claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
811 | But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:92",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS... |
1882 | Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Austin, Texas:431",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Austin, Texas",
"evidence": "The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
... |
1510 | Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:16",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change feedback",
"evidence": "The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
2413 | Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and con... |
1007 | ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
35 | Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctic ice sheet:170",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Antarctic ice sheet",
"evidence": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\" (PDF).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"ev... |
1691 | Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice... |
590 | Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:21",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C an... |
1458 | Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Glacier:151",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Glacier",
"evidence": "Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
814 | Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:36",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_... |
788 | But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Abrupt climate change:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Abrupt climate change",
"evidence": "An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is mor... |
2117 | Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:100",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_... |
392 | a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:131",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "(2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.",
"entropy":... |
1744 | The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:79",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report",
"evidence": "The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
... |
51 | CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...] | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:221",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
... |
1790 | Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:397",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate sensitivity",
"evidence": "\"A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
... |
577 | ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Heat wave:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Heat wave",
"evidence": "A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_EN... |
775 | Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Conservatism in the United States:238",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Conservatism in the United States",
"evidence": "On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT... |
1243 | by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:99",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.",
"... |
1604 | CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
826 | The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said.. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Abrupt climate change:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Abrupt climate change",
"evidence": "The term is also used within the context of global warming to describe sudden climate change that is detectable over the time-scale of a human lifetime, possibly as the result of feedbac... |
2522 | The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:192",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmosphere of Earth",
"evidence": "The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 bill... |
2034 | Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:34",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely... |
1786 | CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Chlorofluorocarbon:121",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Chlorofluorocarbon",
"evidence": "Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] ... |
1334 | We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].” | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Acid:214",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Acid",
"evidence": "CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
... |
2438 | Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
1753 | Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:122",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events throug... |
1995 | There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Georgia (U.S. state):280",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Georgia (U.S. state)",
"evidence": "In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1486 | So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:55",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",
"entropy... |
2260 | The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred... |
10 | Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
340 | Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change, industry and society:36",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change, industry and society",
"evidence": "Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
1944 | Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Air pollution:104",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Air pollution",
"evidence": "Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null
]
},
{
... |
1670 | Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:24",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of... |
1715 | Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:138",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change feedback",
"evidence": "Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1180 | “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1282",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
]
}... |
332 | Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Australian residential architectural styles:201",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Australian residential architectural styles",
"evidence": "Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and bri... |
2317 | What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",
"entropy": 0... |
2330 | Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:19",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is cu... |
1451 | The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infr... |
1466 | This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
1952 | Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
... |
103 | global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
1441 | 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference",
"evidence": "The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a cons... |
1343 | roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami:50",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami",
"evidence": "The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estim... |
1586 | Ice Sheet losses are overestimated. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Ice sheet",
"evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
... |
1555 | Climate change is because of El Niño. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño:6",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "El Niño",
"evidence": "The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]... |
2227 | Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT... |
2204 | All the indicators show that global warming is still happening. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:155",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
846 | In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic methane emissions:17",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic methane emissions",
"evidence": "(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that ... |
1372 | The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2014–16 El Niño event:30",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–16 El Niño event",
"evidence": "In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño \"could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950.\"",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS... |
2242 | The warming causes the oceans to release CO2. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anoxic event:65",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Anoxic event",
"evidence": "The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
1507 | Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:84",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_I... |
1584 | Renewables can't provide baseload power. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Base load:35",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Base load",
"evidence": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null
]
... |
282 | The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:24",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report",
"evidence": "A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035."... |
2268 | “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern science. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:278",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "Writing for Newsweek, journalist Sharon Begley called the controversy a \"highly orchestrated, manufactured scandal\", noting that the public was ... |
2656 | The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:67",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) wh... |
1374 | world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990 | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null... |
1149 | Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic:88",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOU... |
1578 | Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
168 | As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes ... |
2487 | The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation",
"evidence": "El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.",
"entrop... |
1266 | This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:21",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1853 | Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Barack Obama:176",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Barack Obama",
"evidence": "He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanct... |
996 | But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Jet stream:121",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Jet stream",
"evidence": "During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_I... |
377 | If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Earth:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmosphere of Earth",
"evidence": "By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NO... |
443 | “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
1465 | Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14 | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:216",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
2704 | Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:225",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
1825 | Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:133",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes"... |
1433 | Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:45",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods... |
373 | Like countless other organisms, we move and adapt when the environment changes. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Human impact on the environment",
"evidence": "Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural reso... |
995 | “The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Jet stream:125",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Jet stream",
"evidence": "This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
... |
1273 | The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Drought:102",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Drought",
"evidence": "According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
705 | policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "General circulation model:38",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "General circulation model",
"evidence": "These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
2370 | If there is a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas and the temperature stays quite warm. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmosphere of Venus:45",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmosphere of Venus",
"evidence": "The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to aroun... |
2329 | We know the Northwest Passage had been open before." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Northwest Passage:167",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Northwest Passage",
"evidence": "The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
120 | 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:32",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
n... |
1257 | “as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:244",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the green... |
702 | ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "1257 Samalas eruption:144",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "1257 Samalas eruption",
"evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.",
... |
1479 | In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.... |
1796 | Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:83",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUP... |
703 | If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:26",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "Climatic oscillations at higher frequencies are not predicted... the results indicate that the long-term trend over the next 20,000 years is towards extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation and coole... |
298 | Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
1674 | Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "20th century:366",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "20th century",
"evidence": "The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750.\"",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
... |
11 | They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:183",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
n... |
2091 | Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
2590 | This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anders Jonas Ångström:0",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Anders Jonas Ångström",
"evidence": "Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.",
"entrop... |
1560 | Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of ... |
2431 | Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "El Niño:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "El Niño",
"evidence": "The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH... |
1435 | An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Deforestation:49",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Deforestation",
"evidence": "Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
... |
1223 | Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2013 in science:559",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2013 in science",
"evidence": "Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.",
... |
1324 | cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves",
"evidence": "The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.",
"entropy": 0.693147... |
2070 | When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:139",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Ocean acidification",
"evidence": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproduct... |
1724 | Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:91",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Judith Curry has said \"This is a completely unconvincing analysis\", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows \"the vast majority of working [climate] research scienti... |
2611 | The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon price:204",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon price",
"evidence": "the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes":... |
1394 | U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Mountain pine beetle:45",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Mountain pine beetle",
"evidence": "The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REF... |
399 | Climate Change ‘Heat Records’ Are a Huge Data Manipulation | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatology:34",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatology",
"evidence": "The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
... |
626 | The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.",
"entropy": 0... |
444 | Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
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