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c_vwllejv9l3ls | First, the United Nations’ Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition (GODAN) calls for open access to agricultural data as a basic right. Rather than stakeholders operating in “data silos” — where no one shares information for fear of competition — open data sources (when appropriately anonymized) can foster colla... | Digital Agriculture |
c_b1vov8qxvcc5 | Second, governments can finance research and development of digital agriculture. For big data analytics tools “to enter the public domain, work for the common good and not just for corporate interests, they need to be funded and developed by public organizations.” The United Kingdom, Greece, and other national governme... | Digital Agriculture |
c_i8nebkcgwpbu | In order for droplet formation to occur, two immiscible phases, referred to as the continuous phase (medium in which droplets are generated) and dispersed phase (the droplet phase), must be used. The size of the generated droplets is mainly controlled by the flow rate ratio of the continuous phase and dispersed phase, ... | Droplet-based microfluidics |
c_dv78mrcuofd4 | Passive droplet formation tends to be more common than active as it produces similar results with simpler device designs. Generally, three types of microfluidic geometries are utilized for passive droplet generation: (i) Cross-Flowing, (ii) Flow focusing, and (iii) Co-Flowing. Droplet based microfluidics often operate ... | Droplet-based microfluidics |
c_5xhw6o07aup5 | In order for dyes to be useful, they must possess a high degree of chemical and photolytic stability. As a result of this stability, photolysis is not considered to be a degradation pathway for azo dyes. In order to prolong the lifetime of products dyed with azo dyes, it is essential to ensure stability against microbi... | Azo dyes |
c_vgothtn205er | In order for equation A T A v = A T b {\displaystyle A^{T}Av=A^{T}b} to be solvable, A T A {\displaystyle A^{T}A} should be invertible, or A T A {\displaystyle A^{T}A} 's eigenvalues satisfy λ 1 ≥ λ 2 > 0 {\displaystyle \lambda _{1}\geq \lambda _{2}>0} . To avoid noise issue, usually λ 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{2}} is... | Lucas–Kanade Optical Flow Method |
c_snjppz7752zl | So for this method to work properly, the condition is that λ 1 {\displaystyle \lambda _{1}} and λ 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{2}} are large enough and have similar magnitude. This condition is also the one for Corner detection. This observation shows that one can easily tell which pixel is suitable for the Lucas–Kanade ... | Lucas–Kanade Optical Flow Method |
c_cbk49p01ymqj | One main assumption for this method is that the motion is small (less than 1 pixel between two images for example). If the motion is large and violates this assumption, one technique is to reduce the resolution of images first and then apply the Lucas–Kanade method.In order to achieve motion tracking with this method, ... | Lucas–Kanade Optical Flow Method |
c_1r1785fm13tf | In order for euxinic conditions to persist, a positive feedback loop must perpetuate organic matter export to bottom waters and reduction of sulfate under anoxic conditions. Organic matter export is driven by high levels of primary production in the photic zone, supported by a continual supply of nutrients to the oxic ... | Euxinia |
c_6bs66r27pbji | In order for farmers to create a corn maze they must carefully plan their production, design, and marketing techniques in advance. Planting the correct variety of corn is important for the success of a corn maze. Farmers must consider stalk strength and height when selecting the right hybrid to plant. | Corn maze |
c_4be9257c2nx7 | Farmers must watch for stalk rot since it is one of the most frequently observed diseases. Key factors for stalk rot include improper fertilization, moisture stress, and disease development. Moderate plant population (about 20,000 plants per acre) would be considered ideal. | Corn maze |
c_gptjzy5cuec0 | If moderate plant population is not followed crop crowding can occur. Since farmers planting for corn mazes are not growing the crop for maximum yield they should not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer. Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension recommends the total nitrogen rate for the season should not exceed about ... | Corn maze |
c_jfy028bgmeyu | Corn maze crops should be planted from mid to late May in the northern hemisphere, or mid to late November in the southern hemisphere. This is two to three weeks later than crops being planted for grain. When cutting the walkways farmers must cut the internal growing point of the stalk off to avoid regrowth. Some farme... | Corn maze |
c_4hvcc9hnk9cu | In order for fuzzy extractors to generate strong keys from biometric and other noisy data, cryptography paradigms will be applied to this biometric data. These paradigms: (1) Limit the number of assumptions about the content of the biometric data (this data comes from a variety of sources; so, in order to avoid exploit... | Fuzzy extractor |
c_4zmwta4kywoe | (Fuzzy extractors convert biometric data into secret, uniformly random, and reliably reproducible random strings.) These techniques can also have other broader applications for other type of noisy inputs such as approximative data from human memory, images used as passwords, and keys from quantum channels. Fuzzy extrac... | Fuzzy extractor |
c_yo2uormtske4 | In order for gene editing technologies to make the leap towards safe and widespread use in the clinic, the rate of off-target modification needs to be rendered obsolete. The safety of gene therapy treatment is of utmost concern, especially during clinical trials when off-target modifications can block the further devel... | Off-target genome editing |
c_xn1hm7ti5syx | CAR-T immunotherapy is an ex vivo procedure, which means that the patient's immune cells (in this case T-cells) are extracted and edited using designer nucleases. While TALEN system development is expensive and time-consuming, research and engineering modifications have drastically limited their rate of off-target inte... | Off-target genome editing |
c_uuvhdsnanlv8 | In order for human reproduction to be achieved, an individual must have undergone puberty first, requiring ovulation in females and the spermarche in males to have occurred prior to engaging in sexual intercourse or achieving pregnancy through non-penetrative means. Before puberty, humans are infertile, as their genita... | Human reproduction |
c_2p06cvjzcl18 | In order for indicators to be considered valid for accountability, they must meet a few minimum requirements. They need to measure marketing outcomes from the consumers’ point of view, they need to include all marketing activities, they must be repeated over time, and they must meet statistical and technical criteria r... | Marketing accountability |
c_3omt5iloggl4 | Some marketing materials are designed to inform, others attempt to portray the product or service attractively, yet others attempt to influence purchasing behavior. Most marketing campaigns include all three orientations; a brand may have glossy ads to boost attractiveness, brochures to convey information, and coupons ... | Marketing accountability |
c_zdsk9f9i6z7r | The outcome indicator can be called “Brand Experience”, and only consumers can discern the resultant brand experience in the clutter of the marketplace as each message competes with others for attention.To assure meaningful comparisons among activities, brands, markets, and points in time; the metrics must use a common... | Marketing accountability |
c_7nfjekr74is7 | These methods fall short of accountability in that the activities cannot be compared directly and their synergies cannot be discerned. Only measurement systems that use common units – to evaluate each contact, each market, and each competitor — can result in marketing accountability.Marketing activity outcomes must be ... | Marketing accountability |
c_k6idzd7xzyo6 | This knowledge comes from repeated examinations over time that show changes from marketing initiatives (from brand and competition) and the evolution of consumers’ needs. Harold Geneen in his groundbreaking book “Managing” explains the role of an effective CEO: to repeatedly evaluate performance numbers on a continuous... | Marketing accountability |
c_2vxw1tb2fwvt | Together these form the science of metrology. Measurement accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, bias, data shifts, and data drifts are only a few common issues identified in measurement, and any useful system must be evaluated from the technical point of view to assure that it addresses these criteria. It is essent... | Marketing accountability |
c_026yygjshhyw | At the very least, all measurements need to show statistical confidence intervals or so-called “error bars”. Independent organizations like the Advertising Research Foundation evaluate the validity of commonly used measurement systems.These outcome indicators, representing the condition in the marketplace, are combined... | Marketing accountability |
c_dpnm7kpu8kmi | The best and most informative systems use Activity based costing (ABC) that track costs by each marketing activity, rather than traditional cost accounting by salaries, facilities, equipment, and materials. ABC methods have the best fidelity as they show contribution efficiency (Brand Experience/$ spent) of each activi... | Marketing accountability |
c_pkdq97tmmh18 | In order for learning spaces to operate for more than a few minutes at a time, furniture for students and instructors is needed. Together with the air in the room, this is the most direct interaction occupants have with their space. Configuration and ergonomics need to be attuned to the activities in the learning space... | Learning space |
c_tmmcy22wxhup | This supported passive learning and methods of direct instruction but does not support active and student-centered learning. Active learning, including collaboration, group activity, and project-based learning, requires students to move between furniture and spaces and requires different configurations of furniture, of... | Learning space |
c_gsjzcr5fm7e0 | An awareness of the importance of personalization and differentiation in learning activities and environments. Studies indicate that people, and young students in particular, need to move about frequently. | Learning space |
c_fnmnsgogqinp | These indicate that a variety of furniture types, configurations, and flexibility can contribute to the effectiveness of learning spaces. Personal technology, often hand-held, also demands different postures and positions for people to sit, stand, or relax in. Chairs with tablet arms for taking notes are not useful to ... | Learning space |
c_fohs9gu2if2v | In order for ligation to occur, a DNA strand break must have a hydroxyl on its 3' end and a phosphate on its 5' end. In humans, polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP) promotes formation of these ends during BER. This protein has a kinase domain, which phosphorylates 5' hydroxyl ends, and a phosphatase domain, which r... | Base-excision repair |
c_863wyvity27n | The AP endonucleases also participate in 3' end processing. Besides opening AP sites, they possess 3' phosphodiesterase activity and can remove a variety of 3' lesions including phosphates, phosphoglycolates, and aldehydes. 3'-Processing must occur before DNA synthesis can initiate because DNA polymerases require a 3' ... | Base-excision repair |
c_45ic57hsonso | In order for local functions with lexically scoped nonlocals to be passed as results, the language runtime code must also implicitly pass the environment (data) that the function sees inside its encapsulating function, so that it is reachable also when the current activation of the enclosing function no longer exists. ... | Nested function definition |
c_u7oadxfx5wnc | In order for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur, there must be stimulation of NMDA receptors, which causes AMPA receptors to be inserted postsynaptically. PI3K binds to AMPA receptors in a conserved region to orient the receptors in the membrane, specifically at the GluR subunit. PI3K activity increases in response ... | PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway |
c_9gckpekdxs44 | This directly leads to the docking of AMPA in the post synapse. mTOR activated p70S6K and inactivated 4EBP1 which changes gene expression to allow LTP to occur. | PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway |
c_n7k3xw43pwps | Long-term fear conditioning training was affected in rats but there was no effect in short term conditioning. Specifically, amygdala fear conditioning was lost. This is a type of trace conditioning which is a form of learning that requires association of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. This effec... | PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway |
c_uspkyn8jgnw6 | In order for natural ice to reach its customers, it had to be harvested from ponds and rivers, then transported and stored at various sites before finally being used in domestic or commercial applications. Throughout these processes, traders faced the problem of keeping the ice from melting; melted ice represented wast... | Ice trade |
c_7t6b70lff75g | In order for needle ice to form there needs to be a process of ice segregation, which only occurs in a porous medium when supercooled water freezes into existing ice, growing away from the ice/water interface. As water permeates the ice, it becomes segregated into separate pieces of ice in the form of lenses, ribbons, ... | Needle ice |
c_kaejfvyaap03 | Places where the soil is much deeper and richer can affect the growth of the ice. Consequently, the deeper the soil, the larger the water content allows it to develop. It can be evidently formed anywhere where underground water is exposed to open (freezing) air.Needle ice is most suitable in soils with a high silt and ... | Needle ice |
c_0u1wggch23qp | Needle ice consists of groups of narrow ice slivers that are up to several centimeters long. Although the literature states that the largest recorded needle ice was at 10 cm in length, specimens 15-20 cm in length have been observed at Gerðuberg, for example. Needle ice grows up slowly from the moist and water-penetrab... | Needle ice |
c_jtolm1eplx99 | It can vary in appearance but always shows the consistent growth of ice perpendicular to the surface of the ground. Needle ice looks like a series of filamentous crystals, and is straight or curved in shape. It usually forms in the morning when the temperature drops below freezing point (0 °C). | Needle ice |
c_iame1vtt5hcr | In order for neural network models to be shared by different applications, a common language is necessary. The Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) has been proposed to address this need. PMML is an XML-based language which provides a way for applications to define and share neural network models (and other data min... | Neural network software |
c_djmp5xpog017 | In order for neuroproteomics to function correctly, proteins must be separated in terms of the proteome from which they came. For example, one set might be under normal conditions, while another might be under diseased conditions. Proteins are commonly separated using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ... | Neuroproteomics |
c_dh8ybsz8qb6b | After separating by charge in one direction, sodium dodecyl sulfate is run in the other direction to separate the proteins by size. A two-dimensional map is created using this technique that can be used to match additional proteins later. One can usually match the function of a protein by identifying in an 2D PAGE in s... | Neuroproteomics |
c_nqwx9b7ujv3c | In neuroproteomics, however, many proteins combine to give an end result that may be neurological disease or breakdown. It is necessary then to study each protein individually and find a correlation between the different proteins to determine the cause of a neurological disease. New techniques are being developed that ... | Neuroproteomics |
c_0rqzop85gq3z | In order for originally horizontal beds to form the allochthonous salts, they must first break free of their geological restraints. The first base structure can be formed in a combination of six ways: Reactive piercement – a normal fault synrift relieves pressure above the salt layer. This causes the salt to flow into ... | Salt surface structures |
c_wm7qsikrhx3s | Erosional piercement – overlying sediments are eroded away, revealing the present salt dome. Thrust piercement – local thrust faults apply force to salt sheets which follow the path of least resistance up the footwall of the fault. Ductile piercement – not so much a 'piercing' movement, but local differential pressure ... | Salt surface structures |
c_5esevxyd90gw | Occurs due to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability created by salt's low density. Passive piercement – after the salt column has initially pierced the overlying sediments, the rate it rises matches or supersedes the growing sediment layers.From here there are three paths that a forming surface structure can take. Two stem f... | Salt surface structures |
c_wxtevbfzcq53 | In order for paracrine factors to successfully induce a response in the receiving cell, that cell must have the appropriate receptors available on the cell membrane to receive the signals, also known as being competent. Additionally, the responding cell must also have the ability to be mechanistically induced. | Paracrine signaling |
c_uy3mkqlsw4vf | In order for pathogenic bacteria to invade a cell, communication with the host cell is required. The first step for invading bacteria is usually adhesion to host cells. Strong anchoring, a characteristic that determines virulence, prevents the bacteria from being washed away before infection occurs. Bacterial cells can... | Cell–cell interaction |
c_yj750t2711da | Once attached, the bacteria begin to interact with the host to disrupt its normal functioning and disrupt or rearrange its cytoskeleton. Proteins on the bacteria surface can interact with protein receptors on the host thereby affecting signal transduction within the cell. Alterations to signaling are favorable to bacte... | Cell–cell interaction |
c_hwm47weeb0f3 | In order for people to buy self-driving cars and vote for the government to allow them on roads, the technology must be trusted as safe. Automatic elevators were invented in 1900, but did not become common until operator strikes and trust was built with advertising and features such as an emergency stop button. | Semi-autonomous driving |
c_v7feex950y7j | In order for physicians to know if a mutation is connected to a certain disease, researchers often do a study called a "genome-wide association study" (GWAS). A GWAS study will look at one disease, and then sequence the genome of many patients with that particular disease to look for shared mutations in the genome. Mut... | Stratified medicine |
c_3t77x26nr6h5 | It found two different mutations, each containing only a variation in only one nucleotide (called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs), which were associated with ARMD. GWAS studies like this have been very successful in identifying common genetic variations associated with diseases. As of early 2014, over 1,300 G... | Stratified medicine |
c_3j2876jcesik | In order for physicists to understand the data corresponding to each event, they must understand the components of the CDF detector and how the detector works. Each component affects what the data will look like. Today, the 5000-ton detector sits in B0 and analyzes millions of beam collisions per second. | CDF Collaboration |
c_h01c1bok49z9 | The detector is designed in many different layers. Each of these layers work simultaneously with the other components of the detector in an effort to interact with the different particles, thereby giving physicists the opportunity to "see" and study the individual particles. CDF can be divided into layers as follows: L... | CDF Collaboration |
c_8drbmtfw9zsk | In order for plant specimens to be kept in good condition for future reference, adequate storage conditions are needed. The storage space should be kept in a low light, low humidity environment. The temperature of the storage space should be kept cool, between 50 – 65 degrees Fahrenheit or 10 – 20 degrees Celsius.It is... | Plant collecting |
c_wlbri6g1bblr | It is recommended to protect the specimens by sheathing the sheets in sealed plastic bags. Various pesticides may also be used to protect the storage space from pest infestation. If pest infestation has already occurred, the samples should be frozen for three to four days. Freezing new additions of plant samples is a s... | Plant collecting |
c_utaory4rgqbn | In order for plants to respond and adapt to external stimuli, long distance signaling is required. In general terms, long distance signaling is defined as the ability to have a widespread response when just one distinct area is stimulated. In plants, water uptake must be tightly controlled, so long-distance signaling b... | Hydraulic signaling in plants |
c_6bvrwpwsrfj2 | The daily physiological behavior of plants is tightly controlled by hydraulic signals. Gradients of water potentials are transferred across the plant through hydraulic signals. If the hydraulic signal originated in the root, it will result in local water potential changes, and consequently turgor changes. | Hydraulic signaling in plants |
c_ou3fz6li9mlo | The water potential changes can be due to dry soil, water loss via transpiration or physically wounding the plant. These local water potential changes are then transmitted quickly over long-distances as hydraulic signals. Hydraulic signaling is fast and effective because of the cohesion and tension properties of water. | Hydraulic signaling in plants |
c_34csixk9qrkg | Hydraulic signals can be propagated downward or upward, relaying water potential gradients throughout the entire plant. Hydraulic signals can be sensed in a few ways all relating to how an increase in water potential affects the plants. Because water leaves the cell, there is a reduction in the pressure potential and a... | Hydraulic signaling in plants |
c_mwjyaxczlt9e | This is one way the hydraulic signal can be sensed, through sensing the osmotic environment. Increase in water potential also causes mechanical forces on the cell wall and plasma membrane of the cell. This is the second way to sense hydraulic signaling, by sensing the changes in the mechanical forces on the cell wall. | Hydraulic signaling in plants |
c_4myfdo7hv149 | In order for plasmids to replicate independently within a cell, they must possess a stretch of DNA that can act as an origin of replication. The self-replicating unit, in this case, the plasmid, is called a replicon. A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific... | Col plasmid |
c_ydv4gqmhr78l | A few types of plasmids can also insert into the host chromosome, and these integrative plasmids are sometimes referred to as episomes in prokaryotes.Plasmids almost always carry at least one gene. Many of the genes carried by a plasmid are beneficial for the host cells, for example: enabling the host cell to survive i... | Col plasmid |
c_0oeihwj4enkx | Plasmids can also provide bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen. Some plasmids, however, have no observable effect on the phenotype of the host cell or its benefit to the host cells cannot be determined, and these plasmids are called cryptic plasmids.Naturally occurring plasmids vary greatly in their physical prope... | Col plasmid |
c_e92vyivvcdhu | At the upper end, little differs between a megaplasmid and a minichromosome. Plasmids are generally circular, but examples of linear plasmids are also known. | Col plasmid |
c_cybt7eh8z4jv | These linear plasmids require specialized mechanisms to replicate their ends.Plasmids may be present in an individual cell in varying number, ranging from one to several hundreds. The normal number of copies of plasmid that may be found in a single cell is called the plasmid copy number, and is determined by how the re... | Col plasmid |
c_utcx1bgfnbf0 | Low-copy-number plasmids that exist only as one or a few copies in each bacterium are, upon cell division, in danger of being lost in one of the segregating bacteria. Such single-copy plasmids have systems that attempt to actively distribute a copy to both daughter cells. These systems, which include the parABS system ... | Col plasmid |
c_2kqbie5rxch6 | In order for populations to evolve in response to natural selection, they must be large enough that natural selection is a stronger evolutionary force than genetic drift. Recent studies on the impacts of habitat fragmentation on adaptation in some plant species have suggested that organisms in fragmented landscapes may... | Forest fragmentation |
c_zsredwswfh1t | In order for programs and interrupt handlers to work without interference and share the same hardware memory and access to the I/O system, in a multitasking operating systems running on a digital system with a single CPU/MCU it is required to have some sort of software and hardware facilities to keep track of an execut... | Execution context |
c_wrrv03vx4d6i | In order for proper gene expression to occur, transcription must stop at specific sites. Two termination mechanisms are well known: Intrinsic termination (also called Rho-independent termination): Specific DNA nucleotide sequences signal the RNA polymerase to stop. The sequence is commonly a palindromic sequence that c... | Bacterial transcription |
c_mz989bceqwys | A pause will occur due to a polyuridine sequence that allows the formation of a hairpin loop. This hairpin loop will aid in forming a trapped complex, which will ultimately cause the dissociation of RNA polymerase from the template DNA strand and halt transcription. Rho-dependent termination: ρ factor (rho factor) is a... | Bacterial transcription |
c_bgd1dsxdk5qa | Once the polymerase nears the end of the gene it is transcribing, it encounters a series of G nucleotides which causes it to stall. This stalling allows the rho factor to catch up to the RNA polymerase. The rho protein then pulls the RNA transcript from the DNA template and the newly synthesized mRNA is released, endin... | Bacterial transcription |
c_lwcg3q5oo063 | Rho factor is a protein complex that also displays helicase activities (is able to unwind the nucleic acid strands). It will bind to the DNA in cytosine rich regions and when RNA polymerase encounters it, a trapped complex will form causing the dissociation of all molecules involved and end transcription.The terminatio... | Bacterial transcription |
c_xjvtdwzvc0fe | In order for proteins to adsorb, they must first come into contact with the surface through one or more of these major transport mechanisms: diffusion, thermal convection, bulk flow, or a combination thereof. When considering the transport of proteins, it is clear how concentration gradients, temperature, protein size ... | Protein adsorption |
c_e43tqqqxux6p | In order for rapid intensification to occur, several conditions must be in place. Water temperatures must be extremely warm (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep that waves do not churn deeper cooler waters up to the surface. Wind shear must be low; when wind shear is hig... | Rapid intensification |
c_107qa5356x1c | In order for sediment transport to occur in gravel bed channels, flow strength must exceed a critical threshold, called the critical threshold of entrainment, or threshold of mobility. Flow over the surface of a channel and floodplain creates a boundary shear stress field. As discharge increases, shear stress increases... | Stream competency |
c_ellcwlw7vtbw | Although sediment transport in natural rivers varies wildly, relatively simple approximations based on simple flume experiments are commonly used to predict transport. Another way to estimate stream competency is to use the following equation for critical shear stress, τ c {\displaystyle \tau _{c}} which is the amount ... | Stream competency |
c_tgwfxzs4nxej | In order for successful fertilization to occur, there is rapid tip growth in pollen tubes which delivers the male gametes into the ovules. A pollen tube consists of three different regions: the apex which is the growth region, the subapex which is the transition region, and the shank which acts like normal plant cells ... | Pollen tube |
c_dzj9bcer19x7 | The pectin in the apex region contains methylesters which allow for flexibility, before the enzyme pectin methylesterase removes the methylester groups allowing calcium to bind between pectins and give structural support. The homogalacturonans accumulate in the apex region via exocytosis in order to loosen the cell wal... | Pollen tube |
c_7ta6boiib7wu | A thicker and softer tip wall with a lower stress yield will form and this allows cell expansion to occur, which leads to an increase in tip growth. Reverse-fountain cytoplasmic streaming occurs during the tip growth which is essential for the cellular expansion, because it is transporting organelles and vesicles betwe... | Pollen tube |
c_owtnpprdhdwm | For instance, there are longitudinal actin cables in the shank region in order to regulate reverse-fountain cytoplasmic streaming. The F-actin controls the accumulation of the homogalacturonans full vesicles- essentially mediating tip growth- in the subapex region. | Pollen tube |
c_kx9adajllzoj | The actin filaments controls the apical membrane and cytoplasm interactions while the pollen tube is growing in the apex region. The F-actin from the apical membrane makes an actin binding protein called formin which is essential for pollen tube tip growth. Formins are expressed in the tip growth cells and are divided ... | Pollen tube |
c_6fsgk1sabkgw | The type I formins make the actin structures and partake in cytokinesis. The type II formins on the other hand contribute to the growth of polarized cells which is necessary for tip growth. Tip growth is a form of extreme polarized growth and this polarized process requires actin-binding protein-mediated organization o... | Pollen tube |
c_hjkcd41edf65 | In order for such a massive structure to have functioned properly it meant that the weight of the roof, columns and indeed the terrace had to be distributed evenly. Construction at the base of the mountain offered some structural support. The ceiling material was a composite application of wood and stone decreasing its... | Achaemenid architecture |
c_1st2vwgyfrsk | In order for technology to be effective, it must be tied to leadership, core visions, professional development, time, and assessment. The following goals are statements of ways with regard to its use of technology: To improve student academic performance through the integration of curriculum and technology Increase adm... | Strategic technology plan |
c_lzd08cdqjk09 | In order for the Control element to be able to give proper instructions on what the system needs to do next, the information provided by the Feedback needs to be a true representation of the present conditions. If the feedback information is sampled by the Control element too often, it can put unnecessary demands on th... | Control–feedback–abort loop |
c_apmgd5smuoyo | The rate we sample the street signs for information is going to be different from when we look at the speedometer. We may also change our sampling rate when certain outside influences introduce themselves into the feedback mix. If we have a police car behind us, odds are that we will be sampling the speedometer much mo... | Control–feedback–abort loop |
c_adzhjfmcatf2 | In order for the Coulomb blockade to be observable, the temperature has to be low enough so that the characteristic charging energy (the energy that is required to charge the junction with one elementary charge) is larger than the thermal energy of the charge carriers. In the past, for capacitances above 1 femtofarad (... | Single electron transistors |
c_e8p9seby78bu | This range of dimensions is routinely reached for example by electron beam lithography and appropriate pattern transfer technologies, like the Niemeyer–Dolan technique, also known as shadow evaporation technique. The integration of quantum dot fabrication with standard industrial technology has been achieved for silico... | Single electron transistors |
c_d4u9cklhhu9a | In order for the Fermi levels to match at the interface, there must be charge transfer between the metal and semiconductor. The amount of charge transfer was formulated by Linus Pauling and later revised to be: δ q = 0.16 e V | X M − X S C | + 0.035 e V 2 | X M − X S C | 2 {\displaystyle \delta q={\frac {0.16}{eV}}|X_{... | Metal-induced gap states |
c_mblpa4cmc6b2 | In the same derivation of the branching point mentioned above, Tersoff derives the barrier height to be: Φ b h = 1 2 + δ m = 1 2 + δ m {\displaystyle \Phi _{bh}={\frac {1}{2}}+\delta _{m}={\frac {1}{2}}+\delta _{m}} where δ m {\displaystyle \delta _{m}} is a parameter adjustable for the specific metal, dependent most... | Metal-induced gap states |
c_lb1bd1bhgsx2 | Φ b h = 1 1 + α N v s {\displaystyle \Phi _{bh}={\frac {1}{1+\alpha N_{vs}}}} α {\displaystyle \alpha } is dependent on the charge densities of the both materials N v s = {\displaystyle N_{vs}=} density of surface states ϕ M = {\displaystyle \phi _{M}=} work function of metal D J = {\displaystyle D_{J}=} sum of dipole... | Metal-induced gap states |
c_jfdd7gsuyulz | In order for the Lion Logo to appear on a tea pack, it must meet four criteria. The logo should only appear on a consumer pack, the pack should contain 100 percent pure Ceylon tea, it should be packed in Sri Lanka, and the brand should conform to the quality standards set out by the Sri Lanka Tea Board. Ceylon tea is a... | Ceylon tea |
c_ljtmt5o1nnxh | In order for the MET to create thrust, it must go through a 4 step process of converting electrical energy into heat energy. The propellant gas is first inputted tangentially into the MET through the nozzle, which allows the plasma to form. By doing so tangentially, there will be a vortex flow (circular flow) in the sy... | Microwave electrothermal thruster |
c_t2ku30nzo7wy | The free-flowing plasma is heated and released through the nozzle, thereby creating thrust.During this process, the antenna section is held at atmospheric pressure to ensure that there is no plasma formation close to the antenna. It also ensures that the separation plates are not held at two significantly different pre... | Microwave electrothermal thruster |
c_lavipizhcuiw | In order for the PCV system to draw fumes out of the crankcase, the system must have a source of fresh air. The source of this fresh air is the "crankcase breather", which is usually ducted from the engine's air filter or intake manifold. The breather is usually provided with baffles and filters to prevent oil mist and... | Positive crankcase ventilation |
c_sdu1d9p8x19a | This phenomenon can be further reduced by installing after-market air oil separators or catch cans, as colloquially known, to pull oil mist out of suspension and collect it in a reservoir before it can reach the intake. A properly designed crankcase breather will also be designed in a manner that promotes the scavengin... | Positive crankcase ventilation |
c_dab1fe1t4q0d | In order for the PGFS enzyme to catalyze the reduction of the substrates PGH2 or PGD2, the cofactor NADPH must be present in the active site. This cofactor is present deep within the cavity of the enzyme and forms a hydrogen bond with it, whereas the substrate is located closer to the mouth of the cavity which limits i... | Prostaglandin F synthase |
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