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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | he briefly reprised the character in Blackadder: Back & Forth and Blackadder's Christmas Carol.
Helen Atkinson-Wood played the role of Mrs. Miggins in all six episodes of Blackadder the Third, but did not appear again in the series, although the character was mentioned several times in Blackadder II and in the final ep... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ces, including Robbie Coltrane, Rik Mayall (who had appeared in the final episode of the first series as "Mad Gerald"), Adrian Edmondson, Nigel Planer, Mark Arden, Stephen Frost, Chris Barrie and Jeremy Hardy. Elton himself played an anarchist in Blackadder the Third.
Gabrielle Glaister played Bob, an attractive girl ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | d 4. He also played a decidedly Flashheart-like Robin Hood in Back & Forth. Lee Cornes also appeared in an episode of all three Curtis-Elton series. He appeared as a guard in the episode "Chains" of Blackadder II; as the poet Shelley in the episode "Ink and Incapability' of Blackadder the Third; and as firing squad sol... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | cluded Peter Cook, John Grillo, Simon Jones, Tom Baker, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Paddick, Frank Finlay, Kenneth Connor, Bill Wallis, Ronald Lacey, Roger Blake, Denis Lill, Warren Clarke and Geoffrey Palmer, who played Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig in "Goodbyeee", the final episode of Blackadder Goes Forth. Miriam Margolyes... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ed loosely on factual events and in the historical past, a man was recruited for one episode essentially to play himself. Political commentator Vincent Hanna played a character billed as "his own great-great-great grandfather" in the episode "Dish and Dishonesty" of Blackadder the Third. Hanna was asked to take part be... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ed candidates and election agents) to a crowd through the town hall window.
Theme tune
Howard Goodall's theme tune has the same melody throughout all the series, but is played in roughly the style of the period in which it is set. It is performed mostly with trumpets and timpani in The Black Adder, the fanfares used s... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | episode's events, was sung by a countertenor); on oboe, cello and harpsichord (in the style of a minuet) for Blackadder the Third; by The Band of the 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment in Blackadder Goes Forth; sung by carol singers in Blackadder's Christmas Carol; and by an orchestra in Blackadder: The Cavalier Ye... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | m Institute. In 2004, a BBC TV poll for "Britain's Best Sitcom", Blackadder was voted the second best British sitcom of all time, topped by Only Fools and Horses. It was also ranked as the 20th Best TV Show of All Time by Empire magazine.
Future
Despite regular statements denying any plans for a fifth series, cast me... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | fifth series, set in the 1960s (centred on a rock band called the "Black Adder Five", with Baldrick – a.k.a. 'Bald Rick' – as the drummer). In the documentary Blackadder Rides Again, Robinson stated that the series would present Blackadder as the bastard son of Queen Elizabeth II and running a Beatles-like rock band. R... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ave returned from the first series to play Blackadder's biological family. Robinson in a stage performance 1 June 2007, again mentioned this idea, but in the context of a movie.
One idea mentioned by Curtis was that it was Baldrick who had accidentally assassinated John F. Kennedy. However, aside from a brief mention ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | very much like to do a new series set in Colditz or another prisoner-of-war camp during World War II, something which both he and Stephen Fry reiterated at the end of Blackadder Rides Again, the chances of it happening are extremely slim.
There were a couple of ideas that had previously floated for the fifth series. ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | der-Plant Man" in 2005, with Atkinson as the title hero, Robinson as Robin, Jim Broadbent as Batman and Rachel Stevens as Mary Jane. Star Adder was to be set in space in the future (suggested by Atkinson), though this too was touched upon in Blackadder's Christmas Carol.
On 10 April 2007, Hello! reported that Atkinson... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | apparent in all the Blackadders."
A post on BlackAdderHall.com by Ben Elton in early 2007 said that Blackadder would return in some form, whether it be a TV series or film. Elton has since not given any more information on the putative Blackadder 5.
During an interview in August 2007 about his film Mr. Bean's Holiday... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ry interesting one called The Red Adder. He would have been a lieutenant in the Secret Police. Then the revolution happened and at the end he is in the same office doing the same job but just the colours on his uniform have changed. It was quite a sweet idea and we got quite a long way with it but in the end it died a ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ny Robinson's Cunning Night Out DVD, Robinson states that, after filming the Back & Forth special, the general idea was to reunite for another special in 2010. Robinson jokingly remarked that Hugh Laurie's success on House may make that difficult.
At the end of Blackadder Rides Again, Robinson asked Tim McInnerny if h... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | Rowan Atkinson voiced his similar view; 'Times past; that's what they were!' However, Miranda Richardson and Tony Robinson expressed enthusiasm towards the idea of a series set in the Wild West, whilst John Lloyd favoured an idea for a series with a Neanderthal Blackadder. Lastly, Stephen Fry suggested a series set in... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | e most amused" comedy gala for the Prince's Trust at the Royal Albert Hall. He was joined by Tony Robinson as Baldrick. The sketch involved Blackadder as CEO of Melchett, Melchett and Darling bank facing an enquiry over the banking crisis.
In August 2015, Tony Robinson said in an interview "I do think a new series of ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | shed hopes" that the show would return for a fifth series.
In December 2020, Rowan Atkinson told the Radio Times:
I don't actually like the process of making anything – with the possible exception of Blackadder. Because the responsibility for making that series funny was on many shoulders, not just mine. Blackadder r... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | D. Many are also available on BBC audio cassette. As of 2008, a "Best of BBC" edition box set is available containing all four major series together with Blackadder's Christmas Carol and Back & Forth. All four series and the Christmas special are also available for download on iTunes.
VHS releases
On 5 February 1990, ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | ises Ltd released the third series on two single VHS tapes.
On 10 September 1990, BBC Enterprises Ltd released the fourth and final series on two single VHS tapes.
On 7 September 1992, all eight single Blackadder video releases were re-released as four "complete" double VHS releases. The four entire series videos wer... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | n 4 November 1991, Blackadder's Christmas Carol was released on a single VHS tape release rated PG (Cat. No. BBCV 4646).
Single DVD releases
Box set DVD releases
References
Literature
Richard Curtis, Ben Elton, and Rowan Atkinson, Blackadder: The Whole Damn Dynasty 1485–1917 (Penguin Books, 2000). . Being the – al... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | h asides, anecdotes and observations.
Richard Curtis and Ben Elton, Blackadder: Back & Forth (Penguin Books, 2000). . A script book with copious photographs from the most recent outing.
J.F. Roberts, The True History of the Black Adder: The Unadulterated Tale of the Creation of a Comedy Legend'' (Preface publishing, ... | [
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4326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder | Blackadder | uts
1980s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
English-language television shows
Period television series
Alternate history television series
Television series by BBC Studios | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | The Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; ) were a Gallic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy), Pannonia (Hungary), parts of Bavaria, in and around Bohemia (after whom the region is named in most languages; comprising the bulk of today's Czech Republic), parts of Polan... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | d and the Czech Republic.
They first appear in history in connection with the Gallic invasion of northern Italy, 390 BC, when they made the Etruscan city of Felsina their new capital, Bononia (Bologna).
After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a Battle of Mutina (193 BC) and their territor... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | und 60 BC, a group of Boii joined the Helvetiis' ill-fated attempt to conquer land in western Gaul and were defeated by Julius Caesar, along with their allies, in the Battle of Bibracte.
Caesar settled the remnants of that group in Gorgobina, from where they sent two thousand to Vercingetorix's aid at the Battle of Al... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | nd inscriptions it is possible to abstract a Continental Celtic segment, .
There are two major derivations of this segment, both presupposing that it belongs to the family of Indo-European languages: from 'cow' and from 'warrior.' The Boii would thus be either 'the herding people' or 'the warrior people'.
The 'cow' d... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | , Polybius relates that their wealth consisted of cattle and gold, that they depended on agriculture and war, and that a man's status depended on the number of associates and assistants he had. The latter were presumably the *ambouii, as opposed to the man of status, who was *bouios, a cattle owner, and the *bouii were... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | Celtic names close to it (except for the Boii), he adduces examples somewhat more widely from originals further back in time: phohiio-s-, a Venetic personal name; Boioi, an Illyrian tribe; Boiōtoi, a Greek tribal name (the Boeotians); and a few others.
Boii would be from the o-grade of , which is . Such a connection ... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | rope must have been a final daughter population of a linguistically diversified ancestor tribe.
The same wider connections can be hypothesized for the 'cow' derivation: the Boeotians have been known for well over a century as a people of kine, which might have been parallel to the meaning of Italy as 'land of calves'.... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | f the Boii', one of the chieftains of the Cimbri) and Boiodurum ('gate/fort of the Boii', modern Passau) in Germany. Their memory also survives in the modern regional names of Bohemia (Boiohaemum), a mixed-language form from and Proto-Germanic , 'home': 'home of the Boii', and , Bavaria, which is derived from the Germ... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | names, meaning 'dwellers', as in Old English -ware); this combination 'Boii-dwellers' may have meant 'those who dwell where the Boii formerly dwelt'.
History
Settlement in north Italy
According to the ancient authors, the Boii arrived in northern Italy by crossing the Alps. While of the other tribes who had come to I... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | of the Boii lay, if somewhere in Gaul, Southern Germany or in Bohemia.
Polybius relates that the Celts were close neighbors of the Etruscan civilization and "cast covetous eyes on their beautiful country".
Invading the Po Valley with a large army, they drove out the Etruscans and resettled it, the Boii taking the rig... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | n settlement of Felsina, which they named Bononia (modern Bologna). Polybius describes the Celtic way of life in Cisalpine Gaul as follows:
The archaeological evidence from Bologna and its vicinity contradicts the testimony of Polybius and Livy on some points, who say the Boii expelled the Etruscans and perhaps some w... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | Bologna contain La Tène weapons and other artifacts, as well as Etruscan items such as bronze mirrors. At Monte Bibele not far away one grave contained La Tène weapons and a pot with an Etruscan female name scratched on it.
War against Rome
In the second half of the 3rd century BC, the Boii allied with the other Cisa... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | wl.
A short time earlier, they had been defeated at the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, and were again at Placentia in 194 BC (modern Piacenza) and Mutina in 193 BC (modern Modena). Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica completed the Roman conquest of the Boii in 191 BC, celebrating a triumph for it. After their losses, accord... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | the remnants of those who had fled from Italy, but rather another division of the tribe, which had settled there much earlier.
The burial rites of the Italian Boii show many similarities with contemporary Bohemia, such as inhumation, which was uncommon with the other Cisalpine Gauls, or the absence of the typically we... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | ps, some of the defeated Celts simply moved back to their kinsfolk.
The Pannonian Boii are mentioned again in the late 2nd century BC when they repelled the Cimbri and Teutones (Strabo VII, 2, 2). Later on, they attacked the city of Noreia (in modern Austria) shortly before a group of Boii (32,000 according to Julius ... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | e Boii survivors to settle on their territory, where they occupied the oppidum of Gorgobina. Although attacked by Vercingetorix during one phase of the war, they supported him with two thousand troops at the battle of Alesia (Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico, VII, 75).
Again, other parts of the Boii had remained c... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | he Dacians under their king Burebista and were defeated. When the Romans finally conquered Pannonia in 8 AD, the Boii seem not to have opposed them. Their former territory was now called deserta Boiorum (deserta meaning 'empty or sparsely populated lands').
However, the Boii had not been exterminated: There was a civi... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | ive term designating both a city and the tribal district around it, was later adjoined to the city of Carnuntum.
The Boii in ancient sources
Plautus
Plautus refers to the Boii in Captivi:
There is a play on words: Boia means 'woman of the Boii', also 'convicted criminal's restraint collar'.
Livy
In volume 21 of his... | [
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4327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii | Boii | of Bratislava minted Biatecs, high-quality coins with inscriptions (probably the names of kings) in Latin letters. This is the only "written source" provided by the Boii themselves.
Notes
Sources
Bibliography
Ancient Slovakia
History of Bohemia
Ancient tribes in Hungary
Gauls
Prehistory of the Czec... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | Backgammon is a member of the large family of tables games whose history can be traced back nearly 5,000 years to archaeological discoveries in the Jiroft culture, of Persia. Its immediate ancestor was the 16th-century game of Irish, the Anglo-Scottish equivalent of the French Toutes Tables and Spanish Todas Tablas, t... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | n twenty-four triangles (points) according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to be first to bear off, i.e. move all fifteen pieces off the board.
Backgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck (from rolling dice). While the dice may determine the outcome of a single game, the better player ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | es by the opponent. The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game.
Like chess, backgammon has been studied with great interest by computer scientists. Owing to this research, backgammon software such as TD-Gammon has been developed that is capable of beating world-class human p... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | s, draughts, stones, men, counters, pawns, discs, pips, chips, or nips.
The objective is for players to remove (bear off) all their checkers from the board before their opponent can do the same. As the playing time for each individual game is short, it is often played in matches where victory is awarded to the first p... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | Each side of the board has a track of 12 long triangles, called points. The points form a continuous track in the shape of a horseshoe, and are numbered from 1 to 24. In the most commonly used setup, each player begins with fifteen pieces, two are placed on their 24-point, three on their 8-point, and five each on their... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | points 7 through 12 are called the outer board. The 7-point is referred to as the bar point, and the 13-point as the midpoint. Usually the 5-point for each player is called the "golden point".
Movement
To start the game, each player rolls one die, and the player with the higher number moves first using the numbers sh... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | the numbers shown on the dice used for the second roll. Both dice must land completely flat on the right-hand side of the gameboard. The players then take alternate turns, rolling two dice at the beginning of each turn.
After rolling the dice, players must, if possible, move their checkers according to the number sho... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | same checker may be moved twice, as long as the two moves can be made separately and legally: six and then three, or three and then six. If a player rolls two of the same number, called doubles, that player must play each die twice. For example, a roll of 5-5 allows the player to make four moves of five spaces each. On... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | roll and the turn ends. If moves can be made according to either one die or the other, but not both, the higher number must be used. If one die is unable to be moved, but such a move is made possible by the moving of the other die, that move is compulsory.
In the course of a move, a checker may land on any point that... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | " and is placed in the middle of the board on the bar that divides the two sides of the playing surface. A checker may never land on a point occupied by two or more opposing checkers; thus, no point is ever occupied by checkers from both players simultaneously. There is no limit to the number of checkers that can occup... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | the 24-point (opponent's 1), a roll of 2 on the 23-point (opponent's 2), and so forth, up to a roll of 6 allowing entry on the 19-point (opponent's 6). Checkers may not enter on a point occupied by two or more opposing checkers. Checkers can enter on unoccupied points, or on points occupied by a single opposing checker... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | belonging to that player have re-entered the board. If a player has checkers on the bar, but rolls a combination that does not allow any of those checkers to re-enter, the player does not move. If the opponent's home board is completely "closed" (i.e. all six points are each occupied by two or more checkers), there is... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | opponent's moves.
A play is not complete, and may be undone and replayed an unlimited number of times, until the player removes his or her dice from the board.
Bearing off
When all of a player's checkers are in that player's home board, that player may start removing them; this is called "bearing off". A roll of 1 ma... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | t use that die to bear off one checker from the highest occupied point. For example, if a player rolls a 6 and a 5, but has no checkers on the 6-point and two on the 5-point, then the 6 and the 5 must be used to bear off the two checkers from the 5-point. When bearing off, a player may also move a lower die roll before... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | yer may move the 6-point checker one place to the 5-point with the lower die roll of 1, and then bear that checker off the 5-point using the die roll of 6; this is sometimes useful tactically. As before, if there is a way to use all moves showing on the dice by moving checkers within the home board or by bearing them o... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | he player's home board, according to the normal movement rules.
The first player to bear off all fifteen of their own checkers wins the game. If the opponent has not yet borne off any checkers when the game ends, the winner scores a gammon, which counts for double stakes. If the opponent has not yet borne off any chec... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | sion for strategy, a doubling cube is usually used. The doubling cube is not a die to be rolled, but rather a marker, with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 inscribed on its sides to denote the current stake. At the start of each game, the doubling cube is placed on the midpoint of the bar with the number 64 showing;... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | nent must either accept ("take") the doubled stakes or resign ("drop") the game immediately.
Whenever a player accepts doubled stakes, the cube is placed on their side of the board with the corresponding power of two facing upward, to indicate that the right to redouble, which is to offer to continue doubling the stak... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | d a player wanted to redouble the stakes to put it at 4, the opponent choosing to drop the redouble would lose two, or twice the original stake.
There is no limit on the number of redoubles. Although 64 is the highest number depicted on the doubling cube, the stakes may rise to 128, 256, and so on. In money games, a p... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | on". Players who doubled their opponent, seeing the opponent beaver the cube, may in turn then double the stakes once again ("raccoon") as part of that cube phase before any dice are rolled. The opponent retains the doubling cube. An example of a "raccoon" is the following: White doubles Black to 2 points, Black accept... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | cube coming back at 8 times its original value when first doubling the opponent (offered at 2 points, counter offered at 16 points) should the luck of the dice change.
Some players may opt to invoke the "Murphy rule" or the "automatic double rule". If both opponents roll the same opening number, the doubling cube is ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | t is agreed to prior to a game or match commencing. When a player decides to double the opponent, the value is then a double of whatever face value is shown (e.g. if two automatic doubles have occurred putting the cube up to 4, the first in-game double will be for 8 points). The Murphy rule is not an official rule in b... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | double and triple values only if the cube has already been offered and accepted. This encourages a player with a large lead to double, possibly ending the game, rather than to play it to conclusion hoping for a gammon or backgammon. The Jacoby rule is widely used in money play but is not used in match play.
The "Crawf... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ll always want to double as early as possible in order to catch up. Whether the game is worth one point or two, the trailing player must win to continue the match. To balance the situation, the Crawford rule requires that when a player first reaches a score one point short of winning, neither player may use the doublin... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | possible for a Crawford game to never occur in a match.
If the Crawford rule is in effect, then another option is the "Holland rule", named after Tim Holland, which stipulates that after the Crawford game, a player cannot double until after at least two rolls have been played by each side. It was common in tournament... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ies. Some are played primarily throughout one geographic region, and others add new tactical elements to the game. These other members of the tables family commonly have a different starting position, restrict certain moves, or assign special value to certain dice rolls, but in some geographic games even the rules and ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ar them on at the beginning of the game. The roll of 1-2 is given special consideration, allowing the player, after moving the 1 and the 2, to select any desired doubles move. A player also receives an extra turn after a roll of 1-2 or of doubles.
Hypergammon is a variant of backgammon in which players have only three... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | be positions are available for all 32 million possible positions.
Nard is a traditional tables game from Persia in which basic rules are almost the same except that even a single piece is "safe". All 15 pieces start on the 24th wedge.
Nackgammon is a variant of backgammon invented by Nick "Nack" Ballard in which play... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ther parts of the Continent...". Players start with no checkers on the board, and both players move in the same direction to bear off in a common home board. In this variant, doubles are more powerful: four moves are played as in standard backgammon, followed by four moves according to the difference of the dice value ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | nd Turkey. The play will iterate among Backgammon, Gul Bara, and Tapa until one of the players reaches a score of 7 or 5.
Coan ki is an ancient Chinese board game that is very similar.
Plakoto, Fevga and Portes are three versions of backgammon played in Greece. Together, the three are referred to as Tavli.
Misere (b... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ers in certain regions. For instance, only allowing a maximum of five checkers on any point (Britain) or disallowing "hit-and-run" in the home board (Middle East).
Strategy and tactics
Backgammon has an established opening theory, although it is less detailed than that of chess. The tree of positions expands rapidly ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | the opening, backgammon players frequently rely on some established general strategies, combining and switching among them to adapt to the changing conditions of a game.
A blot has the highest probability of being hit when it is 6 points away from an opponent's checker (see picture). Strategies can derive from that. ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ul when a player is already ahead in the race. When this fails, one may opt for a "holding game", maintaining control of a point on one's opponent's side of the board, called an anchor. As the game progresses, this player may gain an advantage by hitting an opponent's blot from the anchor, or by rolling large doubles t... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | checkers that are behind the prime. A checker trapped behind a six-point prime cannot escape until the prime is broken. A particularly successful priming effort may lead to a "blitz", which is a strategy of covering the entire home board as quickly as possible while keeping one's opponent on the bar. Because the oppon... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | two or more anchors in an opponent's home board while being substantially behind in the race. The anchors obstruct the opponent's checkers and create opportunities to hit them as they move home. The backgame is generally used only to salvage a game wherein a player is already significantly behind. Using a backgame as a... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | rs may position all of their blots in such a way that the opponent must roll a 2 in order to hit any of them, reducing the probability of being hit more than once. "Diversification" refers to a complementary tactic of placing one's own checkers in such a way that more numbers are useful.
Many positions require a measu... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | e a player's checkers around and off the board is called the "pip count". The difference between the two players' pip counts is frequently used as a measure of the leader's racing advantage. Players often use mental calculation techniques to determine pip counts in live play.
Backgammon is played in two principal vari... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | rs play until one side scores (or exceeds) a certain number of points. The format has a significant effect on strategy. In a match, the objective is not to win the maximum possible number of points, but rather to simply reach the score needed to win the match. For example, a player leading a 9-point match by a score of... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | the trailing player would double very aggressively, particularly if they have chances to win a gammon in the current game. In money play, the theoretically correct checker play and cube action would never vary based on the score.
In 1975, Emmet Keeler and Joel Spencer considered the question of when to double or acce... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ns. They showed that the optimal time to offer a double was when the probability of winning reached 80%, and it is wise to accept a double only if the probability of winning is at least 20%. As their assumptions do not correspond perfectly to the real game, actual doubling strategy may vary, but the 80% number still pr... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | e being used, which is the main way of cheating in face-to-face play. A common method of cheating online is the use of a computer program to find the optimal move on each turn; to combat this, many online sites use move-comparison software that identifies when a player's moves resemble those of a backgammon program. On... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | Prophet Muhammad regarding gambling in general, such as: "Whoever plays with dice, it is as if he dipped his hand in the flesh and blood of a pig." Contemporary Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani of Iraq, one of the prominent religious leaders of Shia Muslims, issued a ruling that chess (and by implication backgammon) "is absolu... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | backgammon is a game of chance and that it was therefore subject to Oregon's stringent gambling laws. Paul Magriel was a key witness for the defence, contradicting Roger Nelson, the expert prosecution witness, by saying, "Game theory, however, really applies to games with imperfect knowledge, where something is conceal... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | Stephen S. Walker concluded that backgammon is a game of skill, not a game of chance, and found the defendant, backgammon tournament director Ted Barr, not guilty of promoting gambling.
Club and tournament play
Enthusiasts have formed clubs for social play of backgammon. Local clubs may hold informal gatherings, with... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ys. Around 2003, some club leaders noticed a growth of interest in backgammon, and attributed it to the game's popularity on the Internet.
A backgammon chouette permits three or more players to participate in a single game, often for money. One player competes against a team of all the other participants, and position... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | m other regions, with final matches viewed by hundreds of spectators. The top players at regional tournaments often compete in major national and international championships. Winners at major tournaments may receive prizes of tens of thousands of dollars.
Starting in January 2018, tournament directors began awarding G... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | rld championship competition in backgammon was held in Las Vegas, Nevada in 1967. Tim Holland was declared the winner that year and at the tournament the following year. For unknown reasons, there was no championship in 1970, but in 1971, Tim Holland again won the title. The competition remained in Las Vegas until 1975... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | in Monte Carlo with mostly European players. In 1979, Lewis Deyong, who had promoted the Bahamas World Championship for the prior three years, suggested that the two events be combined. Monte Carlo was universally acknowledged as the site of the World Backgammon Championship and has remained as such for thirty years. ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | sis of a tour for top professional players. Major tournaments are held yearly worldwide. PartyGaming sponsored the first World Series of Backgammon in 2006 from Cannes and later the "Backgammon Million" tournament held in the Bahamas in January 2007 with a prize pool of one million dollars, the largest for any tourname... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ass players; the Nordic Open, which instantly became the largest in the world with around 500 players in all flights and 153 in the championship, and Cannes, which hosted the Riviera Cup, the traditional follow-up tournament to the World Championships. Cannes also hosted the WSOB championship, the WSOB finale, which sa... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | e biggest backgammon tour on the circuit since 2007, the "European Backgammon Tour" (EBGT). In 2011, the WBA collaborated with the online backgammon provider Play65 for the 2011 season of the European Backgammon Tour and with "Betfair" in 2012. The 2013 season of the European Backgammon Tour featured 11 stops and 19 qu... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | each point, and to play to a certain score, or until either player chooses to stop. The stakes are raised by gammons, backgammons, and use of the doubling cube. Backgammon is sometimes available in casinos. Before the commercialization of artificial neural network programs, proposition bets on specific positions were ... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ge the outcome of the game.
Software
The game is included in Clubhouse Games: 51 Worldwide Classics for the Nintendo Switch, a collection of tabletop games.
Internet play
Backgammon software has been developed not only to play and analyze games, but also to facilitate play between humans over the internet. Dice rolls... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ch are commercial.
Play and analysis
Backgammon has been studied considerably by computer scientists. Neural networks and other approaches have offered significant advances to software for gameplay and analysis.
The first strong computer opponent was BKG 9.8. It was written by Hans Berliner in the late 1970s on a DE... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | itional phases in the game. He applied principles of fuzzy logic to improve its play between phases, and by July 1979, BKG 9.8 was strong enough to play against the reigning world champion Luigi Villa. It won the match 7–1, becoming the first computer program to defeat a world champion in any board game. Berliner state... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | ificial neural networks. TD-Gammon, developed by Gerald Tesauro of IBM, was the first of these programs to play near the expert level. Its neural network was trained using temporal difference learning applied to data generated from self-play. According to assessments by Bill Robertie and Kit Woolsey, TD-Gammon's play w... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | o proposed using rollout analysis to compare the performance of computer algorithms against human players. In this method, a Monte-Carlo evaluation of positions is conducted (typically thousands of trials) where different random dice sequences are simulated. The rollout score of the human (or the computer) is the diffe... | [
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4329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backgammon | Backgammon | modern proprietary programs, JellyFish, Snowie and eXtreme Gammon, as well as the shareware BGBlitz and the free software GNU Backgammon. These programs not only play the game, but offer tools for analyzing games and detailed comparisons of individual moves. The strength of these programs lies in their neural networks... | [
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