id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
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c_jqxfgzjfggxt | As shown in Figure 2, a bacteriophage lands on a cell and pins itself to the cell. The phage can then penetrate the cell membrane and inject the viral DNA into the host cell. The viral DNA can then either lay dormant until stimulated by a source such as UV light or it can be immediately taken up by the host's genome. | Viral transformation |
c_1wfs48u83kor | In either case the viral DNA will replicate along with the original host DNA during cell replication causing two cells to now be infected with the virus. The process will continue to propagate more and more infected cells. This process is in contrast to the lytic cycle where a virus only uses the host cell's replicatio... | Viral transformation |
c_95691t3eai5b | The process is similar in animal cells. In most cases, rather than viral DNA being injected into an animal cell, a section of the membrane encases the virus and the cell then absorbs both the virus and the encasing section of the membrane into the cell. This process, called endocytosis, is shown in Figure 3. | Viral transformation |
c_ouacqh38kuo4 | In order for a cell to become cancerous it must undergo a significant number of alterations to its DNA sequence. This cell model suggests these mutations could occur to any cell in the body resulting in a cancer. Essentially this theory proposes that all cells have the ability to be tumorigenic making all tumor cells e... | Cancer Stem Cells |
c_25vjhsc4qmns | The clonal evolution model, which occurs in both the CSC model and stochastic model, postulates that mutant tumor cells with a growth advantage outproliferate others. Cells in the dominant population have a similar potential for initiating tumor growth. | Cancer Stem Cells |
c_lvvhwsy46ett | (Fig. 4). These two models are not mutually exclusive, as CSCs themselves undergo clonal evolution. Thus, the secondary more dominant CSCs may emerge, if a mutation confers more aggressive properties (Fig. 5). | Cancer Stem Cells |
c_05j8qzqdlg6l | In order for a charged particle to follow a curved field line, it needs a drift velocity out of the plane of curvature to provide the necessary centripetal force. This velocity is where R c {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {R}}_{c}} is the radius of curvature pointing outwards, away from the center of the circular arc which... | Guiding center |
c_hpoae6n86ho2 | In order for a chromosome to form a ring, both ends of the chromosome are usually missing, enabling the broken ends to fuse together. In rare cases, the telomeres at the ends of a chromosome fuse without any loss of genetic material, which results in a normal phenotype.Complex rearrangements, including segmental microd... | Ring chromosome |
c_yudsvrqunaye | In order for a conveyor chain to perform well, the bearing surfaces must be lubricated. Correct lubrication will minimise power absorption, wear rate, corrosion and noise. In normal conditions and operating temperatures a quality mineral oil with medium viscosity e.g. SAE 20W50 will suffice. Self-lubricating chains tha... | Conveyor chain |
c_i6zvzsapppr2 | In order for a customer to be detained, the shopkeeper must: Conduct the investigation on the store premises, or immediately near the premises. Have reasonable cause to believe the person detained was shoplifting. Use reasonable (non-excessive) force to detain the suspected individual. Not prolong the detention longer ... | Illegal detention |
c_74qug2107ovr | In order for a database management system (DBMS) to operate efficiently and accurately, it must use ACID transactions. | Database constraints |
c_3887m0sa5mj1 | In order for a de facto corporation to be created, the following elements must exist: There must be an incorporation statute that lays out the various requirements under which legal incorporation can be accomplished; There must have been a good faith attempt to comply with the statute by the intended incorporators (for... | De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel |
c_esjbfec37dhy | In order for a dog to be a good candidate to become a therapy dog and receive certification, they should be calm and social with strangers. They should also be able to adjust to loud noises and fast movements. There are certain steps that are needed for a dog to become certified by a national organization such as The A... | Grief therapy dog |
c_dd31l96nhx51 | Exact testing/certification requirements differ based on the organization's requirements. Some organizations offer classes such as "distraction-proofing", which strengthens the dog's ability to focus and therapy training to help prepare the dog and the dog's owner for therapy visits.Although therapy dogs are not limite... | Grief therapy dog |
c_isudyr0mxg3p | Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are considered natural therapy dogs since they were bred to be companion dogs. Thus they love meeting new people including children, are very gentle, and are eager to sit on someone's lap for long periods of time and are small enough to do so.Therapy dogs offer many benefits to people and... | Grief therapy dog |
c_438jn345q0fu | In order for a game to be in normal form, we are provided with the following data: There is a finite set I of players, each player is denoted by i. Each player i has a finite k number of pure strategies S i = { 1 , 2 , … , k } . {\displaystyle S_{i}=\{1,2,\ldots ,k\}.} A pure strategy profile is an association of strat... | Payoff Matrix |
c_hd1l91kjdxs7 | whose intended interpretation is the award given to a single player at the outcome of the game. Accordingly, to completely specify a game, the payoff function has to be specified for each player in the player set I= {1, 2, ..., I}. Definition: A game in normal form is a structure T = ⟨ I , S , u ⟩ {\displaystyle \mathr... | Payoff Matrix |
c_3mjby40tfi9y | In order for a group to be successful in subverting a government, the group itself and its ideas must be seen as an acceptable alternative to the status quo. However, groups that work toward subverting a government, in many cases, follow ideas and promote goals that on their surface would not receive the support of the... | Subversive activities |
c_q31maesh9dl6 | Infiltrating organizations is an important tool because these institutions are already seen as legitimate in the eyes of the people and provide a platform to express their ideas. When infiltrating, the dissident identifies needs of the organization and then links those needs to solutions that his ideology can provide. ... | Subversive activities |
c_avbeoyczrvot | Once the organization has been co-opted, the dissident can then move on to establishing ties with other groups. Furthermore, in addition to gaining possible legitimacy for its ideas the infiltration of these groups can "bolster political allies, attack government policies, and attract international support." If some or... | Subversive activities |
c_yv34sgqw7cj0 | The infiltration of state organizations can provide subversive groups the opportunity to do many things to achieve their goals. The infiltration of security forces can provide information about the government's capabilities and how they plan to address the group's activities. Infiltration also provides the opportunity ... | Subversive activities |
c_i9vzsajt1wr0 | The targets of infiltration are not limited to the groups and institutions mentioned above. Economic industries and universities have also been the target for infiltration. In the case of universities, the liberal arts departments are more prone to subversion than the hard sciences. | Subversive activities |
c_sqpbfrv6bp0o | In order for a k-tuple to have infinitely many positions at which all of its values are prime, there cannot exist a prime p such that the tuple includes every different possible value modulo p. For, if such a prime p existed, then no matter which value of n was chosen, one of the values formed by adding n to the tuple ... | Prime k-tuple |
c_oqg3lrrybar5 | It is conjectured that every admissible k-tuple matches infinitely many positions in the sequence of prime numbers. However, there is no admissible tuple for which this has been proven except the 1-tuple (0). Nevertheless, by Yitang Zhang's famous proof of 2013 it follows that there exists at least one 2-tuple which ma... | Prime k-tuple |
c_4ujldlc87kv7 | In order for a lake to become alkalic, a special combination of geographic, geological and climatic conditions are required. First of all, a suitable topography is needed, that limits the outflow of water from the lake. When the outflow is completely prevented, this is called an endorheic basin. Craters or depressions ... | Alkaline lake |
c_n5biokzy0r1t | The high alkalinity and salinity arise through evaporation of the lake water. This requires suitable climatic conditions, in order for the inflow to balance outflow through evaporation. The rate at which carbonate salts are dissolved into the lake water also depends on the surrounding geology and can in some cases lead... | Alkaline lake |
c_rjsqqufgevkd | Another critical geological condition for the formation of a soda lake is the relative absence of soluble magnesium or calcium. Otherwise, dissolved magnesium (Mg2+) or calcium (Ca2+) will quickly remove the carbonate ions, through the precipitation of minerals such as calcite, magnesite or dolomite, effectively neutra... | Alkaline lake |
c_ayaj7dw7xpb6 | A good example is the Dead Sea, which is very rich in Mg2+. In some soda lakes, inflow of Ca2+ through subterranean seeps, can lead to localized precipitation. | Alkaline lake |
c_miqk581mxakb | In Mono Lake, California and Lake Van, Turkey, such precipitation has formed columns of tufa rising above the lake surface. Many soda lakes are strongly stratified, with a well-oxygenated upper layer (epilimnion) and an anoxic lower layer (hypolimnion), without oxygen and often high concentrations of sulfide. | Alkaline lake |
c_6wqj4ku5zc0b | Stratification can be permanent, or with seasonal mixing. The depth of the oxic/anoxic interface separating the two layers varies from a few centimeters to near the bottom sediments, depending on local conditions. In either case, it represents an important barrier, both physically and between strongly contrasting bioch... | Alkaline lake |
c_gr9uq5sqdgt2 | In order for a legally enforceable contract to be formed, the parties must reach mutual assent (also called a meeting of the minds). This is typically reached through an offer and an acceptance which does not vary the offer's terms, which is known as the "mirror image rule". An offer is defined as a promise that is dep... | Contractual rights |
c_o2v4m0gsww2u | The principle of offer and acceptance has been codified under the Indian Contract Act, 1872.In determining if a meeting of the minds has occurred, the intention of contracting parties is interpreted objectively from the perspective of a reasonable person. The "objective" approach towards contractual intent was first us... | Contractual rights |
c_yejjj8bhum1b | A bilateral contract is an agreement in which each of the parties to the contract makes a promise or set of promises to each other. For example, in a contract for the sale of a home, the buyer promises to pay the seller $200,000 in exchange for the seller's promise to deliver title to the property. Bilateral contracts ... | Contractual rights |
c_vpbz7sozpg7p | Less common are unilateral contracts, in which one party makes a promise, but the other side does not promise anything. In these cases, those accepting the offer are not required to communicate their acceptance to the offeror. In a reward contract, for example, a person who has lost a dog could promise a reward if the ... | Contractual rights |
c_8rumzytmx4kv | The payment could be additionally conditioned on the dog being returned alive. Those who learn of the reward are not required to search for the dog, but if someone finds the dog and delivers it, the promisor is required to pay. On the other hand, advertisements which promise bargains are generally regarded not as offer... | Contractual rights |
c_mct59j5gfup9 | Some have criticised the categorisation of contracts into bilateral and unilateral ones. For example, the High Court of Australia stated that the term unilateral contract is "unscientific and misleading".In certain circumstances, an implied contract may be created. A contract is implied in fact if the circumstances imp... | Contractual rights |
c_yfl9u155vtp1 | For example, if a patient refuses to pay after being examined by a doctor, the patient has breached a contract implied in fact. A contract which is implied in law is sometimes called a quasi-contract. | Contractual rights |
c_43jayu3g7093 | Such contracts are means for courts to remedy situations in which one party would be unjustly enriched were he or she not required to compensate the other. Quantum meruit claims are an example. Where something is advertised in a newspaper or on a poster, the advertisement will not normally constitute an offer but will ... | Contractual rights |
c_r67p59ggwd65 | An exception arises if the advertisement makes a unilateral promise, such as the offer of a reward, as in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, decided in nineteenth-century England. The company, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, advertised a smoke ball that would, if sniffed "three times daily for two weeks", pre... | Contractual rights |
c_psfbpynnsjja | When the company was sued for the money, they argued the advert should not have been taken as a serious, legally binding offer but a puff. The Court of Appeal held that it would appear to a reasonable man that Carbolic had made a serious offer and determined that the reward was a contractual promise. As decided in the ... | Contractual rights |
c_ee9iwvyioiog | In order for a market to be complete, it must be possible to instantaneously enter into any position regarding any future state of the market. | Complete market |
c_fwnk0cyioiyc | In order for a minor to receive a learner's permit, sometimes called an instructional permit, states typically require that the minor have at least 6 practice hours before getting the permit and signed permission from a parent or guardian. In the state of New Hampshire, a permit is not given but the young driver may be... | Learner's permit |
c_yejkjzyxh76o | In order for a molecule (or crystal) to exhibit circular birefringence and circular dichroism, it must be distinguishable from its mirror image. An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image is said to be chiral, and optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism are known as chiroptical properties. Mos... | Optical rotary dispersion |
c_np13l5c75k1y | These properties account for the fact that optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism are widely used in organic and inorganic chemistry and in biochemistry. In the absence of magnetic fields, only chiral substances exhibit optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism. In a magnetic field, even substances... | Optical rotary dispersion |
c_lf56iu38ytf5 | In order for a mosquito to transmit a disease to the host there must be favorable conditions, referred to as transmission seasonality. Seasonal factors that impact the prevalence of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases are primarily humidity, temperature, and precipitation. A positive correlation between malaria outb... | Mosquito larva |
c_uc9b51sluxo7 | In order for a nation-state to rise to the level of hegemon, such a state must combine all or most of the following attributes: Superior military force is necessary for the ability to forge new international laws and organizations. Insularity provides added security and the potential to project military forces, though ... | Hegemonic stability theory |
c_ejtc3xk46xae | Nuclear weapons and superior air force add to its national security. A large and growing economy. Usually, unrivaled supremacy in at least one leading economic or technological sector is necessary. | Hegemonic stability theory |
c_lpl17csl54mr | Military and economic powers compose the capability to enforce the rules of the system. The will to lead and to establish a hegemonic regime by enforcing the rules of the system. After World War I, the United States possessed the capacity to lead, but lacked the will to do so. Without the will to force stability on the... | Hegemonic stability theory |
c_b8vzdu1h17ly | In order for a particle number to have an associated chemical potential, it must be conserved during the internal dynamics of the system, and only able to change when the system exchanges particles with an external reservoir. If the particles can be created out of energy during the dynamics of the system, then an assoc... | Grand canonical ensemble |
c_bf6r0zv54l8l | (On the other hand, photons in a highly reflective cavity can be conserved and caused to have a nonzero µ.) In some cases the number of particles is not conserved and the N represents a more abstract conserved quantity: Chemical reactions: Chemical reactions can convert one type of molecule to another; if reactions occ... | Grand canonical ensemble |
c_6u7geye63q36 | If this sort of process is allowed, then neither the number of particles nor antiparticles are conserved. Instead, N = (particle number - antiparticle number) is conserved. As particle energies increase, there are more possibilities to convert between particle types, and so there are fewer numbers that are truly conser... | Grand canonical ensemble |
c_4p58mukxo4px | At the very highest energies the only conserved numbers are electric charge, weak isospin, and baryon number − lepton number.On the other hand, in some cases a single kind of particle may have multiple conserved numbers: Closed compartments: In a system composed of multiple compartments that share energy but do not sha... | Grand canonical ensemble |
c_eytaxhqg41tw | In order for a particular device to be used in an application, it must satisfy certain requirements. The operational amplifier must have large open-loop signal gain (voltage gain of 200,000 is obtained in early integrated circuit exemplars), and have input impedance large with respect to values present in the feedback ... | Inverting amplifier |
c_my780b8175xm | In order for a patient to be recommended for destination therapy with an LVAD, he/she will have presented with end-stage heart failure, and will be ineligible for a transplant due to age, additional health problems, or other complications. In addition, patients may be eligible but are not suitable for heart transplant ... | Destination therapy |
c_7hvguydto7bk | In order for a person to start using the app, they need to provide evidence, in the form of bioidentification data and mobile carrier records, that they can legally purchase weed. After they have been verified, customers can pay directly through the app at any dispensary that is using Tokken.Tokken turns credit card tr... | Tokken |
c_im2wkdbxhtcd | In order for a piece of software to claim to be compliant to the MISRA C Guidelines, all mandatory rules shall be met and all required rules and directives shall either be met or subject to a formal deviation. Advisory rules may be disapplied without a formal deviation, but this should still be recorded in the project ... | MISRA C |
c_35z505ixbx10 | In order for a plant to defend itself against biotic stress, it must be able to differentiate between an abiotic and biotic stress. A plants response to herbivores starts with the recognition of certain chemicals that are abundant in the saliva of the herbivores. These compounds that trigger a response in plants are kn... | Biotic stress |
c_zuoqhqcgwg7l | These HAMPs trigger signalling pathways throughout the plant, initiating its defence mechanism and allowing the plant to minimise damage to other regions. Phloem feeders, like aphids, do not cause a great deal of mechanical damage to plants, but they are still regarded as pests and can seriously harm crop yields. Plant... | Biotic stress |
c_vjah54w70kjh | Plants perform a more direct attack on an insects digestive system. The plants do this using proteinase inhibitors. These proteinase inhibitors prevent protein digestion and once in the digestive system of an insect, they bind tightly and specifically to the active site of protein hydrolysing enzymes such as trypsin an... | Biotic stress |
c_e3i4lxo68wpq | This mechanism is most likely to have evolved in plants when dealing with insect attack. Plants detect elicitors in the insects saliva. | Biotic stress |
c_uxpc1rqe4kij | Once detected, a signal transduction network is activated. The presence of an elicitor causes an influx of Ca2+ ions to be released in to the cytosol. | Biotic stress |
c_mul4w38lw1hh | This increase in cytosolic concentration activates target proteins such as Calmodulin and other binding proteins. Downstream targets, such as phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of stimulus specific responses, are turned on by Ca2+ dependent protein kinases. In Arabidopsis, over expression of the IQD1 calmod... | Biotic stress |
c_5pygk2iok2dl | The role of calcium ions in this signal transduction network is therefore important. Calcium Ions also play a large role in activating a plants defensive response. When fatty acid amides are present in insect saliva, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated. | Biotic stress |
c_w1oyxhnmi6mq | These genes when activated, play a role in the jasmonic acid pathway. The jasmonic acid pathway is also referred to as the Octadecanoid pathway. This pathway is vital for the activation of defence genes in plants. | Biotic stress |
c_zesx2n7vk2gm | The production of jasmonic acid, a phytohormone, is a result of the pathway. In an experiment using virus-induced gene silencing of two calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in a wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata), it was discovered that the longer herbivory continued the higher the accumulation of jasmonic acid in... | Biotic stress |
c_m64grkm2f8ss | In order for a project to achieve certification, it needs to be registered and a registration fee has to be paid according to its typology. The project team then continues documentation for the certification and operation and occupancy for at least 12 consecutive months. During this occupancy and operation, project per... | Living Building Challenge |
c_5vgh8yj68cfo | The auditing process is performed by an independent third-party. This independent auditor performs a preliminary audit and a final audit where imperative performances are checked with data and extra documentation. During the final audit, the auditors will do another documentation audit along with a site visit of the pr... | Living Building Challenge |
c_znmj8rn03vqh | In order for a projectile to impact any distant target, the barrel must be inclined to a positive elevation angle relative to the target. This is due to the fact that the projectile will begin to respond to the effects of gravity the instant it is free from the mechanical constraints of the bore. The imaginary line dow... | Boat-tail bullet |
c_8b4chdeysolm | When a positively inclined projectile travels downrange, it arcs below the line of departure as it is being deflected off its initial path by gravity. Projectile/Bullet drop is defined as the vertical distance of the projectile below the line of departure from the bore. Even when the line of departure is tilted upward ... | Boat-tail bullet |
c_6zdont468d1f | In order for a proper adhesive bond, some surface preparation is necessary. A surface cleaning to remove any impurities is made. The surface of the parts to be joined may be roughened with an abrasive such as sandpaper, providing interlocking surface asperities and increasing surface area for bonding. A chemical treatm... | Aluminium joining |
c_p5i18wnhglw9 | Aluminium oxide is weakly bonded to the underlying aluminium metal; without oxide removal the adhesive joint is dramatically weakened. Oxide layers can separate from the metal substrate; a key principle for adhesive failure theory is Bikerman weak boundary layer. One way to strengthen the oxide layer and prevent oxide-... | Aluminium joining |
c_t3lkpbqubs6v | In order for a protonated acid to lose a proton, the pH of the system must rise above the pKa of the acid. The decreased concentration of H+ in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H+ c... | Dibasic acid |
c_9crv2ouv0wh7 | In order for a ring assembly to grip evenly, it is important that the scope rings are circular and coaxial with the scope tube. On ring mounts that grip unevenly, the ring mount can be lapped to prevent uneven pressure when mounting. One scopes made for ring mounts, it is not uncommon to get ring marks when mounting th... | Ring mount |
c_k49vex2laohd | In order for a sample to be suitable for fluorescence microscopy it must be fluorescent. There are several methods of creating a fluorescent sample; the main techniques are labelling with fluorescent stains or, in the case of biological samples, expression of a fluorescent protein. Alternatively the intrinsic fluoresce... | Epifluorescence microscopy |
c_30way1x1znyt | In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present. Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as; Presence of water: 80–90% of the mass of the fungi is water, and the fungi requ... | Saprotrophic nutrition |
c_e93ud8kk1rdw | Low-medium temperature: The majority of saprotrophic organisms require temperatures between 1 °C and 35 °C (33.8 °F and 95 °F), with optimum growth occurring at 25 °C (77 °F).The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and, in some cases, ions. Due to the carb... | Saprotrophic nutrition |
c_6n0j6fpiqqa7 | In order for a session to include the state of an application, the application must be able to store and load its current state when session manager request to do so (usually on user login or logout). A protocol named X Session Management Protocol (XSMP) specifies how applications and session managers interact. The XSM... | X session manager |
c_nui7utn2bu4b | In order for a signaling event to occur, the Notch protein must be cleaved at several sites. In humans, Notch is first cleaved in the NRR domain by Furin while being processed in the trans-Golgi network before being presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. Drosophila Notch does not require this cleavage for sign... | Notch protein |
c_dbyru1vfkwfn | Binding of Notch to a DSL ligand results in a conformational change that exposes a cleavage site in the NECD. Enzymatic proteolysis at this site is carried out by a A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease domain (ADAM) family protease. This protein is called Kuzbanian in Drosophila, sup-17 in C. elegans, and ADAM10 in humans... | Notch protein |
c_5uvonjrm4idn | In order for a software component to run on any Java system, it must target the core minimal API provided by the different providers of the embedded Java ecosystem. Companies share the same eight packages of pre-written programs. The packages (java.lang, java.io, java.util, ... ) form the CORE Embedded Java API, which ... | Embedded Java |
c_fvzl0vc0h148 | In order for a static infinite universe model to be viable, it must explain three things: First, it must explain the intergalactic redshift. Second, it must explain the cosmic microwave background radiation. Third, it must have a mechanism to re-create matter (particularly hydrogen atoms) from radiation or other source... | Einstein static universe |
c_yz1lllqplnba | In order for a string theory to be consistent, the worldsheet theory must be conformally invariant. The obstruction to conformal symmetry is known as the Weyl anomaly and is proportional to the central charge of the worldsheet theory. In order to preserve conformal symmetry the Weyl anomaly, and thus the central charge... | Two-dimensional string theory |
c_6586gedh25wa | Since each boson is interpreted as a flat spacetime dimension, the critical dimension of the bosonic string is 26. A similar logic for the superstring results in 10 free bosons (and 10 free fermions as required by worldsheet supersymmetry). The bosons are again interpreted as spacetime dimensions and so the critical di... | Two-dimensional string theory |
c_lmnu2hzk14s5 | A string theory which is formulated in the critical dimension is called a critical string. The non-critical string is not formulated with the critical dimension, but nonetheless has vanishing Weyl anomaly. A worldsheet theory with the correct central charge can be constructed by introducing a non-trivial target space, ... | Two-dimensional string theory |
c_o6cftwmvbdqi | (From the point of view of the worldsheet CFT, this corresponds to having a background charge.) For this reason non-critical string theory is sometimes called the linear dilaton theory. Since the dilaton is related to the string coupling constant, this theory contains a region where the coupling is weak (and so perturb... | Two-dimensional string theory |
c_ciqtozs96kgz | For dilaton varying along a spacelike direction, the dimension of the theory is less than the critical dimension and so the theory is termed subcritical. For dilaton varying along a timelike direction, the dimension is greater than the critical dimension and the theory is termed supercritical. The dilaton can also vary... | Two-dimensional string theory |
c_o3fdqnq0e741 | In order for a substance to condense from a pure vapor, the pressure of the latter must be higher than the vapor pressure of the adjacent liquid; that is, the liquid must be below its boiling point at that pressure. In most designs, the liquid is only a thin film on the inner surface of the condenser, so its temperatur... | Graham condenser |
c_shfne5xwvzwv | In order for a superconducting circuit to function as a qubit, there needs to be a non-linear element. If the circuit has a harmonic oscillator, such as in an LC-circuit, the energy levels are degenerate. This prohibits the formation of a two qubit computational space because any microwave radiation that is applied to ... | Flux qubit |
c_q3sywd30rokm | Josephson junctions are the only electronic element that are non-linear as well as non-dissipative at low temperatures. These are requirements for quantum integrated circuits, making the Josephson junction essential in the construction of flux qubits. Understanding the physics of the Josephson junction will improve com... | Flux qubit |
c_xp2i76k84k26 | Essentially, Josephson junctions consist of two pieces of superconducting thin film that are separated by a layer of insulator. In the case of flux qubits, Josephson junctions are fabricated by the process that is described above. The wave functions of the superconducting components overlap, and this construction allow... | Flux qubit |
c_dtngrq5g4zb0 | This phase difference that is equivalent to ϕ = ϕ 2 − ϕ 1 {\displaystyle \phi =\phi _{2}-\phi _{1}} , where ϕ 1 , ϕ 2 {\displaystyle \phi _{1},\phi _{2}} correspond to the wave functions on either side of the tunneling barrier. For this phase difference, the following Josephson relations have been established: I J = I ... | Flux qubit |
c_hhrotjy658u8 | Because of the non-linearity of the Josephson junction, operations using microwaves can be performed on the two lowest energy eigenvalue states (the two qubit states) without exciting the higher energy states. This was previously referred to as the "qubit non linearity" criteria. Thus, Josephson junctions are an integr... | Flux qubit |
c_evpttn9mtmx8 | In order for a table to be in sixth normal form, it has to be in fifth normal form first and then it requires that each table satisfies only trivial join dependencies. Let’s take a simple example with a table already in 5NF: Here, in the users table, every attribute is non null and the primary key is the username: User... | Sixth normal form |
c_564sk6qhy9on | Following is another example: TABLE 1 The join dependencies of the table are {medic name, occupation}, {medic name, practice in years} and {medic name, type}. Hence we could see that such table is 2NF (due to the appearance of transitive dependency). The following tables try to bring it to 6NF: TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2 TABL... | Sixth normal form |
c_5k80uksum18w | In order for a terrorist organization to construct and detonate a dirty bomb, it must acquire radioactive material. Possible radiological dispersal device material could come from the millions of radioactive sources used worldwide in the industry, for medical purposes and in academic applications mainly for research. O... | Dirty bombs |
c_kaq3z6az3h5x | Nuclear Regulatory Commission has estimated that within the U.S., approximately one source is lost, abandoned or stolen every day of the year. Within the European Union the annual estimate is 70. There exist thousands of such "orphan" sources scattered throughout the world, but of those reported lost, no more than an e... | Dirty bombs |
c_6g5rytoi45q6 | Russia is believed to house thousands of orphan sources, which were lost following the collapse of the Soviet Union. A large but unknown number of these sources probably belong to the high security risk category. | Dirty bombs |
c_oj91cz4fg542 | These include the beta-emitting strontium-90 sources used as radioisotope thermoelectric generators for beacons in lighthouses in remote areas of Russia. In December 2001, three Georgian woodcutters stumbled over such a power generator and dragged it back to their camp site to use it as a heat source. Within hours they... | Dirty bombs |
c_ojk9yftts2n7 | The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) later stated that it contained approximately 40 kilocuries (1.5 PBq) of strontium, equivalent to the amount of radioactivity released immediately after the Chernobyl accident (though the total radioactivity release from Chernobyl was 2500 times greater at around 100 MCi (3,... | Dirty bombs |
c_vvtw9hsfu45u | In order for a third party beneficiary to have any rights under the contract, he must be an intended beneficiary, as opposed to an incidental beneficiary. The burden is on the third party to plead and prove that he was indeed an intended beneficiary. | Third-party beneficiary |
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