing frame programme, estimated intervention costs, and estimate cost effectiveness.The standing frame is one of the ... |
granted, requesters will be asked to sign a data sharing agreement.Requested data will be made available, along with supporting documentation on a secure server or through other secure data transfer method.The trial methods, previously published in detail,16 are briefly described in line with existing guidelines.17–20,... | Methods: SUMS was a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled superiority trial of people with progressive multiple sclerosis and severe mobility impairment, undertaken in eight centres from two regions in the UK.The study had assessor-blinded outcome assessments with use of clinician-rated and patient-rated measur... |
the investigator.An embedded qualitative component explored the contemporaneous subjective experiences of using a standing frame within daily life through audio-recorded diaries by a subgroup of intervention participants.These data will be reported in a future publication.The target sample size was based on comparing A... | After baseline assessment, participants were randomised (1:1) by computer-generated assignment to either a standing frame programme plus usual care or usual care alone.The primary clinical outcome was motor function measured by the Amended Motor Club Assessment (AMCA) score at week 36, analysed in the modified intentio... |
were similar.Analyses of 36-week AMCA subscores and short-term AMCA scores at 20 weeks showed significant fully adjusted between-group mean differences in favour of the standing frame group.We observed short-term, statistically significant differences in favour of the standing frame group at 20 weeks in hip goniometry,... | A 9-point AMCA score change was considered clinically meaningful a priori.Adverse events were collected through a daily preformatted patient diary throughout the 36 weeks and analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population.Of these, 122 completed the primary outcome assessment (61 participants in both groups) fo... |
slight stream of nitrogen applied.Water was distilled from the reaction mixture.The temperature was then slowly increased to 200 °C for 15 min to complete the esterification.To build up molecular weight the temperature was first reduced to 165 °C and high vacuum was applied.Temperature was then increased slowly to a ma... | The aliphatic-aromatic copolyester poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT), also known as ecoflex, contains adipic acid, 1,4-butanediol and terephthalic acid and is proven to be compostable [1-3]).We describe here data for the synthesis and analysis of poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate var... |
Solving tasks in Reinforcement Learning is no easy feat.As the goal of the agent is to maximize the accumulated reward, it often learns to exploit loopholes and misspecifications in the reward signal resulting in unwanted behavior.While constraints may solve this issue, there is no closed form solution for general cons... | For complex constraints in which it is not easy to estimate the gradient, we use the discounted penalty as a guiding signal.We prove that under certain assumptions it converges to a feasible solution. |
Sequence-to-sequence models with attention have excelled at tasks which involve generating natural language sentences such as machine translation, image captioning and speech recognition.Performance has further been improved by leveraging unlabeled data, often in the form of a language model.In this work, we present th... | We introduce a novel method to train Seq2Seq models with language models that converge faster, generalize better and can almost completely transfer to a new domain using less than 10% of labeled data. |
The idea that the effects of the physical properties of stress experience should be distinct from the psychological aspects of the experience has been put forward by the studies of the impact of uncontrollable versus controllable stress exposure.The definitions of stress do not often emphasize the difference between ph... | In addition, repeated efforts are often required for learning under neutral conditions but single- or few learning trials are sufficient for forming stress-related memories.Chronic psychological stress may cause a hyper-link among stress-related memories across the spatiotemporal due to shared quality of inescapability... |
termed orcinoside, derived from a traditional Chinese herb rhizoma curculiginis, which has been believed for over a thousand years to be able to enhance spiritual power and memory.Orcinoside targets the glycine site of NMDA receptors to partially promote its activity.Intriguingly, orcinoside was also found to weakly po... | Stress is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.However, some experiences, referred to as stress, may actually lead to resilience.It is thus critical first to define what type of stress may lead to MDD.Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) ar... |
of surface water irrigation initiatives to increase cropping intensity, with studies indicating that use of low-lift pumps and/or mechanized land preparation could assist in moving farmers from single to double cropping where both irrigated and rainfed agriculture is practiced during the winter season, respectively.Abi... | Such 'scale-appropriate' machinery can increase returns to land and labour, although the still substantial capital investment required can preclude smallholder ownership.Increasing machinery demand has resulted in relatively well-developed markets for rental services for tillage, irrigation, and post-harvest operations... |
Cosmogenic-nuclide surface-exposure dating is a widely used approach for constraining the timing of past geomorphic events and, in particular, for reconstructing ice margin history during the Quaternary.The technique is heavily dependent on a knowledge of the nuclide production rate and how this rate has varied through... | Calculating cosmogenic-nuclide surface-exposure ages is critically dependent on a knowledge of the altitude of the sample site.Changes in altitude have occurred through time as a result of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), potentially altering local nuclide production rates and, therefore, surface-exposure ages.Here ... |
a longer duration of isostatic rebound and, therefore, potentially larger exposure age corrections.The effects of GIA can still be significant beyond the ice sheet margins, even many hundreds of kilometres away from the major ice masses.Crucially, exposure ages in these areas can become older, younger or be unchanged w... | We find that the magnitude of the GIA effect is spatially and temporally variable.Although smaller, the effect is still significant at ice sheet margins, where nuclide production is reduced by >5% and potentially >10%, making exposure ages older in those areas.Away from the ice sheet margins, land surfaces can be isost... |
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of Russian and Mexican study participants are presented in Tables 1 and 2.Table 3 demonstrates statistical significance of the differences in clinical and biochemical characteristics between Russian and Mexican study participants.Mitochondrial heteroplasmy level in Russian and Me... | Despite the fact that the role of mitochondrial genome mutations in a number of human diseases is widely studied, the effect of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in the development of cardiovascular disease has not been adequately investigated.In this study, we compared the heteroplasmy levels of mtDNA from leukocytes for m.3... |
very high amplitude movements.This residual artefact could be due to nonlinear effects when the cap and head do not move together, for example.The residual artefacts appear to occur across channels and so additional spatial constraint on the motion related artefact removal may further improve the motion artefact correc... | The simultaneous acquisition of electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) is a multimodal technique extensively applied for mapping the human brain.However, the quality of EEG data obtained within the MRI environment is strongly affected by subject motion due to the induction of voltag... |
applying this method inside a 42 m × 42 m target area.We apply his method inside the college to show interference locations and the effectiveness of this algorithm in relation to the hybrid approach.Figs. 48 and 49 show the college after applying the ushering mechanism to identify interference locations.All users insid... | The aim of this paper is to optimize femtocell performance by managing interference between femtocell devices and between a femtocell and a macrocell.It achieves this using a three-phase approach that involves deployment of femtocells and control of resulting connections through consideration and management of path los... |
Through the sequencing of Cherax quadricarinatus gill transcriptome library, we obtained over 72 million good quality paired-end sequence reads after the removal of low quality reads.The sequenced data was deposited in NCBI Sequence Read Archive under the accession number PRJNA275170.Illumina sequence reads were assemb... | The pH and salinity balance mechanisms of crayfish are controlled by a set of transport-related genes.We identified a set of the genes from the gill transcriptome from a freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus using the Illumina NGS-sequencing technology.We identified and characterized carbonic anhydrase (CA) genes ... |
Many practical robot locomotion tasks require agents to use control policies that can be parameterized by goals.Popular deep reinforcement learning approaches in this direction involve learning goal-conditioned policies or value functions, or Inverse Dynamics Models.IDMs map an agent’s current state and desired goal to... | We show that the key to achieving good performance with IDMs lies in learning latent representations to encode the information shared between equivalent experiences, so that they can be generalized to unseen scenarios. |
the diameter at the level of PP were used: bright-field, fluorescence, and electron microscopy methods.Scanning electron microscopy and differential interference contrast images indicated an average sperm tail diameter of 570 ± 13 nm and 555 ± 10 nm, respectively.To corroborate this measurement, the membrane protein AB... | Super-resolution microscopy revealed that Hv1 is distributed asymmetrically within bilateral longitudinal lines and that inhibition of this channel leads to a decrease in sperm rotation along the long axis.use super-resolution microscopy, electrophysiology, and electron microscopy to show that the sperm proton channel ... |
detectable by the patch-clamp technique.The concentration of a significant number of H+ channels in such a small cellular domain as a flagellum in close proximity to the pH-sensitive CatSper likely affects sperm physiology in a profound way.Although direct measurement of the intracellular pH changes because of sperm Hv... | The latter is accomplished by either proton transporters or, in human sperm, via the voltage-gated proton channel Hv1.We suggest that specific distribution of flagellar nanodomains provides a structural basis for the selective activation of CatSper and subsequent flagellar rotation.The latter, together with hyperactiva... |
The first idea of using bent crystal for charge particle steering belongs to Tsyganov in 1976.This phenomenon was observed at the Laboratory of High Energies, JINR in 1979 where a 8.4 GeV proton beam was deflected up to 26 mrad.The use of a small object to direct halo into a secondary collimator-absorber will permit on... | Abstract The device called Cherenkov detector for proton Flux Measurement is going to be installed inside of the primary vacuum of the Super Proton Synchrotron to monitor a secondary beam produced by the bent crystal inserted in the proton halo.Test of this detector with 449 MeV electrons was performed at beam test fac... |
Psychosocial stress is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease .Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased cortisol levels and resting heart rate are postulated to be amongst the mechanisms behind this association .This is plausible as... | Methods: We used data from a subcohort of the PREVEND study, a prospective general population based cohort study with a follow-up of 6.4 years for 24-h UFC and 10.6 years for RHR.Participants were 3432 adults (mean age 49 years, range 28-75).24-h UFC was collected and measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spect... |
effect, but also biases regression coefficients, and can also lead to an overestimation of the hazard .The PREVEND study differs from WHITEHALL II and the INCHIANTI study on several other aspects.In terms of average age PREVEND has a relatively young population compared to the aforementioned studies, where the average ... | Background and aims: Higher cortisol levels are associated with cardiovascular mortality in the elderly.It is unclear whether this association also exists in a general population of younger adults and for non-fatal cardiovascular events.The goal of this study was to investigate whether twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol... |
Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon that is released by specialized immune cells and virally infected cells and promotes broad antiviral immune responses.These anti-viral properties of IFN-α are harnessed clinically in the treatment of Hepatitis-C infection.However, despite its good clinical efficacy, direct and/or... | Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is an important mediator of antiviral immune responses.It is also used clinically in the treatment of hepatitis-C infection.Though effective, IFN-α-based therapies can often impair mood, motivation and cognition, which when severe can appear indistinguishable from major depression.Here we use n... |
at any time-point.Similar to our prior MT analysis, there was no significant association between changes in striatal NDI or ODI and change in mood score measured with HAMD.Whole-brain analysis confirmed the significant positive correlation between left striatum increases in NDI and development of fatigue at 4 h post in... | In susceptible patients, fatigue and motivational impairment emerge early and have been linked to changes in basal ganglia (striatal) metabolism, neurochemistry and microstructural integrity.Within the brain, IFN-α induced an acute increase in NDI in patients that experienced a simultaneous increase in IFN-α-induced fa... |
in SCD patients compared to healthy controls .Hepatic ischemic injury and hypoxia, in mice and rats, also increase XDH release from the liver into the vasculature and induce rapid conversion of XDH to XO during reperfusion .Due to the relatively high circulating half-life of XO, significant damage can be done to the en... | Hemolytic diseases are associated with elevated levels of circulating free heme that can mediate endothelial dysfunction directly via redox reactions with biomolecules or indirectly by upregulating enzymatic sources of reactive species.While XO has been studied for over 120 years, much remains unknown regarding specifi... |
Giant spermatocele is a rare to see and can be unilateral or bilateral .Spermatocele most frequently occur in the fourth and fifth decades of life in males .Both indirect inguinal hernia and spermatocele are considered to be of congenital origin.Occurrence of testis,spermatic cord and spermatocele inside hernia sac is ... | Introduction: Giant spermatocele,testis and spermatic cord as content of sac in an indirect hernia is extremely rare.These are congenital in.nature.Case Report: A 61 year old male was diagnosed as a case of giant spermatocele.Exploration documented giant spermatocele and an indirect inguinal hernia of complete type wit... |
coupling to MS. Hyphenation of sample separation with MS still provides deeper metabolite coverage compared to direct injection MS, and through the emergence of microfluidic chips with an integrated separation column and electrospray emitter, speed and costs can be drastically improved.Likewise, we observe an increased... | The human metabolome provides a direct physiological read-out of an individual's actual health state and includes biomarkers that may predict disease or response to a treatment.The discovery and validation of these metabolomic biomarkers requires large-scale cohort studies, typically involving thousands of samples.This... |
from the internet.The program for the storage capacity has been written in Julia.The generation of input files, analysis of output and creation of charts has been done in R with the additional packages ggplot2, directlabels, latex2expp, lhs and sensitivity.Fig. 4 presents the data flow for the computations: a) in case ... | These papers (part I and part II) emphasize the need for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses.A number of techniques are applied, e.g.latin hypercube sampling, impact response surfaces and Sobol-analyses.Five examples are presented, four of them concerning the numerical model SWAP.The data generation and analysis is pe... |
will further limit accurate detection.Positron emission tomography or single photon emission computed tomography imaging would offer a higher sensitivity compared to MRI when specific radiotracers such as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide agents, which target angiogenesis, are used.Another advantage of PET and SPE... | Preclinical and clinical assessment of such therapies will require suitable monitoring strategies to understand and mitigate these risks.A combination of three plasma biomarkers (CEA, AFP, and HCG) was able to detect teratomas with a volume >17 mm3 and with a sensitivity of more than 87%.Based on our findings, a combin... |
lines and epicentral locations) with a buffer of 40 km).Nigeria is located in one of the mobile belts of Africa and has been, in recent times, experiencing low-magnitude tremors very frequently.Taking into consideration the prehistoric and historic earthquake events as well as paleoseismic events, seismic stability of ... | This paper addresses the conduct of a Geographic Information System (GIS) based suitability assessment of these sites for the proposed Nuclear Power Plant.Attempts to recommend sites for the nuclear power plants and other major constructions in Nigeria have been made in view of historical and recent occurrences both at... |
micropores, and it was not directly related with the loss of water.The structural mechanical characteristics of macropores were not as strong as mesopores and mesopores.Another reason might be that when the sample was heated up suddenly, the water in the mesopores and micropores vaporized rapidly, and then the pressure... | As known, the shrinkage of coal and the pore collapsed during the drying process due to water removal.The relevance between water release behavior and pore evolution of lignite during the thermal-drying process was studied in this work.From N2 adsorption of traditional pretreated samples and freezing wet samples, most ... |
the fibrous-like shape of the GM-B in the current study is a calcium-silicate-hydrate phase that incorporates the hydrogarnet crystals.The leaching treatment of a ternary CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slag produced from smelting-reduction of low-grade bauxite was carried out at 45, 60, and 75 °C and 1 atm in 30 min with different pro... | A combination of smelting-reduction of bauxite and leaching treatment of the produced slag for alumina recovery is known as the Pedersen process.The process is considered to be more sustainable for producing metallurgical-grade alumina than the Bayer process as it does not produce bauxite residue (red mud), which is on... |
important role in bacteria–nematode interactions and serve as important nematicidal factors in balancing nematode populations in the soil .Finally, the in vivo study under greenhouse conditions confirmed the in vitro results although the treatment was as one-time soil drench.Therefore, these findings may be improved if... | Application of thermostable alkaline protease to control the harmful nematodes was investigated in the current study.Protease from isolate G550 exhibited high nematicidal activity against M. incognita under laboratory conditions and caused hydrolysis of J2S cuticle.This isolate was identified using molecular techniques... |
With the exponential increase of the world population from 1 billion in 1820 to 7 billion in 2012 and projections for 10 billion in 2056, a substantial increase in the demand for food, energy and natural resources is expected.Land degradation through human activities is negatively impacting the well-being of at least 3... | New challenges and policy developments after 2015 (among others, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)) are opportunities for soil scientists and soil erosion modellers to respond with more accurate assessments and solutions as to how to reduce soil erosion and furthermore, how to r... |
products for modelling crop phenology and cover management.Finally, the integration of the erosion models with the carbon cycle for better assessing the impact of soil erosion in agricultural productivity loss and climate change was also addressed.The papers in this special issue deal with different aspects of soil ero... | This special issue includes papers concerning the use of fallout for estimating soil erosion, new wind erosion modelling techniques, the importance of extreme events (forest fires, intense rainfall) in accelerating soil erosion, management practices to reduce soil erosion in vineyards, the impact of wildfires in erosio... |
is the most widely applied soil erosion model for estimating rill and sheet erosion.The ability to predict sub-annual soil losses is important for policy making and this special issue includes also a review of the G2 soil erosion model.G2 is a complete, quantitative algorithm for mapping soil loss and sediment yield ra... | New data produced from field surveys such as LUCAS topsoil and the increasing availability of remote sensing data may facilitate the work of erosion modellers.Finally, better integration with other soil related disciplines (soil carbon, biodiversity, compaction and contamination) and Earth Systems modelling is the way ... |
of 22 species and included zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, shellfish, and finfish.Structure of the sampled food web may be evaluated directly from isotopic niche scatterplots of the measured data, as described by Powell et al.Generally, zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and blue mussel occupied the lowe... | The sampled food webs included zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, shellfish, and finfish species.Zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and shellfish occupied the lowest trophic levels (TL ≈ 2 to 3); northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) occupied the middle trophic levels (T... |
bioaccumulation within an ecosystem that has a well-defined food web or between multiple ecosystems.Results presented here differ from those previously reported for the Oslofjord.These differences occurred because 1) the results presented here did not include concentrations less than the MDL in the regression models an... | Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of cVMS, specifically octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), were evaluated for the marine food webs of the Inner and Outer Oslofjord, Norway.Trophic magnification factors (TMF) for D4, D5, and D6 were < 1.0 (ran... |
The worldwide crisis known as global warming has prompted the enactment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.This was followed by the Kyoto Protocol in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, which regulated the obligatory greenhouse gas emissions from industrialize... | This study aimed to develop a new energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings from two perspectives: (i) establishment of reasonable and fair criteria for the building energy efficiency rating system; and (ii) establishment of comparative incentive and penalty programs to encourage the voluntary ... |
criteria, additional funding through the existing policy.In other studies, the theory-based evaluation method was used, and stakeholder interviews were conducted in order to evaluate policy instruments for improving energy performance of existing private dwellings in the Netherlands.By describing and evaluating the con... | Based on the analysis of the conventional energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings, this study was conducted in five steps: (i) data collection and analysis; (ii) correlation analysis between the household size and the CO2 emission density (i.e., CO2 emission per unit area); (iii) cluster form... |
system, the large-household-sized building has a lower CO2 emission density just because it has a larger area; thus, it will get the more carbon point.In addition, the existing residents, who have been already participating in the energy saving campaign, may have a lower energy saving potential.Also, the new residents,... | Building energy efficiency rating systems have been established worldwide to systematically manage the energy consumption of existing buildings.The proposed system can allow a policymaker to establish a reasonable and fair energy efficiency rating system for existing residential buildings and can encourage the voluntar... |
in the fibre-based mixtures, where it is probable that extensive aggregation takes place due to depletion flocculation caused by the big amount of non-absorbing polysaccharides being present in this sample.It is possible that depletion flocculation might subsequently lead to bridging flocculation.However, no free oil s... | Sustainability driven production of food ingredients is in the center of discussion the past years, with plants being a promising source, since they are widely available and have smaller environmental impact compared to animals.However, plant material consists of a sturdy configuration comprising many components, like ... |
thermal gradients within crater lakes are small, even though surface water temperatures can be in excess of 25 °C.Despite this small temperature difference, stratification is likely to be very stable once established due to the density of warmer waters.The difference in density between 22 °C and 25 °C is much greater t... | The exploitation of lakes has led to large-scale contemporary impacts on freshwater systems, largely in response to catchment clearance.Such clearance is causing changes to carbon dynamics in tropical lakes which may have significance for wider carbon budgets, depending on the changes in carbon sequestration and minera... |
been assessed .However, there are also a number of pathophysiological changes associated with COPD that have not yet been studied in relation to SCD risk, including hypoxia and hypoxemia , cardiac ischemia , heart failure , and possibly pulmonary hyperinflation and pulmonary hypertension .Second, there may be common ri... | Both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) are major health burdens.A number of studies have addressed their interrelationship, but currently no systematic review has been published.Our objective is to give an overview of the literature of the association between COPD and SCD.We se... |
the period 1995–2009 as simulated by the SWAT model.The Danube on average introduces about 25,000 tonnes of P, 460,000 tonnes of N and 432,000 of N-NO3 into the Black Sea each year.The concentrations of N-NO3, N and P are quite constant in the period 1995–2009 with average values of 2.1, 2.2 and 0.12 mg/L, respectively... | This study provides an innovative process-based modelling approach using the SWAT model and shows its application to support the implementation of the European environmental policies in large river basins.The approach involves several pioneering modelling aspects: the inclusion of current management practices; an innov... |
for in vivo imaging are more multifaceted.Optically transparent organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Danino rerio, Drosophila Melanogaster, and the chorioallantoic membrane model are well suited as nonmammalian in vivo models using cellular imaging techniques , and nanocarbons have, to date, been successfully eval... | Nanodiamond (ND) has emerged as an intriguing material in recent years both industrially and in research.In parallel, the development of advanced biomedical imaging methods and techniques has faced a steep upswing, making these two a ‘perfect match’.The optical and physical properties of ND can be tuned, rendering them... |
different from each producing country and moreover the color of salmon can be changed by the difference of feed in aquaculture.Second, smoked products had a positive relationship with price in the liner model, and this is also consistent with an existing study which showed positive premium of smoked products in UK in a... | The relationship between salmon prices and attributes were explored using the samples collected in supermarkets in Shanghai, China.The results showed that the price of the salmon did not have a significant relationship with the depth of orange color of salmon, unlike the results of stated preferences of western consume... |
1.These same values are observed in the pollution load index which is determined for contamination severity and its variation along the rivers.The values on PLI in this study are very low and considered as unpolluted.The sediments were lowly contaminated by theses metals due to the influence of external discrete source... | In this investigation, the level of toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cu, Ni, Al, Zn and U) was determined in sediment samples from two watersheds (Kienké and Tchangué) in the Abiete-Toko gold district, southern Cameroon.The potential contamination and toxicity of studied metals was determined by evaluating enrichment factor (... |
3 mg/kg by i. v. injection 2 times per week for consecutive 12 weeks.During treatment, mice were monitored for any changes in the general physical conditions, such as appearance, behaviors, and mortality.At week 12, mice were euthanized.The isolated splenic tissues were cut into pieces, which were thoroughly grinded in... | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Vascular inflammation is closely related to the pathogenesis of a diverse group of CVDs.Currently, it remains a great challenge to achieve site-specific delivery and controlled release of therapeutics at vascular inflammatory s... |
Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin that is naturally present in certain marine and terrestrial species.The fugu or puffer fish is the best known source of TTX.TTX is not produced by puffer fish itself, but most likely originates from a symbiosis of bacteria with marine animals.TTX is a voltage-gated sodium channel blo... | We therefore used micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings as an integrated measure of neurotransmission to demonstrate that TTX inhibits neuronal electrical activity in both primary rat cortical cultures and human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hIPSC)-derived iCell® neurons in co-culture with hIPSC-derived iCell® astroc... |
differences, 400 μg/kg can be assumed to be an appropriate LD50 value for mammals.Using this ‘universal’ mammalian LD50 value and appropriate safety factors, an acute reference dose for TTX can be estimated that is likely to be more reliable than those based on human case studies.Given the steepness of for example the ... | Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is an extremely toxic marine neurotoxin.TTX inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in a potentially lethal inhibition of neurotransmission.Despite numerous intoxications in Asia and Europe, limited (human) toxicological data are available for TTX.Additionally, the degree of interspecies di... |
For a long time, eukaryotic genomes were considered to be stable and relatively conserved, but advances in genome technology have revealed genetic diversity between individuals, such as SNPs and copy-number variations.Furthermore, evolution of an organism’s genome occurs during its lifespan, resulting in genetic mosaic... | MicroDNAs arise preferentially from areas with high gene density, GC content, and exon density from promoters with activating chromatin modifications and in sperm from the 5'-UTR of full-length LINE-1 elements, but are depleted from lamin-associated heterochromatin.A survey of microDNAs from chicken cells defective in ... |
and CpG islands.Given the correlation noted earlier between transcription, splicing and active promoters with microDNA production, we predicted that the origins of the microDNAs may be predictive of the lineage of a cancer cell line.To test this we divided the genome into 5-Mb windows and calculated the frequency at wh... | MicroDNAs are <400-base extrachromosomal circles found in mammalian cells.Tens of thousands of microDNAs have been found in all tissue types, including sperm.Analysis of microDNAs from a set of human cancer cell lines revealed lineage-specific patterns of microDNA origins.Deletion of the MSH3 DNA mismatch repair protei... |
factor has been found to result in increased R-loop formation and subsequent DNA damage, illustrating a connection between R-loop formation and splicing.The fact that we find microDNA enriched in genomic regions with activating chromatin marks and high exon density also suggests a connection between microDNA production... | Through isolating and sequencing small extrachromosomal circular microDNAs across multiple species and cell types, Dillon et al. |
bias on expression as well as expression differences that may be attributable to a gene’s local context.By design, our approach is limited to pre-defined gene groups.Thus, this method is not suitable to discover genes that respond to, e.g., a particular stress environment, which is often the goal of a typical discovery... | Genome-wide molecular gene expression studies generally compare expression values for each gene across multiple conditions followed by cluster and gene set enrichment analysis to determine whether differentially expressed genes are enriched in specific biochemical pathways, cellular components, biological processes, an... |
We investigated the effects of chronic intrathecal infusion of fluoroacetate on nociceptive behavioral testing in adult rats.Fluoroacetate did not change the profiles of responses to von Frey hair stimuli applied on hind paws, did not alter responses to the Dynamic Hot Plate test and to the acetone test and did not aff... | Fluoroacetate has been widely used to inhibit glia metabolism in vivo.It has yet to be shown what the effects of chronic intrathecal infusion of fluoroacetate on nociceptive behavioral testing are.The effects of chronic infusion of fluoroacetate (5 nmoles/h) for 2 weeks were examined in normal rats.Chronic intrathecal ... |
in mature root tissues.Characterisation and quantification of the Na+ binding properties of different root cell wall constituents and the influence of Na+ on cell wall binding of other ions.Exploration of the correlation between compositional differences in root cell wall layers, particularly the endo- and exo- dermal ... | Roots respond by modulating metabolism, gene expression and protein activity, which results in changes in cell wall composition, transport processes, cell size and shape, and root architecture.Here, we focus on the effects of salt stress on cell wall modifying enzymes, cellulose microfibril orientation and non-cellulos... |
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