claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2 classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
2570 | The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:170",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "\"Likely\" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:261",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:263",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report \"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale\".",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:284",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:329",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "In May 2010, Pachauri noted that the IPCC currently had no process for responding to errors or flaws once it issued a report.",
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"votes": [
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1606 | Renewable energy investment kills jobs. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "BP:283",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "BP",
"evidence": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.",
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"evidence_id": "Green-collar worker:26",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Green-collar worker",
"evidence": "Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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{
"evidence_id": "Green-collar worker:9",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Green-collar worker",
"evidence": "In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.",
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"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:11",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Renewable energy commercialization",
"evidence": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Renewable energy:6",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Renewable energy",
"evidence": "Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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null,
null,
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752 | [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Adelaide:426",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Adelaide",
"evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Energy in South Australia:269",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Energy in South Australia",
"evidence": "\"South Australia has the highest power prices in the world\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Energy in South Australia:91",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Energy in South Australia",
"evidence": "It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia.",
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{
"evidence_id": "South Australia:95",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "South Australia",
"evidence": "Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.",
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{
"evidence_id": "South Australia:97",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "South Australia",
"evidence": "At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.",
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"votes": [
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}
] |
57 | Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.",
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"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:10",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "1250, during the European Middle Ages.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:13",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred.\"",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:6",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:9",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.",
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"votes": [
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null,
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}
] |
598 | If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:234",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
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null
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:241",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:317",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:7",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
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null,
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}
] |
42 | Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
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null,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:147",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:614",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "18 January 2019.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level:62",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Sea level",
"evidence": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
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null,
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]
}
] |
2457 | "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:209",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:211",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F).",
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{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:212",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940.",
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"votes": [
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null,
null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:224",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)[citation needed] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals.",
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"votes": [
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{
"evidence_id": "Rio de Janeiro:801",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Rio de Janeiro",
"evidence": "\"Record lowest temperature since 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) in 2000\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
}
] |
1142 | Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:365",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
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null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:249",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:22",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:35",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in the Arctic",
"evidence": "From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Sea ice:120",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea ice",
"evidence": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}
] |
2627 | Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:164",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:249",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:4",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Pluto:113",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Pluto",
"evidence": "The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Pluto:32",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Pluto",
"evidence": "Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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null,
null,
null
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}
] |
2076 | Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2014–15 North American winter:10",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–15 North American winter",
"evidence": "Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
null,
"SUPPORTS"
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "2014–15 North American winter:185",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–15 North American winter",
"evidence": "Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
null,
"SUPPORTS"
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Cold wave:230",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cold wave",
"evidence": "Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
null,
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]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Cold wave:78",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Cold wave",
"evidence": "Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Snow:84",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Snow",
"evidence": "The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
]
}
] |
1702 | CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
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"SUPPORTS",
null,
"SUPPORTS"
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:163",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Now measurements are made at many sites globally.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
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"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:167",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:179",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.",
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:127",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO"
]
}
] |
1186 | President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hilda Heine:43",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hilda Heine",
"evidence": "\"First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Hilda Heine:72",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hilda Heine",
"evidence": "\"Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
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null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:357",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Marshall Islands",
"evidence": "\"A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
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null,
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]
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{
"evidence_id": "Marshall Islands:534",
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"evidence": "\"In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy\".",
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256 | One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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258 | But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2283 | In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"",
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"evidence": "A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.",
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2488 | However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades. | 1REFUTES | [
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1057 | “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1594 | Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1871 | Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese." | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1626 | Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2038 | Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season:424",
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"evidence": "Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.",
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"evidence_id": "Bushfires in Australia:126",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:518",
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"evidence": "Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.",
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"evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:113",
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"evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",
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1981 | The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.",
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"evidence_id": "Lisa P. Jackson:8",
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"evidence": "During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits.",
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95 | [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:292",
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932 | The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114",
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"evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:26",
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"evidence": "It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).",
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1084 | [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1663 | Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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994 | says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
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2257 | 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans. | 1REFUTES | [
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925 | About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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1999 | there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...] | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: \"To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C.",
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847 | “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere). | 0SUPPORTS | [
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2552 | The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.",
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2400 | 'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "On the other hand, an extensive historical analysis of technological efficiency improvements has conclusively shown that improvements in the efficiency of the use of energy and materials were almost always outpaced by economic growth, in large part because of the rebound effect (conservation) or Jevons Paradox resulting in a net increase in resource use and associated pollution.",
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1089 | Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.",
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"evidence": "In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.",
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74 | The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988]. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.",
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"evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.",
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"evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.",
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799 | the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
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"evidence": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:143",
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"evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".",
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307 | For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Palm oil:131",
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"evidence": "In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.",
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551 | Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.",
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"evidence": "Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.",
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1677 | A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Chicago:153",
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"article": "Chicago",
"evidence": "The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.",
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"evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.",
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"evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".",
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"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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749 | “The worldwide temperature record has been changed. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:61",
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"evidence": "According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).",
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72",
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"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:1459",
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"evidence": "\"Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period\".",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:35",
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"evidence": "An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports \"Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).",
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498 | The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Andrew:8",
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"evidence": "After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.",
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"evidence": "It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.",
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"evidence": "The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.",
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"evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:9",
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"evidence": "On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day.",
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1792 | Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Greenland:172",
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"article": "Greenland",
"evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland:185",
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"article": "Greenland",
"evidence": "The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland:200",
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"article": "Greenland",
"evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:124",
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"evidence": "The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:639",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps\".",
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1912 | Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Emissions trading:280",
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"evidence": "The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.",
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"evidence": "Gillard initially ruled out a \"carbon tax\" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax.",
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"evidence_id": "Julia Gillard:129",
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"evidence": "Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.",
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"evidence_id": "Julia Gillard:194",
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"evidence_id": "Julia Gillard:84",
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"evidence": "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy.",
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237 | However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Global cooling:5",
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"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.",
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"evidence_id": "Global cooling:68",
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"evidence": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"",
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"evidence": "Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.",
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"evidence": "Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.",
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"evidence_id": "James Hansen:129",
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"evidence": "They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.",
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1700 | Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:574",
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"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".",
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"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:84",
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"evidence": "With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:114",
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"evidence": "Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.",
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"evidence_id": "Permafrost:130",
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"evidence": "It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence_id": "Permafrost:80",
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"evidence": "The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.",
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1708 | The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:67",
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"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.",
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"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:81",
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"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.",
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"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:89",
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"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",
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"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:44",
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"article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy",
"evidence": "This \"decline\" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.",
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"evidence": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.",
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2484 | The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:355",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:37",
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"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Climate:108",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea surface temperature:89",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea surface temperature",
"evidence": "At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).",
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1784 | Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:244",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.",
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"evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:511",
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"evidence": "The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.\"",
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"evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",
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2599 | Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Alcohol (drug):140",
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"article": "Alcohol (drug)",
"evidence": "Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.",
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"evidence_id": "Alcohol (drug):174",
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"article": "Alcohol (drug)",
"evidence": "Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition.",
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"evidence_id": "Alcohol (drug):177",
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"article": "Alcohol (drug)",
"evidence": "In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.",
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"evidence_id": "Caffeine:115",
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"article": "Caffeine",
"evidence": "Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances.",
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"evidence_id": "Lysergic acid diethylamide:125",
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1834 | A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.",
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"evidence": "Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.",
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1317 | “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate change in Canada:8",
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"article": "Climate change in Canada",
"evidence": "Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:23",
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"evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:3",
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"evidence": "These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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2555 | Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.",
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"evidence_id": "Science:376",
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"evidence": "This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.",
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"evidence_id": "Science:46",
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"evidence": "Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically \"when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty\".",
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1688 | Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:213",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:6",
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"evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",
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"evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:133",
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"evidence": "Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.",
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"evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:205",
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"article": "Holocene extinction",
"evidence": "However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.",
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864 | “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:579",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).",
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"evidence_id": "Eocene:22",
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"evidence": "For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:52",
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"evidence": "Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:547",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.",
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383 | “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Electrical grid:108",
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"article": "Electrical grid",
"evidence": "Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.",
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"evidence_id": "Electrical grid:152",
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"evidence": "In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.",
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"evidence_id": "Smart grid:105",
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"evidence": "The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.",
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"evidence_id": "Smart grid:108",
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"evidence": "Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.",
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"evidence_id": "Smart grid:94",
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"evidence": "While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.",
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2530 | Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:11",
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"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:162",
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"evidence": "Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.",
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"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1118",
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"evidence": "\"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011\".",
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"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:769",
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"evidence": "\"Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003\".",
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"evidence_id": "West Antarctic Ice Sheet:136",
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"evidence": "\"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011\".",
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1503 | climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
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"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
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"evidence_id": "Climatology:51",
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"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:108",
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"evidence": "Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:143",
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"evidence": "The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that \"climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes\".",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:300",
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"evidence": "Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.",
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1079 | “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:186",
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"article": "Instrumental temperature record",
"evidence": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22",
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"evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5",
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"evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:55",
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"evidence": "The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).",
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"evidence_id": "NASA:365",
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"evidence": "Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.",
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678 | In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:258",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.",
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"evidence_id": "Beef:48",
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"article": "Beef",
"evidence": "A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.",
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"evidence_id": "Livestock:75",
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"article": "Livestock",
"evidence": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",
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"evidence_id": "Milk:129",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Milk",
"evidence": "Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.",
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"evidence_id": "Vegetarianism:279",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Vegetarianism",
"evidence": "In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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] |
2305 | Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlanta:142",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Atlanta",
"evidence": "Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.",
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"evidence_id": "Córdoba, Argentina:92",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Córdoba, Argentina",
"evidence": "The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).",
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"evidence_id": "Córdoba, Argentina:95",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Córdoba, Argentina",
"evidence": "It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.",
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"evidence_id": "Istanbul:147",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Istanbul",
"evidence": "During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August.",
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"evidence_id": "Tucson, Arizona:257",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Tucson, Arizona",
"evidence": "There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.",
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1482 | 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:17",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:167",
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"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said \"We don't accept this.",
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"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:457",
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"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was \"likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year\" in the past 1,000 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:506",
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"article": "Hockey stick controversy",
"evidence": "2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.",
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"evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:124",
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"article": "Holocene extinction",
"evidence": "However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.",
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1455 | The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:10",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:142",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:146",
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"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.",
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"evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26",
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"evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.",
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"evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:1187",
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"article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850",
"evidence": "\"Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE\".",
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615 | If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:101",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:70",
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"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:83",
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"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:12",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:23",
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"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.",
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1577 | Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism",
"evidence": "Critics have noted that of the 105 \"scientists\" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.",
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"evidence_id": "Art Robinson:26",
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"article": "Art Robinson",
"evidence": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.",
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"evidence_id": "Art Robinson:27",
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"article": "Art Robinson",
"evidence": "Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.",
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"evidence_id": "Oregon Petition:22",
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"article": "Oregon Petition",
"evidence": "As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.",
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"evidence_id": "Project Steve:49",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Project Steve",
"evidence": "During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.",
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2320 | While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:17",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.",
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:24",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961–1990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions.",
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:25",
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"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.",
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:36",
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"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.",
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"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:66",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.",
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791 | ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:268",
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"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:92",
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"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:195",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.",
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"evidence_id": "Coal pollution mitigation:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coal pollution mitigation",
"evidence": "Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.",
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1476 | The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "\"The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change\" Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels (median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty).",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:23",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.",
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:719",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.",
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"evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:67",
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"article": "Tipping points in the climate system",
"evidence": "The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise.",
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null,
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1653 | The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:28",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.",
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"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5",
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"article": "Instrumental temperature record",
"evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.",
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"evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:243",
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"article": "Physical impacts of climate change",
"evidence": "From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:391",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "\"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:49",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
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] |
554 | The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of India:260",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate of India",
"evidence": "Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.",
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"evidence_id": "Rain:1068",
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"article": "Rain",
"evidence": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".",
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{
"evidence_id": "Supercell:59",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Supercell",
"evidence": "This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:40",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Tropical cyclone",
"evidence": "The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.",
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"evidence_id": "Uruguay:153",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Uruguay",
"evidence": "The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.",
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2606 | ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:225",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",
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"evidence_id": "Agriculture:257",
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"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:229",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.",
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"evidence_id": "Livestock:75",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Livestock",
"evidence": "The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.",
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"evidence_id": "Methane:88",
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"article": "Methane",
"evidence": "A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and ~15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.",
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246 | at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb. | 1REFUTES | [
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"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:6",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Reconstructed temperature records for the last 420 million years indicate that atmospheric CO 2 concentrations peaked at ~2000 ppm during the Devonian (∼400 Myrs ago) period, and again in the Triassic (220–200 Myrs ago) period.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",
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"evidence_id": "Eocene:84",
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"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.",
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"evidence_id": "Ice age:0",
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"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.",
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967 | He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.",
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"evidence_id": "John D. Hamaker:102",
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"article": "John D. Hamaker",
"evidence": "In Paul Kelbie's article Remineralization Might Save Us From Global Warming, in The Independent, he wrote that since the last ice age, three million years ago, the Earth has gone through 25 glaciations, each lasting about 90,000 years, and that we are now 10,800 years into an interglacial – a hiatus between ice–ages.",
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"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:118",
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"evidence": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.",
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"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:167",
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"evidence": "The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.",
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"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:177",
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"evidence": "This may have caused the initial cooling, and the 1452–53 eruption of Kuwae in Vanuatu triggered a second pulse of cooling.",
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113 | The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted. | 1REFUTES | [
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1008",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:190",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with \"rates similar to those of the surface temperature\", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:223",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:234",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:240",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).",
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1530 | Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:52",
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"evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:459",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:69",
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"evidence": "The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77",
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"evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.",
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1962 | Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:316",
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"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.",
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"evidence_id": "Earth:352",
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"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:11",
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"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:252",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.",
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"evidence_id": "Water on Mars:385",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Water on Mars",
"evidence": "The Earth is stabilized by its proportionally large moon, so it only wobbles a few degrees.",
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1166 | Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Droughts in the United States:36",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Droughts in the United States",
"evidence": "Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in the lower and central Mississippi River basin between the 14th and 16th century.",
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"evidence_id": "Megadrought:0",
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"article": "Megadrought",
"evidence": "A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer.",
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"evidence_id": "Megadrought:15",
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"article": "Megadrought",
"evidence": "The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.",
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"evidence_id": "Megadrought:16",
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"article": "Megadrought",
"evidence": "Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.",
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"evidence_id": "Megadrought:25",
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"article": "Megadrought",
"evidence": "During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.",
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2114 | Peer review process was corrupted | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is \"ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.",
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"evidence": "Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.",
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"evidence": "At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.",
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"evidence": "In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.",
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"article": "Peer review",
"evidence": "If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.",
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1178 | “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Funamanu:5",
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"article": "Funamanu",
"evidence": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific.",
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"evidence_id": "Geography of Tuvalu:99",
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"article": "Geography of Tuvalu",
"evidence": "Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.",
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"evidence_id": "Kiribati:188",
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"article": "Kiribati",
"evidence": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.",
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"evidence_id": "Kiribati:189",
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"article": "Kiribati",
"evidence": "Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.",
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"evidence_id": "Tuvalu:473",
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"article": "Tuvalu",
"evidence": "A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.",
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"votes": [
null,
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2612 | [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:111",
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"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.",
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"evidence": "Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.",
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"evidence_id": "Global warming:61",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.",
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"evidence_id": "Three Mile Island accident:181",
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"article": "Three Mile Island accident",
"evidence": "A peer-reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979–1985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably \"thousands of times greater\" than the NRC's estimates.",
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2579 | Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.",
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"evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:111",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:129",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.",
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578 | ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.",
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.",
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"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:190",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.",
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"evidence_id": "Years of Living Dangerously:47",
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"article": "Years of Living Dangerously",
"evidence": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.",
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342 | While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:110",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:126",
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"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:871",
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"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Antilla 2005: \"One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful.\"",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:721",
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"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.",
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1276 | “Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
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"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.",
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"evidence": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.",
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"evidence": "Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.",
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:76",
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"evidence": "Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.",
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"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:99",
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"evidence": "Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.",
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1684 | The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:283",
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"article": "Second law of thermodynamics",
"evidence": "This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.",
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"evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:374",
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"evidence": "The second law is an observation of the fact that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a physical system that is isolated from the outside world.",
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"evidence_id": "Thermodynamics:93",
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"evidence": "There are many versions of the second law, but they all have the same effect, which is to explain the phenomenon of irreversibility in nature.",
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"evidence": "This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.",
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644 | an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:24",
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"evidence": "\"Diversity of Corals, Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming\".",
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"evidence_id": "Coral reef:367",
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1260 | The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence_id": "Morocco:257",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Morocco",
"evidence": "Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.",
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"evidence": "Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided.",
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2215 | We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:122",
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"article": "Anaerobic digestion",
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"evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:291",
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"evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:72",
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"evidence": "Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.",
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"evidence_id": "Sewage sludge treatment:47",
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"article": "Sewage sludge treatment",
"evidence": "Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 ± 3 °C.",
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"evidence_id": "Sewage sludge:7",
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"article": "Sewage sludge",
"evidence": "In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.",
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null,
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698 | A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’ | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231",
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"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".",
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{
"evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:189",
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"article": "Nuclear winter",
"evidence": "In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought.",
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"article": "Nuclear winter",
"evidence": "A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled \"Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences\", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier).",
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{
"evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:226",
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"article": "Nuclear winter",
"evidence": "While the highly popularized initial 1983 TTAPS 1-dimensional model forecasts were widely reported and criticized in the media, in part because every later model predicts far less of its \"apocalyptic\" level of cooling, most models continue to suggest that some deleterious global cooling would still result, under the assumption that a large number of fires occurred in the spring or summer.",
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"evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:46",
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"article": "Nuclear winter",
"evidence": "While it is believed that the modeled climate-cooling-effects from the mass of soot injected into the stratosphere by 100 firestorms (one to five teragrams) would have been detectable with technical instruments in WWII, five percent of that would not have been possible to observe at that time.",
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2502 | Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Science:187",
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"article": "Science",
"evidence": "This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific theory:12",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific theory:151",
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"article": "Scientific theory",
"evidence": "This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.",
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"evidence_id": "Scientific theory:25",
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"article": "Scientific theory",
"evidence": "The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.",
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"evidence_id": "Theory:103",
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"article": "Theory",
"evidence": "These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.",
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991 | “Sea level rise is global. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:0",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:112",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "With continued melt and retreat they contribute to raising global sea levels.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:141",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.",
"entropy": 0,
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:381",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:442",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise\".",
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"votes": [
null,
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null,
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}
] |
1502 | unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Australia:1011",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".",
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{
"evidence_id": "Australia:136",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, \"the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average\".",
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{
"evidence_id": "Australia:137",
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"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Australia:141",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).",
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{
"evidence_id": "Australia:226",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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] |
972 | “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:89",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null,
null,
null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:28",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change feedback",
"evidence": "The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390–455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Mars:195",
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"article": "Mars",
"evidence": "The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Permafrost:110",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Permafrost",
"evidence": "The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Sperm whale:388",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sperm whale",
"evidence": "By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null,
null,
null
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}
] |
2657 | Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
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null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:13",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Fossil fuel",
"evidence": "The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
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null
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},
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:64",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).",
"entropy": 1.0986123085021973,
"votes": [
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:109",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:166",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.",
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1160 | With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
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"article": "Carbon footprint",
"evidence": "To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.",
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"article": "Environmental degradation",
"evidence": "The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies.",
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"evidence": "In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",
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"evidence": "the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock.",
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"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "\"CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history\".",
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945 | In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
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"evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",
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"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:237",
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"evidence": "Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called \"storm[s] of the century\" at least once a year.",
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"evidence": "According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.",
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"evidence": "In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.",
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"evidence": "A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is \"physically plausible\".",
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2564 | This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:69",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.",
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null,
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"article": "Sea",
"evidence": "This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.",
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"evidence_id": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:48",
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"article": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation",
"evidence": "However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences.",
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"evidence_id": "Thermohaline circulation:17",
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"article": "Thermohaline circulation",
"evidence": "In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).",
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Thermohaline circulation:32",
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"article": "Thermohaline circulation",
"evidence": "The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null
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1743 | Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.",
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"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:7",
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"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.",
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"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:18",
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"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.",
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"evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:277",
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"article": "Arctic sea ice decline",
"evidence": "\"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years,\" Gore said.",
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"evidence_id": "Arctic:22",
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"article": "Arctic",
"evidence": "About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.",
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"SUPPORTS",
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272 | The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.",
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"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:691",
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"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "\"The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level\".",
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903 | Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cannabis cultivation:173",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cannabis cultivation",
"evidence": "Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.",
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null,
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"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:240",
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"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.",
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"evidence_id": "Greenhouse:73",
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"article": "Greenhouse",
"evidence": "Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.",
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"votes": [
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null,
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{
"evidence_id": "Hydroponics:281",
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"article": "Hydroponics",
"evidence": "To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.",
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"evidence_id": "Vertical farming:136",
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"article": "Vertical farming",
"evidence": "Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}
] |
1395 | Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:294",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.",
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"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on humans:136",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on humans",
"evidence": "Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.",
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"evidence_id": "Flood:92",
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"article": "Flood",
"evidence": "Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.",
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{
"evidence_id": "Severe weather:189",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Severe weather",
"evidence": "In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.",
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"evidence_id": "Weather:96",
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"article": "Weather",
"evidence": "Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
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null,
null,
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}
] |
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