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--- |
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license: cc-by-4.0 |
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task_categories: |
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- text-classification |
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- text-generation |
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language: |
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- en |
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tags: |
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- academic-papers |
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- virology |
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- nuclear-physics |
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- cybersecurity |
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- astrophysics |
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- grobid |
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size_categories: |
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- 100K<n<1M |
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--- |
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# Dual-Use Papers Dataset |
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A large-scale collection of academic papers converted to Markdown, spanning multiple scientific domains relevant to dual-use research. |
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## Dataset Description |
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This dataset contains ~360k+ full-text academic papers sourced from Europe PMC, arXiv, and DOE OSTI, processed into clean Markdown using [GROBID](https://github.com/kermitt2/grobid). |
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### Columns |
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| Column | Type | Description | |
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|--------|------|-------------| |
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| `category` | `string` | High-level topic: `biology`, `nuclear`, `cyber`, `astrophysics` | |
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| `source` | `string` | Specific origin (see below) | |
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| `url` | `string` | URL of the source PDF | |
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| `text` | `string` | Full paper text in Markdown format | |
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### Sources |
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| Source | Category | Description | |
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|--------|----------|-------------| |
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| `europe-pmc` | biology | Virology papers from Europe PMC (1990–2026) | |
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| `osti` | nuclear | DOE technical reports, journal articles, books, theses | |
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| `arxiv_cs.CR` | cyber | Cryptography and Security | |
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| `arxiv_cs.NI` | cyber | Networking and Internet Architecture | |
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| `arxiv_cs.OS` | cyber | Operating Systems | |
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| `arxiv_nucl-th` | nuclear | Nuclear Theory | |
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| `arxiv_nucl-ex` | nuclear | Nuclear Experiment | |
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| `arxiv_astro-ph` | astrophysics | Astrophysics (all subcategories, 2020+) | |
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The category `astrophysics` is included as a control to provide papers of a similar format as the rest, without being dual use. |
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### Data Collection |
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- **Europe PMC**: Papers matching `Virology AND (HAS_FT:Y) AND (FIRST_PDATE:[1990 TO 2026])` via the Europe PMC REST API. |
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- **arXiv**: Papers from specified categories via the arXiv search API, paginated by year windows. |
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- **OSTI**: Full-text papers from DOE OSTI.gov matching semantic query "weapon" across Journal Articles, Technical Reports, Books, Program Documents, and Theses/Dissertations. |
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### Processing Pipeline |
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1. **Metadata collection** — PDF URLs and metadata gathered from each source's API |
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2. **PDF download + GROBID conversion** — PDFs downloaded ephemerally, converted to TEI XML via GROBID, then transformed to Markdown |
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3. **Dataset assembly** — Markdown files joined with metadata, filtered to only include successfully converted papers |
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### Text Format |
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Each `text` field contains structured Markdown with: |
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- Paper title (H1) |
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- Author list |
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- Abstract (H2) |
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- Body sections with headings |
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- Figures/tables (as blockquotes) |
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- Formulas (LaTeX) |
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- Numbered references |
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## Licensing |
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This dataset is distributed under CC-BY-4.0 for the dataset structure and metadata. However, each individual text inherits the license of its original source publication. Users should consult the original source (via the `url` field) to determine the specific license terms for any given paper before redistribution or commercial use. |
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## Limitations |
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- Text quality depends on GROBID's ability to parse each PDF; some papers (especially scanned/image-heavy ones) may have lower quality output. |
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- Not all papers from each source have successfully converted Markdown — only those with non-empty conversions are included. |
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- arXiv astrophysics papers are limited to 2020 onwards. |
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