idx
stringlengths 7
11
| premise
stringlengths 8
175
| question
stringclasses 2
values | choice1
stringlengths 8
213
| choice2
stringlengths 8
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| label
int64 0
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| conceptual_explanation
stringlengths 13
107
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
train-800
|
Everything on the earth is subjected to gravity.
|
effect
|
The same is true of galaxy clusters.
|
Mammals have lived on earth from primitive ages till today in changing environments.
| 0
|
Gravity operates on objects of all sizes from subatomic particles to clusters of galaxies.
|
train-801
|
Leatherbacks came up.
|
cause
|
The captain recalled the most common species of sea turtle.
|
The fundamental frequency of the sound becomes an integer multiple.
| 0
|
Leatherbacks have the widest distribution of all sea turtle species.
|
train-802
|
Many military targets were destroyed in the war.
|
cause
|
The general used many Missiles.
|
The army aimed to kill all Ogres.
| 0
|
Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets.
|
train-803
|
Merchants will make more profits due to this policy.
|
cause
|
The municipal government launched the policy that the tariff would be cut down next month.
|
The municipal government launched the policy that the tariff would be raised next month.
| 0
|
Policy facilitates commerce.
|
train-804
|
Tom's soul was tortured.
|
cause
|
A killer murdered an old man.
|
Tom felt guilty for breaking the glass.
| 1
|
Guilt is arthritis of the soul.
|
train-805
|
Tom's appetite has decreased.
|
cause
|
Tom is eating a nut called walnut.
|
It's mating season.
| 1
|
Toms eat very little during mating season.
|
train-806
|
Juvenile iguanas only need to be kept in small cages.
|
effect
|
Tom's iguana is in a big cage.
|
Tom's iguana likes the small cage.
| 0
|
Iguanas reach adulthood.
|
train-807
|
Scientists have master the biotechnology.
|
effect
|
They can manipulate genes.
|
Biologists have discovered that dissociation has occurred.
| 0
|
Biotechnology enables genes to be manipulated.
|
train-808
|
Many systems in her body are affected.
|
cause
|
Jane shows symptoms of hypothyroidism.
|
There is polyp in Tom's body.
| 0
|
Hypothyroidism affects many systems in the body.
|
train-809
|
Therefore, greenhouses are often used in cold countries such as Canada.
|
cause
|
Crops do not grow well in cold countries.
|
Smog is a serious form of particulate pollution.
| 0
|
Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as canada.
|
train-810
|
The boss recommended aquatic invertebrates to bill.
|
cause
|
Only the fishes that reach weight will be selected.
|
Bill is going to buy food for the new trout.
| 1
|
Trout depend on the aquatic invertebrates.
|
train-811
|
The white mouse has tested the preparation.
|
effect
|
They went to many places to get sedges and checked the bottom of each microdepressions.
|
The white mouse died.
| 1
|
Preparation mays have toxic effects.
|
train-812
|
This sturgeon is almost the same age as his grandfather.
|
cause
|
Tom had a sturgeon in his family when he was born.
|
This is a neutrinos of no mass.
| 0
|
Sturgeon can live as long as humans although little is known about their life cycles.
|
train-813
|
Tom was thinking of the explanation of species variation.
|
effect
|
Tom found the intuition of these scholars to be very accurate.
|
The notion of evolution occurred to him.
| 1
|
Evolution has explained variation.
|
train-814
|
Seasonal movements of herders are affected.
|
cause
|
The health of herders is affected.
|
The temperature varies from year to year.
| 1
|
Temperature influences seasonal movement.
|
train-815
|
He perfectly finished the mission.
|
cause
|
He removed the ligaments.
|
Tom used the tool.
| 1
|
Tools have significant values.
|
train-816
|
Tom saw many clouds.
|
cause
|
Tom looked up into the sky.
|
Tom observed the row of patterns.
| 0
|
Skies have clouds.
|
train-817
|
Experimenters use phenol directly.
|
cause
|
The experimenter wants to do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
|
This experiment requires a general solvent that can dissolve many substances in nature.
| 0
|
Phenol can do electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions very well.
|
train-818
|
Lucy bought many seeds of roses.
|
effect
|
She classifed them according to their characteristics.
|
She bought some medicines containing codeine.
| 0
|
Roses have characteristics.
|
train-819
|
Tgey reproduced their baby.
|
cause
|
These tuataras reached the age of ten.
|
The twins are from two fertilized egg.
| 0
|
Tuataras reproduce very slowly sometimes taking ten years to reach sexual maturity.
|
train-820
|
His skin showed the symptom of keratinization.
|
effect
|
He has myoclonus.
|
He was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma.
| 1
|
Keratinization is one of the diagnostic features of squamous cell carcinoma.
|
train-821
|
Max is a big winner in the capital market.
|
effect
|
His financial planner showed him recent yield.
|
He got a lot of wealth.
| 1
|
Wealth comes from capital markets.
|
train-822
|
The vehicle lost control.
|
cause
|
A tire was broken suddenly.
|
Jack installed a small resistor in the circuit.
| 0
|
Tires are the control of a vehicle.
|
train-823
|
He discovered that they had their own terms and nesting biology.
|
cause
|
He has done a lot of research on the nesting of owls.
|
The reporter interviewed many people who play baseball and other sports.
| 0
|
Owls have a specific nesting biology with their own terms.
|
train-824
|
The glass was dissolved by enough heat.
|
cause
|
The operationer increased the current by the threshold of the laser.
|
Beams were used on the glass.
| 1
|
Beams produce enough heat.
|
train-825
|
Jack planted dill.
|
effect
|
After the next summer roots of our plants were all healthy.
|
He found that it had strong taproots.
| 1
|
Dill produces strong taproots.
|
train-826
|
We are more connected than before.
|
cause
|
Trans fats lower good cholesterol and they raise bad cholesterol.
|
Mary joined our team.
| 1
|
Joins cause joins.
|
train-827
|
The amount of ions in paralyzed people is much less than that in the normal ones.
|
effect
|
The paralyzed people are less sensitive to nerve stimulation.
|
He found that overpopulated populations had higher concentrations of parasites.
| 0
|
Impulses travel through nerves because of ions.
|
train-828
|
Two men have conflicts in the street.
|
effect
|
It was suggested that they resolved conflicts through mediation.
|
It was suggested that they resolved conflicts through fight.
| 0
|
Mediation is a process used in helping people resolve conflicts.
|
train-829
|
He peeled off its shaggy coats to wear.
|
cause
|
This pig died.
|
This lechwes died.
| 1
|
Lechwes have shaggy coats.
|
train-830
|
He wanted to exchange dollars for other currencies.
|
effect
|
He exchanged dollars for some rupees.
|
He drove to that place.
| 0
|
Rupees are the type of currency.
|
train-831
|
The Anemone needs food.
|
effect
|
They compete for vegetables.
|
They compete for meat.
| 1
|
Anemones are meat eating animals.
|
train-832
|
Jack discriminates against disabled people.
|
effect
|
Others don't doubt his conlusions.
|
Jack discriminates against disabled people.
| 1
|
Ableism is prejudice towards dis abled people.
|
train-833
|
The production of some vaccines will be affected.
|
cause
|
The current business assets of this corporation is about 56 billion and the current business liabilities is about 10 billion.
|
Toxoids are in shortage in this factory.
| 1
|
Toxoids are the basis of some vaccines.
|
train-834
|
He brought the antihistamines at once.
|
cause
|
Tom ate the allergen---peanuts by mistake.
|
Tom need to take in Vitamin C.
| 0
|
Histamine is released by certain cells during an allergic reaction.
|
train-835
|
She had a different perception of the world.
|
cause
|
She watched many romantic films.
|
The baby has grown up.
| 0
|
Films affect perceptions.
|
train-836
|
Her breasts are swollen and sore.
|
cause
|
Lucy's breast milk can't be squeezed out.
|
She has breast cancer.
| 0
|
Mastitis occurs when milk stays stagnant in the breast.
|
train-837
|
Mary majored in geriatricians.
|
cause
|
David was interested in the functions of some drugs after seeing the movie.
|
Mary was interested in the care of older adults.
| 1
|
Geriatricians specialize in the care of older adults.
|
train-838
|
I had difficult eating food.
|
cause
|
My pharynx was injured.
|
Tom always eats barbecue food.
| 0
|
Pharynxs helps takin in food.
|
train-839
|
Tom is a manager in the bank.
|
effect
|
The analysis of the accounts is easy for him.
|
He directly make deals with clients.
| 1
|
Occupations involve direct exposure.
|
train-840
|
He ran out of moped gasoline.
|
effect
|
He can only move forward on the pedal.
|
He died of it.
| 0
|
Mopeds combine gas power with people pedaling.
|
train-841
|
The geologist intended to survey the geological structure of the bottom of this mountain.
|
effect
|
He first searched for the tall trees.
|
The geologist took several months to reach the bottom of the mountain under the surface of the ground.
| 1
|
Mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground.
|
train-842
|
Pork sales in Northwest China are dismal.
|
cause
|
The main culture in Northwest China is Islamic culture.
|
The main culture in Northwest China is Marxism culture.
| 0
|
Culture has immediate impact.
|
train-843
|
This girl grew to 14 years old.
|
effect
|
She showed a transition to be bolshy.
|
Her skating speed on the ice has increased significantly.
| 0
|
Transitions occur at ages.
|
train-844
|
Soil is usually moist along the rivers.
|
effect
|
Willows often grow beside rivers.
|
It is harder for them to resist the warmth in winter.
| 0
|
Willows require moist soil.
|
train-845
|
Mike majored in ceramics.
|
cause
|
Mike was interested in science of solids.
|
Mike enjoyed great pleasure when he played football.
| 0
|
Ceramics is a science of solids.
|
train-846
|
I held those documents transfering his to me.
|
cause
|
He held a number of patents for his many innovations.
|
John signed the deeds related to his property.
| 1
|
Deeds are the documents used to transfer property.
|
train-847
|
The clothes that he hangs on the robes are easily attached by rhizopus.
|
cause
|
Tom lives in a forest where the weather is warm and moist.
|
He is an attendant in this hotel.
| 0
|
Rhizopus can develop in warm humid conditions.
|
train-848
|
These chimps are hungry.
|
effect
|
They drank some water.
|
They went to catch a lot of small monkeys in the forest.
| 1
|
Chimps eat the small monkeys they capture.
|
train-849
|
He began to speak for heresy.
|
cause
|
Jack has committed apostasy.
|
The teenager was taught to deny the truth of faith.
| 1
|
Heresy is the deliberate denial of a truth of faith.
|
train-850
|
Britain colonized the United States in the past.
|
effect
|
Weeds didn't grow as slowly as before.
|
During the colonization, American economic growth raced ahead.
| 1
|
Exploitation drives economic growth.
|
train-851
|
The manager in Shanghai wishes to talk to his staff in Shenzhen.
|
effect
|
He made a call for the specific purpose.
|
She advises that the boss change his decision.
| 0
|
Calls serve specific purposes.
|
train-852
|
She specializes in the treatment of cancer.
|
cause
|
Linda wants to rely on her own immune system instead of artifical medicines to fight cancer.
|
Maria is an oncologist.
| 1
|
Oncologists specialize in the treatment of cancer.
|
train-853
|
She goes to the toilet ten times a day.
|
cause
|
This woman has too much water in her body.
|
This woman has too much glucose in her body.
| 1
|
Hyperglycemia causes polyuria as excess glucose is excreted by the kidney.
|
train-854
|
Boss thinks Tom is potential.
|
effect
|
He has potential to have greater achievement.
|
Boss arranges him into the human resource department.
| 1
|
Arrangements present potential.
|
train-855
|
The researcher studied the creatures in the second stage.
|
effect
|
He studied the creatures in two years.
|
He studied creatures in million years.
| 1
|
Stages span million years.
|
train-856
|
There are two types of ions.
|
effect
|
Both of them are anions.
|
One is cation and the other is anion.
| 1
|
Anions are one of the two types of ions.
|
train-857
|
Many classmates cared for it very much.
|
cause
|
The manager wrote his advice in the email.
|
The monitor brought a pet iguana.
| 1
|
Iguanas are high care pets.
|
train-858
|
We knew how to calculate it by a function with a set domain.
|
cause
|
I just realized the just measure.
|
The teacher taught us probability.
| 1
|
Probability is a function with a set domain.
|
train-859
|
The doctor treated her with spectinomycin.
|
cause
|
Marie was infected with gonorrhoeae during pregnancy.
|
Lucy's physical condition cannot support her to give birth to a child.
| 0
|
Spectinomycin is used to treat certain gonococcal infections during pregnancy.
|
train-860
|
Biology students observe arterioles.
|
effect
|
Biology students have observed the membrane of arterioles.
|
Biology students have observed smooth muscle and less elastic tissue.
| 1
|
Arterioles have less elastic tissue but have smooth muscle.
|
train-861
|
Many squash bugs attacked this field.
|
effect
|
People inside felt the loss of warm.
|
The farmer bought pesticides to kill them.
| 1
|
Pests include squash bugs.
|
train-862
|
Tom has a heart attack.
|
effect
|
The doctor asked him to do an electrocardiogram.
|
It's the side effect after having an operation.
| 0
|
Electrocardiography is used to detect changes in the electrical activity of the heart.
|
train-863
|
Amy was memorizing the difference between milligram and milliliter.
|
cause
|
There's a dispute on the second floor.
|
Amy was confused by the concepts of milligram and milliliter.
| 1
|
Milligrams measure an object's mass while milliliters measure the volume of liquids.
|
train-864
|
The worker has splited a lot of steam.
|
effect
|
She gave thousands of rewards.
|
It was rainy now.
| 1
|
Vapour contributes to precipitation.
|
train-865
|
My son stared at the eyes of magpies.
|
effect
|
He found their eyes are big like hippos.
|
He found their eyes are dull red.
| 1
|
Magpies have dull red eyes.
|
train-866
|
His teacher critizes him for being a bully.
|
cause
|
Jack is intentionally mean to other kids on a regular bases.
|
Tom is studying English at school.
| 0
|
Bullies are kids who are intentionally mean to other kids on a regular basis.
|
train-867
|
There are a lot of dull dead skin on Tom's face.
|
effect
|
He should eat more carrots which is rich in carotenoids.
|
Tom did an exfoliation.
| 1
|
Exfoliation is the removal of dull dead surface skin.
|
train-868
|
The boss looked for an annually renewable natural material the by-product of harvested grains.
|
effect
|
The farmer recommended straw to him.
|
He is selecting one in the shop.
| 0
|
Straw is an annually renewable natural material the by-product of harvested grains.
|
train-869
|
Astrophysicists answer by studying the properties of light.
|
cause
|
Ask what celestial physicists like best.
|
Conduct research on astrophysicists and ask what their tasks are mainly focused on.
| 1
|
Astrophysicists spend a great deal of time studying the properties of light.
|
train-870
|
Yunnan has a warm climate in fact.
|
effect
|
There are advantages in planting flowers here.
|
Such substance can be detected in atmospheres.
| 0
|
Advantage lies in facts.
|
train-871
|
The doctor warned her not to feed the baby with her breast milk recently.
|
cause
|
She took some prednisone.
|
The mother kangaroo has too much milk.
| 0
|
Prednisone does appear in breast milk in small amounts.
|
train-872
|
My dad considered it as safer food.
|
cause
|
I bought the food after exposure to irradiation.
|
My mom considers the Efficiency when she wastes her money.
| 0
|
Irradiation can also make food safer to eat.
|
train-873
|
There are two kind of fluid which is filled with different viscosity.
|
effect
|
Scientist can cleary classify them.
|
The viscosity of the fluid with strong flow is lower than the one of the fluid with weak flow.
| 1
|
Viscosity is associated with the ability of a fluid to flow freely.
|
train-874
|
Tom used zinc on thermal hyperalgesia due to partial nerve injury.
|
effect
|
The wound healed.
|
The thermal hyperalgesia was alleviated.
| 1
|
Zinc alleviates thermal hyperalgesia due to partial nerve injury.
|
train-875
|
He intook more vitamin D.
|
cause
|
Tom often eats pineapples.
|
He wanted to had more calcium.
| 1
|
Intake increases calcium excretion.
|
train-876
|
The geologists referred to the geological principles.
|
effect
|
They sum up many features.
|
They have done a perferct research about the area.
| 1
|
Geologists apply geologic principles.
|
train-877
|
They can take use of flowers to make honey.
|
cause
|
Bees are diligent.
|
The Chinese people were the first to popularize the use of fertilizers.
| 0
|
Bees have engineer skills.
|
train-878
|
Tom wants to make pasta.
|
effect
|
He kneaded a dough.
|
He wrote it down in his notebook.
| 0
|
Pasta makes from flour.
|
train-879
|
Noble gases are hard to be reagents.
|
effect
|
Starch can react with Fehlin reagent.
|
Gasses in balloons wont react easily.
| 1
|
Balloons contain noble gases.
|
train-880
|
The experimenters dabbled in more natural resources.
|
cause
|
Experimenters want more access to energy.
|
Only one year passed.
| 0
|
Energy exists in natural sources.
|
train-881
|
Some waders were caught.
|
cause
|
Peregrines passed by the river.
|
They walked in a city.
| 0
|
Peregrines regularly prey on waders.
|
train-882
|
She studies the intensity of singing.
|
cause
|
Lily practices high pitch everyday.
|
Lily wants to be a dancer.
| 0
|
Pitch is related to intensity.
|
train-883
|
The jaw of this skull has an additional joint.
|
effect
|
Adult males grow beards on their jaws.
|
This skull belongs to cynodonts.
| 1
|
Cynodonts have an additional joint in their jaws.
|
train-884
|
The master followed his beagles and found the thief.
|
cause
|
Tom was asked to review the procedures carefully.
|
The thief left his scent on the road.
| 1
|
Beagles follow scent.
|
train-885
|
Tom has many kinds of hammers.
|
effect
|
He fnished many buildings.
|
The psychiatrist cured Tom of his mental illness.
| 0
|
Hammers builds.
|
train-886
|
Ruhr's bronchioles provide oxygen.
|
effect
|
Ruhr's lobules are oxygen absorbing.
|
He intakes much air.
| 0
|
Bronchioles provide air to lobules.
|
train-887
|
The girl was tripped by a stone.
|
effect
|
She is adiviced to take some tamoxifen.
|
The girl had a fell.
| 1
|
Trippings cause fallings.
|
train-888
|
The cubs of female mammals live on milk.
|
cause
|
The nipples of female mammals can secrete milk.
|
Elsa's boss asked Elsa to assemble the characters of the text data.
| 0
|
Nipples allow female mammals to nurse their offspring.
|
train-889
|
Michelle is an experienced yogis.
|
effect
|
Other consulted her about how to develop inner vision.
|
Other consulted her about how to develop Kung Fu.
| 0
|
Yogis develop inner vision.
|
train-890
|
Sepsis ranked first, followed by pulmonary complications.
|
cause
|
National Statistics on morbidity and mortality.
|
Jack suffers from sepsis.
| 0
|
Sepsis is the most common cause of death followed by pulmonary complications.
|
train-891
|
Mary cannot concentrate on her work.
|
cause
|
Mary feels uncomfortable this morning.
|
Mary keeps being disturbed by her colleagues.
| 0
|
Sickness affects women.
|
train-892
|
The ratio of the drift velocity to the strength of the electric field is obvious.
|
cause
|
Mobility value has been given.
|
Tom's car got magnetized by electromagnets.
| 0
|
Mobility is the ratio of the drift velocity to the strength of the electric field.
|
train-893
|
Their subject was the study of free-swimming scavengers.
|
effect
|
They chose to study ostracods and wrote a report.
|
One of the chapters is the study of cheetahs.
| 0
|
Ostracods are free-swimming scavengers.
|
train-894
|
The doctor has found rotaviruse.
|
effect
|
He saw no proteins on the virus after a long time.
|
He found chromatids.
| 0
|
Rotaviruses change their surface proteins over time.
|
train-895
|
Jack pondered how to preserve the antique.
|
cause
|
The merchant infringes Jack's intellectual properties.
|
John bought an antique.
| 1
|
Preservation becomes concern.
|
train-896
|
The doctor prescribed Tom a bottle of decongestant.
|
cause
|
Tom had a stuffy nose due to the flu these two days.
|
Tom had terrible acne these days.
| 0
|
Decongestants reduce nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels.
|
train-897
|
This kills the bacteria on the pimples.
|
cause
|
Tom collected some seawater.
|
Lily applied the gel on the pimples.
| 1
|
Gels have antibacterial properties.
|
train-898
|
The police can identify criminals with their fingerprints.
|
cause
|
The ridges on everyone's skin are different.
|
Capital is not active this year.
| 0
|
Fingerprints are impressions created by ridges on the skin.
|
train-899
|
Their uniqueness was known.
|
cause
|
Ospreys were seen to carrying their food.
|
Human have soul.
| 0
|
Osprey have a unique way of carrying their food.
|
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