claim_id stringlengths 1 4 | claim stringlengths 26 406 | claim_label class label 2
classes | evidences listlengths 5 5 |
|---|---|---|---|
2570 | The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:170",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change",
"evidence": "\"Likely\" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
1606 | Renewable energy investment kills jobs. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "BP:283",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "BP",
"evidence": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources inclu... |
752 | [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Adelaide:426",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Adelaide",
"evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
57 | Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 12... |
598 | If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:234",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate mod... |
42 | Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:146",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",... |
2457 | "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Moscow:209",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Moscow",
"evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisp... |
1142 | Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Antarctica:365",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Antarctica",
"evidence": "A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values i... |
2627 | Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Neptune:164",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Neptune",
"evidence": "The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.",
... |
2076 | Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2014–15 North American winter:10",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "2014–15 North American winter",
"evidence": "Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for... |
1702 | CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:153",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation statio... |
1186 | President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Hilda Heine:43",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Hilda Heine",
"evidence": "\"First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands\".",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
... |
256 | One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:0",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Little Ice Age",
"evidence": "The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null... |
258 | But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Eocene:110",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Eocene",
"evidence": "The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824... |
2283 | In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:437",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
"S... |
2488 | However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:72",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).",... |
1057 | “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Dead zone (ecology):0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Dead zone (ecology)",
"evidence": "Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by \"excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the ox... |
1594 | Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:244",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the green... |
1871 | Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese." | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:133",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented \"the concept of global warming\" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes"... |
1626 | Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:14",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPO... |
2038 | Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season:424",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "2019–20 Australian bushfire season",
"evidence": "Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C... |
1981 | The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change policy of the United States:269",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change policy of the United States",
"evidence": "In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that wou... |
95 | [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:92",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS... |
932 | The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:114",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
nul... |
1084 | [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:132",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenhouse gas",
"evidence": "The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes":... |
1663 | Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:41",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
... |
994 | says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1282",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"The rate of sea-level rise\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
null,
null,
null
]
},
{
"evidence_id": "Global w... |
2257 | 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:201",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−).",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO... |
925 | About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:2631",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
... |
1999 | there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Âhumans[...] | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:1756",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "\"Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"REFUTES",
... |
847 | “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere). | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Albedo:54",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Albedo",
"evidence": "This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and... |
2552 | The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Mesozoic:106",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Mesozoic",
"evidence": "Even with the overall warmth, temperature fluctuations should have been sufficient for the presence of polar ice caps and glaciers, but there is no evidence of either.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"... |
2400 | 'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:20",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt natura... |
1089 | Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall tempe... | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:173",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and nea... |
74 | The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988]. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:224",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 19... |
799 | the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
307 | For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Deforestation:103",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Deforestation",
"evidence": "Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
... |
551 | Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Alpine climate:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Alpine climate",
"evidence": "Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
]
}... |
1677 | A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Chicago:153",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Chicago",
"evidence": "The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"... |
749 | “The worldwide temperature record has been changed. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:58",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_E... |
498 | The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:50",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Climate change in the United States",
"evidence": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"REFUTES"... |
1792 | Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland:172",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland",
"evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nul... |
1912 | Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Emissions trading:280",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Emissions trading",
"evidence": "The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promi... |
237 | However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global cooling:5",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global cooling",
"evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, w... |
1700 | Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:574",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "\"Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
nul... |
1708 | The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:67",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climatic Research Unit documents",
"evidence": "The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) wh... |
2484 | The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:355",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate change mitigation",
"evidence": "One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.",
... |
1784 | Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be ma... |
2599 | Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Alcohol (drug):140",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Alcohol (drug)",
"evidence": "Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.",
"entropy":... |
1834 | A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have i... |
1317 | “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change in Canada:8",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change in Canada",
"evidence": "Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier ... |
2555 | Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Science:153",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Science",
"evidence": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SU... |
1688 | Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:213",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to... |
864 | “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:579",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
nu... |
383 | “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Electrical grid:108",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Electrical grid",
"evidence": "Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds cons... |
2530 | Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:11",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",
"entropy": 0.5623351335525513,
"votes": [
"SUPPORT... |
1503 | climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate:115",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Climate",
"evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.",
"entropy": 0.693... |
1079 | “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:186",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Instrumental temperature record",
"evidence": "\"U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record\".",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
n... |
678 | In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:258",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes... |
2305 | Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atlanta:142",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Atlanta",
"evidence": "Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.",
"entropy": 0,
... |
1482 | 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:17",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
... |
1455 | The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:10",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SU... |
615 | If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:101",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Effects of global warming",
"evidence": "Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": ... |
1577 | Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism",
"evidence": "Critics have noted that of the 105 \"scientists\" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the ... |
2320 | While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Medieval Warm Period:17",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Medieval Warm Period",
"evidence": "Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20t... |
791 | ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon capture and storage",
"evidence": "Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from ... |
1476 | The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:22",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Scientific consensus on climate change",
"evidence": "\"The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change\" Without new policies to mitigate cl... |
1653 | The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:28",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions ... |
554 | The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate of India:260",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate of India",
"evidence": "Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, c... |
2606 | ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Agriculture:225",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Agriculture",
"evidence": "It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
... |
246 | at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:5",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ... |
967 | He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Ice age:178",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Ice age",
"evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
... |
113 | The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1008",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and... |
1530 | Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:276",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of g... |
1962 | Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized." | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Earth:316",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Earth",
"evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.",
"entropy": 1.0986123... |
1166 | Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Droughts in the United States:36",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Droughts in the United States",
"evidence": "Drought apparently struck what is now the American Southwest back in the 13th century, which probably affected the Pueblo cities, and tree rings also document drought in... |
2114 | Peer review process was corrupted | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Peer review:44",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Peer review",
"evidence": "Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is \"ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient... |
1178 | “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Funamanu:5",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Funamanu",
"evidence": "Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level ris... |
2612 | [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Climate change denial:111",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Climate change denial",
"evidence": "Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the clim... |
2579 | Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:7",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up t... |
578 | ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’ | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere",
"evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and con... |
342 | While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:110",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.",
"entropy": 0.69314718246459... |
1276 | “Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:101",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Attribution of recent climate change",
"evidence": "For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can r... |
1684 | The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:283",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Second law of thermodynamics",
"evidence": "This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hyp... |
644 | an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:24",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Coral bleaching",
"evidence": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.",
"entropy": 0.6365141868591309,
"vot... |
1260 | The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Morocco:257",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Morocco",
"evidence": "Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characteri... |
2215 | We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:122",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Anaerobic digestion",
"evidence": "Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUP... |
698 | A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’ | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231",
"evidence_label": 1,
"article": "Global warming controversy",
"evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated wa... |
2502 | Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Science:187",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Science",
"evidence": "This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
nu... |
991 | “Sea level rise is global. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:0",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
null,
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null
... |
1502 | unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Australia:1011",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Australia",
"evidence": "\"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn\".",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"REFUTES",
"NOT_ENOUGH_INFO",
null,
null,
null
]... |
972 | “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:89",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Atmospheric methane",
"evidence": "Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
... |
2657 | Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon dioxide",
"evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
... |
1160 | With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Carbon footprint:170",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Carbon footprint",
"evidence": "To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.",
"... |
945 | In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Global warming:147",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Global warming",
"evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
nu... |
2564 | This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Sea level rise:69",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Sea level rise",
"evidence": "Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
nul... |
1743 | Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:164",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Arctic Ocean",
"evidence": "Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.",
"entropy": 0.6931471824645996,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"REFUTES",
... |
272 | The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880. | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:35",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Greenland ice sheet",
"evidence": "The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possib... |
903 | Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.” | 0SUPPORTS | [
{
"evidence_id": "Cannabis cultivation:173",
"evidence_label": 0,
"article": "Cannabis cultivation",
"evidence": "Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.",
"entropy": 0,
"votes": [
"SUPPORTS",
"SUPPORTS",
null,
null,
null
... |
1395 | Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms. | 1REFUTES | [
{
"evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:294",
"evidence_label": 2,
"article": "Effects of global warming on human health",
"evidence": "For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.",
"entropy": 0.69314718... |
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