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the total power is around 31%.Consequently, a novel structure of series EDFA is introduced using backward pumping distribution technique as depicted in Fig. 4.A single 980 nm LD is utilized to pump the EDFs in both stages according to the distribution ratio.An optical fiber coupler operating at 980 nm wavelength with s... | A modern wideband and flat gain erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is suggested and accomplished, by employing a recently fabricated hafnia-bismuth-erbium doped fiber (HB-EDF) and zirconia-erbium doped fiber (Zr-EDF) as a hybrid active fiber.The performance of the proposed EDFA is examined in both forward and backward... |
This paper presents a generic framework to tackle the crucial class mismatch problem in unsupervised domain adaptation for multi-class distributions. Previous adversarial learning methods condition domain alignment only on pseudo labels, but noisy and inaccurate pseudo labels may perturb the multi-class distribution em... | We propose a reliable conditional adversarial learning scheme along with a simple, generic yet effective framework for UDA tasks. |
Understanding how people represent categories is a core problem in cognitive science, with the flexibility of human learning remaining a gold standard to which modern artificial intelligence and machine learning aspire.Decades of psychological research have yielded a variety of formal theories of categories, yet valida... | using deep neural networks and clever algorithms to capture human mental visual concepts |
that a more sensitive process requires a stronger shielding from distraction as evident in a stronger inhibition of the ventral attention network.Considering all evidence, we propose that alpha power increases in right-parietal cortex reflect a gradual response corresponding to the strength of task-focused attention or... | This study investigated the functional significance of EEG alpha power increases, a finding that is consistently observed in various memory tasks and specifically during divergent thinking.It was previously shown that alpha power is increased when tasks are performed in mind-e.g., when bottom-up processing is prevented... |
There is a growing interest in the mechanisms underlying the “two-heads-better-than-one” effect, which refers to the ability of dyads to make more accurate decisions than either of their members.One study, using a perceptual task in which two observers had to detect a visual target, showed that two heads become better ... | In a range of contexts, individuals arrive at collective decisions by sharing confidence in their judgements.We found that the success of these heuristics depends on how similar individuals are in terms of the reliability of their judgements and, more importantly, that for dissimilar individuals such heuristics are dra... |
around 50% of the variance, R2 = 49.8, F1,28 = 26.74, p < .001.For similar dyad members, the MCS algorithm yielded a collective benefit.However, for dissimilar dyad members, the MCS algorithm yielded a collective loss.The similarity of dyad members’ sensitivities also significantly predicted the collective outcome of t... | This tendency to evaluate the reliability of information by the confidence with which it is expressed has been termed the 'confidence heuristic'.We tested two ways of implementing the confidence heuristic in the context of a collective perceptual decision-making task: either directly, by opting for the judgement made w... |
as accurate as those reached by dyad members through interaction.However, the ability to estimate the reliability of one’s own decisions shows substantial individual differences; this ability is typically referred to as metacognitive ability and quantified as metacognitive accuracy.While the MCS algorithm is prone to e... | Interaction allows individuals to alleviate, but not fully resolve, differences in the reliability of their judgements.We discuss the implications of these findings for models of confidence and collective decision-making.© 2014 The Authors. |
and it is reported that the compound induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells.In another study, widdrol-a natural sesquiterpene- from Juniperus species have been reported to inhibit the growth of HT-29 colon cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.Erenler studied isolation, identification, and anticancer activity of J. exce... | In this study, the needle and cone of Juniperus species (Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp.oxycedrus, J. foetidissima Willd., J. excelsa Bieb.and J. communis L.) that are commonly used in Turkish folk medicine were investigated in terms of their phenolic contents and antiproliferative activities.The phenolic constituents of... |
indicates the formation of a stage 2 intercalation compound.The band at 1371 cm−1 has been observed previously and its origin remains poorly understood .However recent inelastic X-ray scattering measurements have shown that the E2g2 phonon for LiC6 softens all the way to ∼1380 cm−1 as the electron doping destabilises t... | Reducing the flake thickness of microcrystalline graphite powders via electrochemical exfoliation offers a method to overcome the latter, sluggish grain boundary Li+ diffusion, thereby increasing the overall rate capability of the graphite negative electrode in a the Li-ion battery.Six micron particulate graphite was e... |
The data contains phylogenetically analyzed CRBN sequences.The sequences were collected from NCBI GenBank.Fig. 1 shows phylogenetic tree of the mammalian CRBN sequence reconstructed using maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining method.On the same dataset, site-model test for detection of positively selected site was ap... | Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate recognition subunit of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, directly binding to specific substrates for poly-ubiquitination followed by proteasome-dependent degradation of proteins.Cellular CRBN is responsible for energy metabolism, ion-channel activation, and cellular stress response th... |
and optimization requires not only fewer experiments to find a local optima, it also it reveals factor interactions and can be used for process simulations.Overall, it will lead to better understanding of a process, which assists in development and scale-up.It is a cost-effective method providing deep understanding in ... | Microfluidics has recently emerged as a new method of manufacturing liposomes, which allows for reproducible mixing in miliseconds on the nanoliter scale.Here we investigate microfluidics-based manufacturing of liposomes.The aim of these studies was to assess the parameters in a microfluidic process by varying the tota... |
control, the most often mentioned bottleneck pertains to pasture management, even though pasture rotation has been shown to be effective in reducing levels of worm challenges.Farmers find it difficult to apply the proper pasture rotation schemes due to limited and variable grass availability and size of pastures, and p... | breaking long-standing habits such as treating ewes and lambs at fixed moments rather than based on actual worm infection monitoring data; (3) demonstrating effective pasture rotation schemes on specific farms and using these in extension work; (4) making farmers more aware that checking anthelmintic efficacy is import... |
the semantic foil from the first list or the target.Under these conditions, performance was better when distracters were similar to the target rather than the foil, indicating benefits from distraction accruing either for the target or for the foil.This pattern suggests that phonological features of auditory distractio... | The processing of the relation between targets and distracters which underpins the impairment in memory for visually presented words when accompanied by semantically related auditory distracters—the between-sequence semantic similarity effect—might also disambiguate category membership of to-be-remembered words, bringi... |
already accepted this, with mass spectrometry being recognised as the gold standard .Nonetheless, the advantage must be clearly apparent before any MS based methodology is adopted.This can only be proven through cross validation to reference methods, where multiple samples are analysed and statistically correlated agai... | Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays are considered the reference standard for serum steroid hormone analyses, while full urinary steroid profiles are only achievable by gas chromatography (GC–MS).Both LC-MS/MS and GC–MS have well documented strengths and limitations.Recently, commercial ult... |
The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa was unprecedented.Following the first case in Guinea in December 2013, 28 616 cases were reported in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone resulting in 11 310 deaths.1,2,Fragile healthcare systems in the affected countries struggled to cope with the scale and complex... | We report data which constitute the first description of the provision of enhanced EVD case management protocols in a West African setting.Methods: Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected by retrospective review of clinical and laboratory records of patients with confirmed EVD admitted between 5 Novemb... |
rapid diagnostic tests were also available.An EVD treatment bundle was developed to facilitate a protocolized approach to the provision of clinical care thus ensuring optimal utilisation of clinical contact time.Whilst acknowledging there is little evidence of efficacy of any specific intervention in the management of ... | Results: A total of 44 EVD patients were admitted (median age 37 years (range 17–63), 32/44 healthcare workers), and excluding those evacuated, the case fatality rate was 49% (95% CI 33%–65%).At admission 9/44 had stage 1 disease (fever and constitutional symptoms only), 12/44 had stage 2 disease (presence of diarrhoea... |
was 49% overall, but direct comparison of clinical outcomes from different treatment facilities has proved difficult.Rates reported from other ETCs in Sierra Leone were similar from cohorts with lower median ages and higher Ct values.International Medical Corps28 reported a case fatality rate of 58%, and Medicins san F... | Background: Limited data exist describing supportive care management, laboratory abnormalities and outcomes in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa.No pregnant women were admitted.We believe that the enhanced levels of protocolized care, scale and range of medical interventions we report, offer a blue... |
was that, as the position of interest moved from the top of the weld to the bottom, there was an increasing tendency for M/A islands to decompose.It would seem likely, therefore, that in the NG-GTAW weld, the tempering effects associated with subsequent weld passes led to a gradual restoration in the toughness.Of cours... | Narrow-groove (NG) variants of these processes have reduced welding times, but thick-section welds still require a large number of passes.In this work, the effects of a large number of welding thermal cycles on the through-thickness variability in microstructure and mechanical properties have been analysed for NG-GTAW ... |
in the FeMg-900 hybrid, way above the percolation threshold .The contiguous templates guaranteed the formation of through pores.Thus, combined with the microscopic analysis results, we found that the in-situ exsolution of dual-template approach indeed created HPCs with interconnected pores.Thanks to its hierarchical po... | The rational design and preparation of hierarchically porous carbons feature high on the wish list of academia and industry alike.However, creating interconnected pores of distinct dimensions is no easy task.Starting from the precursor design, we present a novel synthesis strategy of porous carbons that much enhances t... |
the complexity and uncertainties in a practical way, without ignoring vital elements of balancing markets and their functions.We suggest the following design principles to address this challenge:Reach agreement on key balancing market criteria and variables,Start from power system and market conditions,Consider future ... | In the unbundled national electricity markets in Europe, the balancing market is the institutional arrangement that deals with the balancing of electricity demand and supply.This paper presents a framework for policy makers that identifies the relevant design variables and performance criteria that play a role in the d... |
The data displayed here represent the outcome of micropurification steps and visualization techniques used for purifying T. b. brucei target proteins of artemisinin, which were previously detected at 60, 40 and 39 kDa by immunoblotting .The polyacrylamide gel and immunoblotting film presented here below reflect, on the... | Here we describe the isolation and purity determination of Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.)brucei candidate target proteins of artemisinin.The candidate target proteins were detected and purified from their biological source (T. b. brucei lysate) using the diazirine-free biotinylated probe 5 for an affinity binding to a strep... |
exercise is being run alongside the Explorer Grants program.For all three streams, it is too early to tell whether they had the kinds of effects that the academic arguments for lottery suggest, but preliminary results are expected in the next few years; more comprehensive comparisons, however, may require much longer, ... | In 2013 the Health Research Council of New Zealand began a stream of funding titled ‘Explorer Grants’, and in 2017 changes were introduced to the funding mechanisms of the Volkswagen Foundation ‘Experiment!’ and the New Zealand Science for Technological Innovation challenge ‘Seed Projects’.All three funding streams aim... |
distribution and average inter-pore distance.A discrete model for diffusive transport through porous media has been proposed with the ambition to provide a bridge between the short length scale of individual pores and the long length scale of interest to engineering applications.The methodology has been developed subje... | A meso-scale model for diffusion of foreign species through porous media is proposed.The model considers diffusion as a continuous process operating on a discrete geometrical structure dictated by the pore size distribution.Local diffusivities and hence pore space connectivity are dependent on the size of the diffusing... |
for the observation of novel-syllable generalisation is that the part-word items do not occur in the speech, though for the moved-syllable generalisation task the part-word items did occur, and it is therefore harder to reject them.This is a possibility, but does not affect the overall result that generalisations depen... | Language learning requires mastering multiple tasks, including segmenting speech to identify words, and learning the syntactic role of these words within sentences.A key question in language acquisition research is the extent to which these tasks are sequential or successive, and consequently whether they may be driven... |
should be a primary goal for future research in the area of cross-cultural neuropsychology.In addition, the current sample was recruited from a single geographic region, and the Hispanic participants were predominantly from a Mexican American background.One specific limitation of the five-factor model pertains to the b... | Introduction: The present study sought to investigate the measurement invariance of commonly used neuropsychological tests in an ethnically (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) and linguistically (Spanish vs. English) diverse sample.Methods: Participants were 736 middle-aged and older adults (MAge = 62.1, SD = 9.1) assessed at ... |
some West African and East African countries suffer losses in horticultural and cereals production, which are typically high value added cash crops for these countries.In recognition of soil degradation, a number of soil conservation measures are already implemented at regional scale and in many countries12 .For exampl... | Under pressure to use more marginal land, abstracted water volumes are driven upwards by an estimated 48 billion cubic meters. |
to inform consumers about the use of the technology and expectations in terms of safe food handling.As it is important to accommodate different consumer groups in public policy messages, how to deliver such messages to different segments of consumers are equally important, as we found in this research.One way to delive... | This paper investigates UK consumers’ trust in sixteen information sources, from government institutions to food handlers and media, to provide accurate information about the use of nanotechnology in food production and packaging.The findings from this study provide insights into the development of best practices and p... |
Insect stings and sensitization to Hymenoptera venom are common in the general population.1–5,Although different methods used for assessing sensitization make it difficult to compare different populations, sting frequency and sensitization rates in warm, southern countries seem to be higher than in countries with a coo... | Methods: In this cross-sectional study, paper-based, self-filled questionnaires about previous insect stings and sting reactions were obtained from individuals who hunt and fish in Bavaria, Germany.Blood samples were taken and analyzed for the levels of tryptase, total IgE and IgE to honey bee (i1) and wasp (13) venom,... |
that measuring sIgE for the combination of all recombinant allergens offers a comparable or even higher sensitivity than exclusively measuring sIgE for the whole venom extracts.This is reinforced by the fact that 3.5% of our participants showed a sensitization above 0.35 kU/l for at least 1 recombinant allergen, but no... | Background: Hymenoptera venom sensitization in highly exposed individuals frequently requires risk assessment for future severe sting reactions.In this study, we determined the prevalence of Hymenoptera venom sensitization in individuals who hunt and fish and analyzed possible correlations between the severity of sting... |
hepatitis.Concurrently to investigating the activation and inhibitory potential of the NK cells in the varying HBV clinical phases, we chose to investigate the developmental phenotype of these cells using the specific differentiation-associated markers CD16, CD57, and NKG2C.During analysis of these differentiation-asso... | Results The overall composition, phenotype, and cytolytic activity of the NK cells remained constant across all clinical phases, with the exception of a few specific markers (KIRs, NKp46).CD56bright NK cells of chronic HBV patients differed in their ability to produce IFN-γ between the clinical phases pre- and post-HBe... |
The data in this article show the effects of phosphosugar ligands and other variables on the phosphorylation state of the catalytic serine in several enzymes in the α-D-phosphohexomutase superfamily.Data were obtained by ESI-MS.Data on enzyme inhibition by several ligands is also presented.Leuconostoc mesenteroides glu... | Most enzymes in the α-D-phosphohexomutase superfamily catalyze the reversible conversion of 1- to 6-phosphosugars.They play important roles in carbohydrate and sugar nucleotide metabolism, and participate in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, glycolipids, and other exoproducts.Mutations in genes encoding these enzyme... |
operation of the growth mechanism on different substrates.Moreover, the strain status in nanowires is very important for their optical properties and device applications.Although strain can be relaxed through the surface, there is still no detailed study on strain for nanowires, especially in three dimensions.Answering... | Group-III nitrides and their alloys feature direct bandgaps covering a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them a promising material system for various applications, such as solid state lighting, chemical/biological sensing, water splitting, medical diagnostics, and communications.In recent years, the g... |
sphericity correction) and Task × Time interaction = 5.4, p < 0.0001 sphericity corrected), confirming the larger response in mTBI patients during the TD task.The larger response was not accompanied by higher distractibility, based on eye movement recordings.In particular, we did not observe significant differences in ... | We report on the results of a multimodal imaging study involving behavioral assessments, evoked and resting-state BOLD fMRI, and DTI in chronic mTBI subjects.We found that larger task-evoked BOLD activity in the MT+/LO region in extra-striate visual cortex correlated with mTBI and PTSD symptoms, especially light sensit... |
the conservative force quadrature FI as a force-deflection curve FTS .However, this assumption does not hold for viscoelastic surfaces which have a delay between applied force and deformation, and finite relaxation time to equilibrium.In such cases it is necessary to formulate the tip–surface interaction in terms of a ... | We discuss the physical origin and measurement of force between an atomic force microscope tip and a soft material surface.Quasi-static and dynamic measurements are contrasted and similarities are revealed by analyzing the dynamics in the frequency domain.Various dynamic methods using single and multiple excitation fre... |
γδ T cells seemingly make both innate-like and adaptive contributions to immunity, with increasingly appreciated relevance to clinical scenarios such as cancer surveillance.Prototypic innate-like γδ T cell subtypes include mouse dendritic epidermal T cells, which are skin-restricted, feature a canonical T cell receptor... | Butyrophilin (BTN) and butyrophilin-like (BTNL/Btnl) heteromers are major regulators of human and mouse γδ T cell subsets, but considerable contention surrounds whether they represent direct γδ T cell receptor (TCR) ligands.Thus, the γδ TCR can employ two discrete binding modalities: a non-clonotypic, superantigen-like... |
of Zol-treated CRA123 cells to stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 cells, it could not be excluded that this was because this construct reached the cell surface inefficiently, thereby implicating the YF motif in the stringent regulation of BTN3A1 cell surface expression, as was previously considered.Although BTN3A1 can be sufficient to s... | We demonstrate that the BTNL3 IgV domain binds directly and specifically to a human Vγ4+ TCR, “LES” with an affinity (∼15–25 μM) comparable to many αβ TCR-peptide major histocompatibility complex interactions.show that BTNL3 directly binds to human Vγ4+ TCRs via a superantigen-like binding mode that is focused on germl... |
cloned into the self-inactivating lentiviral vector pCSIGPW after removal of the IRES-GFP and CMVp-PuroR cassettes.OE-PCR was likewise used to mutate BTN3A1 and BTN3A2, which were subsequently cloned into pCSIGPW.Lentiviral particles were produced in wild-type 293T cells by co-transfection with lentiviral plasmids enco... | Mutations in germline-encoded Vγ4 CDR2 and HV4 loops, but not in somatically recombined CDR3 loops, drastically diminished binding and T cell responsiveness to BTNL3-BTNL8-expressing cells.How these findings might broadly apply to γδ T cell regulation is also examined.Willcox et al. |
development.However, RPGREx1-19 and RPGRORF15 isoforms have distinct developmental expression profiles in the murine retina.RPGREx1-19 is expressed early in development, declining as photoreceptors mature and RPGRORF15 expression increases, suggesting a specific function, although there may be redundant mechanisms ensu... | Mammalian photoreceptors contain specialised connecting cilia that connect the inner (IS) to the outer segments (OS).This review summarises the existing literature on human RPGR function and dysfunction, and suggests that RPGR plays a role in the function of the ciliary gate, which controls access of both membrane and ... |
and visual loss than the Rpgr KO mouse.A naturally occurring rd9 mouse was found to have a 32-bp duplication in ORF15, producing a much slower degeneration.Different strains of mice sharing the same RPGR mutation can express a different phenotype, highlighting the role of genetic background effects.RpgrORF15 overexpres... | Dysfunction of the connecting cilia due to mutations in ciliary proteins are a common cause of the inherited retinal dystrophy retinitis pigmentosa (RP).Mutations affecting the Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator (RPGR) protein is one such cause, affecting 10-20% of all people with RP and the majority of those with X... |
The Affymetrix mRNA profile data are provided as CEL files deposited on GEO.RNA was extracted from miR-21 over-expressing Jurkat cells and matched control cell line.For each cell line Input, AGO2 IP and isotype matched IgG IP samples were analysed.Small RNAs profiled from the same cell lines are reported as collapsed r... | We set out to identify miR-21 targets in Jurkat cells using a high-throughput biochemical approach (10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.021 [1]).Using a specific monoclonal antibody raised against AGO2, RISC complexes were immunopurified in Jurkat cells over-expressing miR-21 following lentiviral trasduction as well as in Jurkat ... |
Fig. 1 shows the SDS-PAGE analysis of the Taq DNA polymerase expression in pET-28b, and Fig. 2 shows the gray scale value analysis result of the recombinant Taq DNA polymerase.A considerable increase of the protein expression can be seen.Fig. 3 is the SDS-PAGE analysis of the Taq DNA polymerase purification from pET-28... | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is widely used in many experimental conditions, and Taq DNA polymerase is critical in PCR process.In this article, the Taq DNA polymerase expression plasmid is reconstructed and the protein product is obtained by rapid purification, (“Rapid purification of high-activity Taq DNA... |
Difficulty regulating negative emotions has been linked to the onset and maintenance of anxiety and depression.More recent studies also suggest a relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and post-traumatic stress disorder.Whilst promising, these studies are limited to retrospective designs and reliant on se... | Objectives Retrospective studies suggest a link between PTSD and difficulty regulating negative emotions.This study investigated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and the ability to regulate negative emotions in real-time using a computerised task to assess emotion regulation.The results suggest a relationship bet... |
to record intrusions related to the computer task for the week following participation using diaries since previous research has suggested that reductions in physiological arousal whilst being shown unpleasant images in the form of traumatic films may lead to the development of trauma-related intrusive memories.Our aim... | Immediately after the computer task, participants were asked to describe the strategies they had used to regulate their negative emotions during the task and recorded spontaneous intrusions for the unpleasant images they had seen throughout the following week.Results PTSD symptoms were associated with difficulty regula... |
participants were asked to decrease their negative emotions.The use of cognitive change strategies, such as cognitive reappraisal, was related to less arousal when decreasing negative emotions.This is consistent with the body of research that suggests that response modulation strategies are inefficient methods for alte... | Method Trauma-exposed ambulance workers (N = 45) completed self-report measures of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms and depression.More intrusions developed in participants who had greater reductions in physiological arousal whilst decreasing their negative emotions.Conclusions Difficulty regulating negative emotions may... |
Precious Woods have contributed to safeguarding community access to resources.Villagers have the possibility of defining how these areas and trees therein are managed and could make decisions to conserve them.They could even decide to increase the density of such trees by planting them, although this would involve wait... | This study assessed the abundance of and access to tree species (Ozigo, Dacryodes buettneri; and Abam, Gambeya lacourtiana) that yield edible fruits to villagers and timber to the logging industry in and around a logging concession in Gabon.Participatory mapping combining GPS coordinates and interviews was carried out ... |
Linear friction welding is a solid state joining method, in which one component is subjected to reciprocating transverse motion against a stationary component, under axial compression.Four stages of the process were defined by Vairis and Frost : initial phase: when heat is generated through sliding friction; transition... | A separate continuous thermal model of the process (Jedrasiak et al., 2018), provided the spatial temperature field as an input to each mechanical analysis.Axial shortening of the weld geometry required particular attention, and was handled by discarding thin layers of elements at discrete intervals to match the flash ... |
approach was used by the current authors , who compared experimental power obtained in this fashion, with the power history reverse-engineered from thermocouple data.This thermal FE model of LFW, with its independent estimates of power history, is used here for validation of the new deformation model.To date, numerical... | This was achieved by using multiple small strain analyses during one quarter cycle of workpiece oscillation, giving a snapshot of the average heat dissipation rate in a single complete cycle.This mechanical model for heat generation in a single cycle was then repeated at intervals throughout the equilibrium phase of we... |
quarter cycle were increased.The power predictions from the small-strain snapshot model are compared with the power inferred from the thermal model in Fig. 11.The power predicted by the deformation model is about 20% higher than that from the thermal model, and showed a systematic variation with a shallow minimum in th... | Heat generation in linear friction welding of Ti alloy was modelled with a computationally efficient finite element analysis.The predicted distributions of plastic strain and heat generation were concentrated within narrow windows of temperature and flow stress, corresponding to a layer of material at the interface les... |
costs for electricity generation of a technology, one sees that it would most economical to generate electricity by lignite.However, by integrating the external costs of GHG emissions and air pollution, wind power is the most economical electricity generation source, followed by PV, whereas the external costs of lignit... | Wind power is an important technology in the transition towards a low carbon economy.Wind power developments with a cumulative capacity of 63.1 MW which have been installed in 2017 in the Aachen region, generating 3901 GWh electricity from 2017 to 2037 lead to a regional value added of €50.8 million (or €805/kW).From a... |
gives the total damage costs associated with P from MWL, which would be approximately $57 million yr− 1 in the UK.Clearly, this estimate assumes that all MWL-P remains within the environment and contributes to environmental damage.Significant uncertainty surrounds these assumptions, emphasising the need to better const... | Effective strategies to reduce phosphorus (P)-enrichment of aquatic ecosystems require accurate quantification of the absolute and relative importance of individual sources of P. In this paper, we quantify the potential significance of a source of P that has been neglected to date.However, mains water leakage (MWL) pot... |
to both L-M and Luminance contrast and most of these are sensitive to spatial structure.Although our behavioral data suggest reduced spatial frequency sensitivity in the neurons tuned to L-M contrast at threshold, once our stimulus contrast was increased to generate a reliable BOLD response, it is possible that we stim... | The spatial sensitivity of the human visual system depends on stimulus color: achromatic gratings can be resolved at relatively high spatial frequencies while sensitivity to isoluminant color contrast tends to be more low-pass.Models of early spatial vision often assume that the receptive field size of pattern-sensitiv... |
a higher rate than build up due to lack of estrogen.Thus, elderly females usually over the age of 65 suffer from this disease.The reported prevalence was as high as 50% in the literature .There is limited information on higher BMI affecting insufficiency fractures with only one article discussing how a BMI over 25 was ... | Introduction: Early intervention in femoral neck stress fractures (FNSFs) can be self- limiting, but they have an insidious presentation.High index of suspicion for an occult fracture is necessary to avoid bilateral progression and/or operative interventions.Initially the patient presented with groin pain and radiograp... |
in which a system is developed in a stepwise manner.The vehicle behaviour is modelled as a B machine and the communication models as a CSP controller.The aim in is to represent a correct model of a real physical vehicle for platooning while our approach aims to verifying the cooperation between vehicles in the automoti... | The coordination of multiple autonomous vehicles into convoys or platoons is expected on our highways in the near future.However, before such platoons can be deployed, the behaviours of the vehicles in these platoons must be certified.This is non-trivial and goes beyond current certification requirements, for human-con... |
could be robustly assessed.The high natural inter-annual variation found for each metric presents evidence for the difficulty in using pilot site data to inform the design and effort required for robust impact assessment surveys.If the power analysis was to rely on data from only one year of our study there would be a ... | Detecting the effects of introduced artificial structures on the marine environment relies upon research and monitoring programs that can provide baseline data and the necessary statistical power to detect biological and/or ecological change over relevant spatial and temporal scales.Here we report on, and assess the us... |
first checking if the absorption data taken for the nearest matching coordinate is negligible, i.e. less than 1.If this is the case, then a search method begins whereby the search space grows by one mesh cell in all directions until the nearest absorption cell is found.Once the absorption data has been collated into a ... | Performance predictions and optimisation strategies in current nanotechnology-based photovoltaic (PV) require simulation tools that can efficiently and accurately compute optical and electrical performance parameters of intricate 3D geometrical structures.Due to the complexity of each type of simulation it is often the... |
extract in nanomicelles would improve the poor intestinal absorption of aspalathin.In addition, external preference mapping was used to establish the identity of the sensory attributes driving preference of rooibos iced tea.“Rooibos-woody” flavour seems to be the main sensory attribute driving consumer acceptance of ro... | Traditional rooibos iced teas prepared using fermented rooibos extract contain a low concentration of the unique antioxidant, aspalathin, which also has anti-diabetic properties.In order to increase the aspalathin content an array of rooibos iced tea formulations containing aspalathin-enriched green rooibos extract or ... |
no sedimentation property are discarded.Granule samples from a UASB reactor, used to treat a poultry slaughterhouse waste, previously described by Del Nery et al. , were utilised to determine the sample volume indicated for measuring the granule diameter.This step consisted of adopting the methodology proposed by Del N... | Anaerobic granule sizes from various types of anaerobic biological wastewater treatments were investigated in order to understand the influence of this characteristic on the performance of the treatment system.Therefore, the aim of this protocol is to standardise the granulometry assay that can measure granule sizes ac... |
Data was made available with a well-structured household questionnaire with a unit of analysis captured at households and individuals level.A questionnaire was administered to a household to elicit information on household members.The survey covers all legally recognized household members of households in the nine prov... | Food insecurity or insufficiency, among other factors, is triggered by structural inequalities.Food insecurity is an inflexible problematic situation in South Africa.The country has a custom of evidence-based decision making, stocked in the findings of generalized national household surveys.Conversely, the deep insight... |
to mitigate the higher temporal workloads that some people felt in the push condition.One approach would be a user-interface component that indicates when the next update is going to occur, as investigated by Neate et al.The stimulus used in this study was related to the Autumnwatch program and was created by a major i... | The use of mobile devices during television viewing is now commonplace, and broadcasters are increasingly supplying programme-related ‘companion content’.To produce an optimal user experience, it is important to determine how the delivery of companion content affects and is perceived by the viewer — without this we ris... |
Akt-signaling pathway by targeting UBE2T.In addition, an Akt inhibitor, LY294002, was employed to block the Akt-signaling pathway, with DMSO serving as a control.The sphere and colony formation abilities of LCSCs treated with miR-1305 mimic and LY294002 exhibited no significant differences compared to LCSCs treated wit... | MicroRNAs (miRNAs)are involved in the maintenance of the cancer stem cell (CSC)phenotype by binding to genes and proteins that modulate cell proliferation and/or cell apoptosis.In our study, we aimed to investigate the role of miR-1305 in the proliferation and self-renewal of liver CSCs (LCSCs)via the ubiquitin-conjuga... |
of obvious, denied and poorly communicated burden associated with the care of the older adults.This study showed that despite the presence of this burden associated with caregiving, the commitment to preserve life makes the caregivers persist in the caring process.Their beliefs that caring for an older adult is an inve... | Background: Caregivers of the elderly with chronic illnesses are exposed to the burden associated with their caregiving activities.This study described the lived experience of caregivers of older adults in Nigeria.Methods: A qualitative design guided by interpretive phenomenology informed the design of the research, wh... |
suggested that the thickness of the oxide layer around the nanospheres could account for the size of crack-initiating defects.Now, if we solve for strength σ in KIC = σ1/2, with a = 30 nm and KIC = 0.9 MPa m1/2 as is typical of silicon , one obtains σ ≈ 3 GPa, which is below values of strength measured here for specime... | A microscopic three-point bending test that measures the strength of faceted particles of high aspect ratio is developed and used to probe individual coarsened plate-like silicon particles extracted from the eutectic Al-12.6%Si alloy.Focused ion beam milling is used in sample preparation; however, the tapered beam cros... |
The “Supersymmetric Artificial Neural Network” in deep learningTw), espouses the importance of considering biological constraints in the aim of further generalizing backward propagation.Looking at the progression of ‘solution geometries’; going from SO representation to SU representation has guaranteed richer and riche... | Generalizing backward propagation, using formal methods from supersymmetry. |
space might contain as many as 1060 compounds .This is where FBDD comes to enrich hit compounds and produce more potent lead compounds .The two commonly used approaches for the optimization of fragment hits into lead-like compounds are Fragment growing and Fragment linking.The first is the addition of functional groups... | In the big data era, voluminous datasets are routinely acquired, stored and analyzed with the aim to inform biomedical discoveries and validate hypotheses.No doubt, data volume and diversity have dramatically increased by the advent of new technologies and open data initiatives.Big data are used across the whole drug d... |
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the primary vector of dengue viruses.These are a great concern for public health burden in over one hundred countries, mainly located in tropical and sub-tropical regions.There are more than two billion people living in at risk areas and tens of millions of apparent infections are estimated... | In such a system two genetic constructs are introduced, each possessing a lethal element and a suppressor of the lethal at the other locus.aegypti as vectors of Zika, yellow fever and chikungunya viruses and also to the control of a number of other insect species and thereby of insect-vectored pathogens. |
these cases do however display a diminishing return to the addition of extra releases.The extent of this diminishing return varies depending on the strategy considered and is most clearly seen in male-only releases.However, in spite of this diminishing return, it is likely that a strategy lying close to the borderline ... | Engineered underdominance is one of a number of different gene drive strategies that have been proposed for the genetic control of insect vectors of disease.We anticipate that results presented here will inform the future design of engineered underdominance gene drive systems as well as providing a point of reference r... |
for NGO distributors not providing training was that some perceived government veterinarians to be easily accessible to farmers in case of need.Our survey instrument collected information on whether individuals had received any training from sector vets.Hence our next set of results now additionally control for such tr... | We present evidence from Rwanda's Girinka ('One Cow per Poor Family') program that has distributed more than 130,000 livestock asset transfers in the form of cows to the rural poor since 2006.Supply side constraints on the program resulted in some beneficiaries receiving complementary training with the cow transfer, an... |
was done to compare all included variables between mothers included and excluded in the current analysis.IPV exposure: The Intimate Partner Violence Questionnaire is a 12-item inventory adapted from the WHO multicountry study and the Women’s Health Study in Zimbabwe and assessed recent exposure to emotional, physical, ... | Maternal IPV (emotional, physical and sexual) was measured at six timepoints from pregnancy to two years postpartum (n = 832); sociodemographic variables and maternal maltreatment in childhood were measured antenatally at 28–32 weeks’ gestation.Associations between maternal maltreatment in childhood and IPV latent clas... |
included in the present analysis.The study sample was characterised by low levels of education, and a minority of mothers were employed, or were married/in a stable relationship.The majority were born in the study area, and earned >R1,000 per month.Median age was 26.2 years.Levels of childhood exposure to maltreatment ... | In latent class analysis separating by IPV sub-type, two latent classes of no/low and moderate sexual IPV and three classes of low, moderate, and high emotional and physical IPV (separately) were detected.In combined latent class analysis, including all IPV sub-types together, a low, moderate and high exposure class em... |
longitudinal studies, which found increased IPV exposure during pregnancy compared to postpartum.However, there is not a consensus as other studies have cited a reduction in IPV prevalence during pregnancy, compared to pre-pregnancy prevalence.This may link to risk associated with increased financial strain during preg... | There has been little examination of profiles of IPV and early life adversity in LMIC contexts.Moderate and high classes for all IPV sub-types and combined analysis showed stable intensity profiles.Maternal childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect, and emotional abuse predicted membership in high IPV classes,... |
child maltreatment as well as IPV exist.High levels of violence in South Africa generally may facilitate a culture where IPV is normalised, thereby increasing the risk of cumulative or long-term exposure as women remain in problematic relationships.The relatively low levels of education and economic power of women in S... | IPV is particularly problematic during the perinatal and early postnatal period, where it is linked with negative maternal and child health outcomes.We aimed to characterize longitudinal IPV and to investigate maternal maltreatment in childhood as a predictor of IPV exposure during pregnancy and postnatally in a low re... |
results of this preliminary investigation indicate that our dual modality technique could be an effective tool for assessing the effects of antiangiogenic drugs on zebrafish larvae.In the future we plan to assess the impact of higher I3M concentrations on both the anatomy and vasculature of developing wild type zebrafi... | With their optically transparent appearance, zebrafish larvae are readily imaged with optical-resolution photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (OR-PAM).Previous OR-PAM studies have mapped endogenous chromophores (e.g.melanin and hemoglobin) within larvae; however, anatomical features cannot be imaged with OR-PAM alone due to i... |
with a trehalose wash and drying as described previously.Nuclei were selected using Cellomics software from blue channel images to create a mask, which was used for identification of fluorescently labeled EdU in the green channel for quantification of actively proliferating cells over the 24-hr EdU exposure.Data were f... | A 3D cell culture chip was used for high-throughput screening of a human neural progenitor cell line.The differential toxicity of 24 compounds was determined on undifferentiated and differentiating NPCs.Five compounds led to significant differences in IC50 values between undifferentiated and differentiating cultures.Th... |
due to the sparse and interleaved arrangement of neurons responding to CS+ and CS-.Multivariate fMRI studies from different laboratories and with two different approaches have provided evidence that CS+ and CS- are encoded differently and that such threat encoding increases over time.In line with these findings, we obs... | Learning to predict threat depends on amygdala plasticity and does not require auditory cortex (ACX) when threat predictors (conditioned stimuli, CS) are simple sine tones.However, ACX is required in rodents to learn from some naturally occurring CS.Yet, the precise function of ACX, and whether it differs for different... |
of 274 kJ/100 g for lucerne was reported, which is in agreement with the results of this study.The three raw lucerne cultivars had significantly higher protein contents than raw SB.The protein content of the raw lucerne cultivars did not differ significantly between each other, which was in agreement with previous resu... | The chemical composition of three lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars (‘SA Standard’, ‘WL711’ and ‘WL525’) were compared to spinach beet (Beta vulgaris var.cicla L.), a familiar leafy vegetable (as control), in order to establish its potential as an alternative green leafy vegetable for human consumption.The protein... |
The current proliferation of camps globally has attracted increasing attention among scholars, including geographers, who have interrogated their diffusion and governance, as well as the everyday practices of the people living in these socio-political spatial formations.In addition to refugee camps and immigration dete... | The global proliferation of camps manifests an alarming phenomenon of burgeoning marginalization, and shows that the concept of ‘camp’ is today increasingly crucial to grapple with current changes in the world's geographies of exclusion and inclusion.Specifically, this article focuses on ‘institutional camps’, i.e.The ... |
as opportunities, the Roma who joined political squats have used the city as a space of politicization, allying themselves with the urban social movements.Through these new opportunities, frames, resources and repertoires, the urban squatting movement and the Roma managed to influence the deployment of the camp as a te... | created by government agencies in alleged emergency situations and aims to conceptualize sovereignty over this type of camp.After critically reviewing the ongoing scholarly debate on camp sovereignty, I situate my approach within the work of scholars who see political authority over the camp as comprising a multiplicit... |
Multiparticulate formulations, in the form of pellets, granules or beads, offer a range of advantages over conventional tablets and capsules, such as ease of swallowing, flexible dose titration, and suitability for taste-masking and controlled-release.They are considered a flexible solid dosage form for the delivery of... | Multiparticulate formulations based on pellets, granules or beads, could be advantageous for paediatrics, geriatrics and patients with swallowing difficulties.However, these formulations may require suitable administration media to facilitate administration.The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of administ... |
ensure complete polymer hydration and stored in the refrigerator at 5 ± 0.5 °C.Samples were allowed to equilibrate to room temperature before testing.For the sensory evaluation study, the viscosity of the XG and CMC vehicles were targeted to meet the International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative descriptors.A... | Such vehicles were prepared at three consistency levels (Level 1 – ‘syrup’ Level 2 – ‘custard’ and Level 3 – ‘pudding’) to investigate the effect of viscosity on their performance as administration media.A randomised, single-blind sensory evaluation study was carried out in thirty healthy adult volunteers using microcr... |
no significant differences were found between XG and CMC hydrogels in their ability to mask the grittiness of particles, either during sample intake or after swallowing of the samples; although the trend suggests that CMC vehicles performed better when using multiparticulates of larger size.As previously discussed, thi... | Samples were evaluated using 5-point scales.The use of hydrogels as administration media improved a range of sample attributes compared to water formulations, including appearance, taste, mouthfeel, ease of swallowing and residue in the mouth (all improved by ca.0,5 points) and oral grittiness perception (improved by c... |
themselves is not clear.From our results, where we noted no PBM-induced changes in the number of 2 neuronal types, one would assume that there was a direct impact of PBM on the astrocytes, rather than as a secondary response to a change in neuron number.However, a much more exhaustive investigation of the changes in th... | This study explored the effects of long-term photobiomodulation (PBM) on the glial and neuronal organization in the striatum of aged mice.We had 2 control groups, young at 3 months and aged at 12 months old; these mice received no treatment.Brains were aldehyde-fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry with various ... |
highlighted the importance of not only understanding and considering the distribution of earnings of graduates at each age but also modeling graduate earnings dynamics.One key issue identified is the unique nature of the Japanese labor market compared to other countries operating ICLs.In particular, the low earnings of... | The Japanese higher education sector has seen increases in tuition with stagnant household incomes in a society where family support for university students has been the norm.Student loans from the government have grown rapidly to sustain the gradual increase in university enrolments.These time-based repayment loans (T... |
Research studies and governmental reports have highlighted the extreme challenges that our planet faces, amongst others because of the life-style choices that we as humans have made.A sixth mass extinction is well under-way for biodiversity worldwide.The principal drivers of biodiversity loss include habitat loss and d... | One of the principal threats to biodiversity is intensive agriculture, and in particular the livestock industry, which is an important driver of greenhouse gas emissions, habitat degradation and habitat loss.Ongoing intensification of agricultural practices mean that farmland no longer provides a habitat for many speci... |
provide enough food to sustain the growing world population.Hence, although organic farming clearly provides benefits to biodiversity, it does not appear to be a practice that can yield significant changes to the livestock industry and alternative policy platforms are needed.The Common Agricultural Policy is the govern... | Biodiversity loss is ongoing, landscapes continue to transform, and predictions on the effects of climate change worsen.Calls have been made for urgent action to avoid pushing our planet into a new system state.Biodiversity offsetting, or ecological compensation, assesses the impacts of new development projects and see... |
flower strips or set asides, the size of which could be determined by the number of livestock above a sustainable stocking density.The application of flower strips, set-asides, and other measures that increase naturalness on farmland through practices like agri-environment schemes have generally had positive effects on... | An increasingly gloomy picture is painted by research focusing on the environmental challenges faced by our planet.Low intensity, traditional, farming systems provide a number of benefits to biodiversity and society, and we suggest that the consumer and the agriculture industry compensate for the devastating ecological... |
Deep ensembles have been empirically shown to be a promising approach for improving accuracy, uncertainty and out-of-distribution robustness of deep learning models.While deep ensembles were theoretically motivated by the bootstrap, non-bootstrap ensembles trained with just random initialization also perform well in pr... | We study deep ensembles through the lens of loss landscape and the space of predictions, demonstrating that the decorrelation power of random initializations is unmatched by subspace sampling that only explores a single mode. |
Psychiatric diagnoses, ICD-10) lack neurobiological validity.To address this, the National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria) in 2009, a research framework that “integrates many levels of information in order to explore basic dimensions of functioning that span the full range of human beh... | Background: In 2009, the National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria, an attempt to move beyond diagnostic categories and ground psychiatry within neurobiological constructs that combine different levels of measures (e.g., brain imaging and behavior).Methods: We propose an innovative machi... |
hippocampal areas, caudate and fusiform gyrus: all of which feature in this latent dimension.Whether volumes of other subcortical regions like amygdala and putamen contribute to depression risk is more controversial: large univariate analyses have not found significant associations with depression.Although the specific... | To illustrate the approach, we investigated structural brain–behavior associations in an extensively phenotyped developmental sample of 345 participants (312 healthy and 33 with clinical depression).Results: Both sparse partial least squares and kernel canonical correlation analysis captured two hidden dimensions of br... |
To reconstruct the color patterns of Sinosauropteryx, we analyzed three of the best-preserved specimens available.To reconstruct the color patterns accurately, first the distribution of pigmented plumage was described in detail for each specimen.Each specimen shows extensive preservation of dark, presumably organically... | The optimal countershading pattern is dictated by the lighting environment, which is in turn dependent upon habitat [1, 3, 5, 6].Reconstructed patterns match well with those predicted for animals living in open habitats.Sinosauropteryx is also shown to exhibit a “bandit mask,” a common pattern in many living vertebrate... |
from the fossils and the width was extrapolated from the curvature of the ribs and gastralia.This method produced consistent relative proportions in each model despite a difference in the overall size of each.Each abdomen was taller at the posterior end than the anterior in both specimens, and so the models were tapere... | Countershading is common across a variety of lineages and ecological time [1–4].A dark dorsum and lighter ventrum helps to mask the three-dimensional shape of the body by reducing self-shadowing and decreasing conspicuousness, thus helping to avoid detection by predators and prey [1, 2, 4, 5].With the discovery of foss... |
Sequence-to-sequence neural models have been actively investigated for abstractive summarization.Nevertheless, existing neural abstractive systems frequently generate factually incorrect summaries and are vulnerable to adversarial information, suggesting a crucial lack of semantic understanding.In this paper, we propos... | We propose a semantic-aware neural abstractive summarization model and a novel automatic summarization evaluation scheme that measures how well a model identifies off-topic information from adversarial samples. |
we do not yet fully understand this.There are a number of outstanding questions in the field.Thus, we still have much to learn regarding the fascinating roles of macrophages particularly in lipid metabolism.Importantly, as our understanding of macrophages increases, both in terms of their common and tissue-specific fea... | Distinct macrophage populations throughout the body display highly heterogeneous transcriptional and epigenetic programs.Recent research has highlighted that these profiles enable the different macrophage populations to perform distinct functions as required in their tissue of residence, in addition to the prototypical... |
field trial as promising for future vaccine improvement strategies.We also assessed FliC as an adjuvant.The in-vitro analysis showed that FliC stimulation of bovine TLR5 induced a significant CXCL-8 response in HEK cells, although this was lower than that induced via human TLR5.The addition of FliC to the vaccine formu... | Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in East Africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1).Recently an attenuated vaccine (atAlHV-1) was tested under experimental challenge on Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (VE) of approxima... |
a priority and should be described fully, where possible, consistent usage of pre-existing outcome measures across studies would be beneficial in order to increase comparability across trials, researchers should specify a primary outcome measure a priori, and participant engagement and fidelity should be clearly report... | The aims of this study were to undertake a meta-analytic and systematic appraisal of the literature investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) when used with individuals who have autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) for either a) affective disorders, or b) the symptoms of ASDs.Following a syst... |
with pulsed low-cost sources.A comparison between performance of PAI systems with pulsed and modulated sources can be found in Ref. .PAI systems with low-cost pulsed sources have been designed in ORPAM, ARPAM, and PAT configurations with various wavelengths, resolutions, and imaging depths and have shown potentials for... | Benefitting from advantages of optical and ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has demonstrated potentials in a wide range of medical applications.In order to facilitate clinical applications of PAI and encourage its application in low-resource settings, research on low-cost photoacoustic imaging with inexp... |
to abundance and increasing returns, competitive turmoil becomes more likely in the coming years.Firms such as Airdine may threaten existing restaurants by circumventing established regulations in the same way as Uber did in the personal transportation sector, thereby creating competitive and institutional turmoil.Some... | The sharing economy can be regarded as a discontinuous innovation that creates increased abundance throughout society.Extant literature on the sharing economy has been predominantly concerned with Uber and Airbnb.As little is known about where the sharing economy is gaining momentum beyond transportation and accommodat... |
hourly averaged measurements represents the near field contribution of local pollution sources.We also estimate the influence of the uncertainty in the regional CO signal to the overall pollution levels.Both the regional and far field contributions are limited by the lower and upper range of the regional CO signal, res... | To carry out detailed source attribution for air quality assessment it is necessary to distinguish pollutant contributions that arise from local emissions from those attributable to non-local or regional emission sources.Frequently this requires the use of complex models and inversion methods, prior knowledge or assump... |
The steel materials have diverse applications throughout the world in various fields because of the ease of production, availability, low-price and better mechanical strength.The main drawback of these materials is ‘corrosion’ in their applications which leads to economic problems.The diversity in applications of steel... | The synthesis was carried out by the combustion method using citric acid as a fuel.The surface characterization and elemental analysis of the coated samples were examined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopic images (SEM) followed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX).The corrosion r... |
10 kHz and amplitude of 5 mV.The morphology and composition of the deposits were scrutinized by XRD, scanning electron microscopic images and energy dispersive spectral investigation.The surface morphology and elemental analysis of the prepared nanoparticles were displayed in Fig. 2.As can be seen that the particles ap... | Zinc (Zn)-composite coatings are still in demand as good corrosion barrier coatings to protect steel substrates from corrosion environment.In this article, the Ni doped SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and used as a composite additive for Zn-coating.The Zn-Ni doped SnO2 composite coating was produced on mild steel b... |
MIT and USD, it could be further simplified and reduced significantly in cost.Future work at MIT will focus on developing a device using only a magnetic limit switch, an infrared motion detector, and a piezo alarm controlled by an Arduino UNO.These changes not only simplify the installation and setup of the device, but... | Fume hoods in laboratories consume the energy equivalent of up to four American households per hood; however, closing a modern hood's sash completely can save up to 75% of that energy.Past efforts have attempted to harness this potential energy reduction by reminding users to close the sash when a hood is not in use.In... |
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