license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
- text-classification
- text-generation
language:
- en
tags:
- academic-papers
- virology
- nuclear-physics
- cybersecurity
- astrophysics
- grobid
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
Dual-Use Papers Dataset
A large-scale collection of academic papers converted to Markdown, spanning multiple scientific domains relevant to dual-use research.
Dataset Description
This dataset contains ~360k+ full-text academic papers sourced from Europe PMC, arXiv, and DOE OSTI, processed into clean Markdown using GROBID.
Columns
| Column | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
category |
string |
High-level topic: biology, nuclear, cyber, astrophysics |
source |
string |
Specific origin (see below) |
url |
string |
URL of the source PDF |
text |
string |
Full paper text in Markdown format |
Sources
| Source | Category | Description |
|---|---|---|
europe-pmc |
biology | Virology papers from Europe PMC (1990–2026) |
osti |
nuclear | DOE technical reports, journal articles, books, theses |
arxiv_cs.CR |
cyber | Cryptography and Security |
arxiv_cs.NI |
cyber | Networking and Internet Architecture |
arxiv_cs.OS |
cyber | Operating Systems |
arxiv_nucl-th |
nuclear | Nuclear Theory |
arxiv_nucl-ex |
nuclear | Nuclear Experiment |
arxiv_astro-ph |
astrophysics | Astrophysics (all subcategories, 2020+) |
The category astrophysics is included as a control to provide papers of a similar format as the rest, without being dual use.
Data Collection
- Europe PMC: Papers matching
Virology AND (HAS_FT:Y) AND (FIRST_PDATE:[1990 TO 2026])via the Europe PMC REST API. - arXiv: Papers from specified categories via the arXiv search API, paginated by year windows.
- OSTI: Full-text papers from DOE OSTI.gov matching semantic query "weapon" across Journal Articles, Technical Reports, Books, Program Documents, and Theses/Dissertations.
Processing Pipeline
- Metadata collection — PDF URLs and metadata gathered from each source's API
- PDF download + GROBID conversion — PDFs downloaded ephemerally, converted to TEI XML via GROBID, then transformed to Markdown
- Dataset assembly — Markdown files joined with metadata, filtered to only include successfully converted papers
Text Format
Each text field contains structured Markdown with:
- Paper title (H1)
- Author list
- Abstract (H2)
- Body sections with headings
- Figures/tables (as blockquotes)
- Formulas (LaTeX)
- Numbered references
Licensing
This dataset is distributed under CC-BY-4.0 for the dataset structure and metadata. However, each individual text inherits the license of its original source publication. Users should consult the original source (via the url field) to determine the specific license terms for any given paper before redistribution or commercial use.
Limitations
- Text quality depends on GROBID's ability to parse each PDF; some papers (especially scanned/image-heavy ones) may have lower quality output.
- Not all papers from each source have successfully converted Markdown — only those with non-empty conversions are included.
- arXiv astrophysics papers are limited to 2020 onwards.