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c_20wezbaeu4ni | Microwaves have also been used to form 3D thermoacoustic images of the human breast. One of the first devices to do so is depicted in Fig. 10. It consisted of an array of eight waveguides, which directed microwave energy into the breast. A transducer array was rotated in synchrony with the waveguides in order to acquir... | Thermoacoustic imaging |
c_b853xwqat0lc | In order to carry out an aerial survey, a sensor needs to be fixed to the interior or the exterior of the airborne platform with line-of-sight to the target it is remotely sensing. With manned aircraft, this is accomplished either through an aperture in the skin of the aircraft or mounted externally on a wing strut. Wi... | Aerial Survey |
c_5vqtqpkkpp48 | GNSS, a combination of GPS and inertial measurement unit (IMU) to provide position and orientation information for the data recorded. Gyro-stabilized mount to counter the effects of aircraft roll, pitch and yaw. Data storage unit to save the data that is recorded. | Aerial Survey |
c_2j6y02i71uki | In order to carry out its mandate the Commission "focused on three aspects: History; consequences, and how to achieve a more just society." To understand the 'Truth' of the past the Commission adopted the perspective of public historians, choosing to understand the perception of truth in Mauritian society, over a tradi... | Truth and Justice Commission |
c_5rbcq0k5x1z6 | While conducting inquiries the Commission, wishing to streamline the process, identified 9 areas of interest to be researched. The areas were: Slave Trade and Indentured Immigration The Economics of slavery and indenture Land Issues Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Health Education Demographic history and spatial distr... | Truth and Justice Commission |
c_8e6iw40btydf | In order to carry out its mission, the committee "maintains a network of people interested in critically examining paranormal, fringe science, and other claims, and in contributing to consumer education; prepares bibliographies of published materials that carefully examine such claims;encourages research by objective a... | Skeptical Briefs |
c_h6p5zxxr11vk | In order to catalyze and accelerate action to implement Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration, governments adopted the Guidelines for the Development of National Legislation on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters at the 11th Special Session of the UNEP Governing Coun... | Action for Climate Empowerment |
c_0k64vx1ljnuf | In order to categorize a mutation as such, the "normal" sequence must be obtained from the DNA of a "normal" or "healthy" organism (as opposed to a "mutant" or "sick" one), it should be identified and reported; ideally, it should be made publicly available for a straightforward nucleotide-by-nucleotide comparison, and ... | DNA error |
c_2flexg93umtb | The committee of the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) has developed the standard human sequence variant nomenclature, which should be used by researchers and DNA diagnostic centers to generate unambiguous mutation descriptions. In principle, this nomenclature can also be used to describe mutations in other organis... | DNA error |
c_imgzb3gr75zm | Nucleotide substitution (e.g., 76A>T) – The number is the position of the nucleotide from the 5' end; the first letter represents the wild-type nucleotide, and the second letter represents the nucleotide that replaced the wild type. In the given example, the adenine at the 76th position was replaced by a thymine. If it... | DNA error |
c_mqunrv7svd9d | For example, if the 100th base of a nucleotide sequence mutated from G to C, then it would be written as g.100G>C if the mutation occurred in genomic DNA, m.100G>C if the mutation occurred in mitochondrial DNA, or r.100g>c if the mutation occurred in RNA. Note that, for mutations in RNA, the nucleotide code is written ... | DNA error |
c_rocnsek879qa | Nonsense mutations are represented with an X for the second amino acid (e.g. D111X). Amino acid deletion (e.g., ΔF508) – The Greek letter Δ (delta) indicates a deletion. The letter refers to the amino acid present in the wild type and the number is the position from the N terminus of the amino acid were it to be presen... | DNA error |
c_9bofc7vvdnzg | In order to cause a Maillard reaction during baking for the characteristic browning effect, a lye roll needs to be coated with a high pH (alkaline) solution. The higher the pH, the stronger the reaction. Lye (sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH)) is a highly alkaline agent most commonly used for the pur... | Lye roll |
c_qy4gqvjz69lz | However, lye is not the only way to produce this result: a baking soda or washing soda solution, which is easier to handle and safer to use, will provide a similar product but will not provide as strong a reaction, so the effect will be less pronounced. Lye is the strongest agent, followed by washing soda, then baking ... | Lye roll |
c_2fp6xuol73o9 | In order to cause electron precipitation, transmitters must produce very powerful waves with wavelengths from 10 to 100 km. Naval communication arrays often cause transmitter-induced precipitation of electron radiation (TIPER) because powerful waves are needed to communicate through water. These powerful transmitters a... | Electron precipitation |
c_uq8j1ixmz4ay | In order to celebrate its centenary, in 2022 the Institution produced a website with short articles about historic matters in the history of chemical engineering and of the IChemE and to host videos and webinars during the year. ChemEng Evolution | Institution of Chemical Engineers |
c_usx81zzsogxz | In order to centralize horizon scanning, UK has founded the English Horizon Scanning Centre (HSC) in 2005. The Cabinet Office's Horizon Scanning Secretariat and the Government Office for Science's Horizon Scanning Centre were combined to the Horizon Scanning Programme team in 2014. | Horizon scanning |
c_1y3pq6geuhan | In order to characterize chemical and physical properties of solid berkelium and its compounds, a program was initiated in 1952 at the Material Testing Reactor, Arco, Idaho, US. It resulted in preparation of an eight-gram plutonium-239 target and in the first production of macroscopic quantities (0.6 micrograms) of ber... | Berkelium |
c_7qkosm39zzga | In a "typical processing campaign" at Oak Ridge, tens of grams of curium are irradiated to produce decigram quantities of californium, milligram quantities of berkelium-249 and einsteinium, and picogram quantities of fermium. In total, just over one gram of berkelium-249 has been produced at Oak Ridge since 1967.The fi... | Berkelium |
c_s5u1s2klhgfx | In order to characterize micro-lenses it is necessary to measure parameters such as the focal length and quality of transmitted wavefront. Special techniques and new definitions have been developed for this. For example, because it is not practical to locate the principal planes of such small lenses, measurements are o... | Wafer-level optics |
c_kypqcxchxgtn | Where a lens is used to couple light into an optical fibre the focused wavefront may exhibit spherical aberration and light from different regions of the microlens aperture may be focused to different points on the optical axis. It is useful to know the distance at which the maximum amount of light is concentrated in t... | Wafer-level optics |
c_qnf64r34cppk | In order to characterize the air flow that would surround the projectile in the air, researchers conducted a series of wind tunnel tests on a 40 mm grenade model. The tests were also conducted on a spinning wind tunnel model to simulate the airflow of a spinning projectile. These tests primarily served to optimize the ... | SCORPION program |
c_kbpsypgg1w90 | The wind tunnel tests also helped demonstrate that the aerodynamic surface of the projectile needed to be smooth during an important portion of its trajectory in order for the Coanda effect to generate the necessary divert force. During the wind tunnel experiments, the researchers also took detailed Particle Imaging Ve... | SCORPION program |
c_8nsj4g1zlr4x | In order to characterize the geodynamic regime of an Earth-like exoplanet, the basic assumption is made that such a planet is Earth-like or “rocky”. This implies a three-layer stratigraphy of (from center to surface) a partially molten iron core, a silicate mantle that convects over geologic timescales, and a relativel... | Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets |
c_8zwg0410jrla | In order to clarify the nature of profiling technologies, some crucial distinctions have to be made between different types of profiling practices, apart from the distinction between the construction and the application of profiles. The main distinctions are those between bottom-up and top-down profiling (or supervised... | Population profiling |
c_sfk17ohnpkxb | In order to clearly distinguish the steel grade, tubing, casing and its coupling should be painted with color codes respectively. Color bands should be painted on tubing and casing body longer than 600mm to either end. The whole outer-body of the coupling needs to be painted color and then color codes API 5B and 5CT pr... | Steel grade |
c_3pphw1v3q8n7 | In order to co-ordinate and measure international aid effectively, the DAC needs its members to have agreed clear criteria for what is counted as aid. The precise type of aid to be counted was given the name of official development assistance (ODA) (where "official" indicates that the aid is public and from governments... | Official development assistance |
c_wagvjzxe7msq | ODA receipts comprise disbursements by bilateral donors and multilateral institutions. In other words, ODA needs to contain the three elements: undertaken by the official sector (official agencies, including state and local governments, or their executive agencies) with promotion of economic development and welfare as ... | Official development assistance |
c_q2yb2myoreht | In order to coat the toxic cadmium ions of the CdSe core, hydrogel layers may be used to coat quantum dots for biocompatibility. The purpose of the outer ZnS shell in this case is to interact with dangling bonds, in addition to maintaining the fluorescent strength of a functional quantum dot fluorophore. Within a hydro... | DNA-Functionalized Quantum Dots |
c_8mua5krgww1z | In order to collect detailed information, one can install agents on the client machines in the inventory. Developers have made client agents available for: Microsoft Windows Linux Mac OS X Sun Solaris IBM AIX FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD HP-UX Android | OCS Inventory |
c_vh6w79xc8ot2 | In order to collect public opinions, the members of the commission visited 41 villages and towns, held 43 public meetings, listened to 38 oral submissions, and received 10 group and 40 individual written submissions. The meetings were held in the traditional dikgotla of the tribes. | Balopi Commission |
c_ribt4pclg649 | In order to collect semen from a male dog, an artificial vagina is prepared, which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated. The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. | Canine semen collection |
c_xhvpjzhdx9qa | New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation, also known as "manual ejaculation". Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the dog's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. | Canine semen collection |
c_0vtep346mla7 | The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette. Prior to ejaculation, the penis is massaged inside its sheath. It is then extruded from its sheath, and the collector massages the dog's erect penis near the base of the bulbus glandis using the thumb and index finger. The dog begins pelvic thrusting movements at the... | Canine semen collection |
c_kv2ozfdqmhqt | In order to collect the desired science data, the four satellite MMS constellation must maintain a tetrahedral formation through a defined region of interest in a highly elliptical orbit. The formation is maintained through the use of a high altitude rated GPS receiver, Navigator, to provide orbit knowledge, and regula... | Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission |
c_is2gjc9hukf8 | In order to combat SCCHN, zalutumumab was designed to inhibit the EGFR signaling. Specifically, it binds to the EGFR Domain III on the cell surface. This locks the receptor in an inactive conformation, making the drug an inverse agonist. In doing this it is also acting as a competitive antagonist for the EGF ligand. | Zalutumumab |
c_l5smkj5sihka | In the inactive conformation, the distance between the intracellular tyrosine kinase residues is larger, which inhibits dimerization. Phosphorylation is consequently inhibited, so that no signal is released. | Zalutumumab |
c_md204olfsj3x | Without a signal, cell cycle characteristics to enhance tumor growth are inhibited and the cancer progression is suppressed.This is not the only way in which zalutumumab works. It also is responsible for some antitumor affects through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The Fab, or fragment antigen binding... | Zalutumumab |
c_81bgh2lumwls | Through an immunological response, the body’s natural killer (NK) cells, which are a type of lymphocyte, recognize and bind to the Fc portion on the antibody through an Fc receptor, CD16. The NK cell is then activated through the cross linking of the Fc receptors which sends a signal to induce apoptosis and cell death.... | Zalutumumab |
c_w8q7hg4o6sk6 | In order to combat growing pest resistance, Cry6Aa is implemented in transgenic plants because it targets pests differently, increasing susceptibility. DNA shuffling is the process of selecting genes of compatible Cry proteins to transfer into crops. Although the binding site of Cry6Aa is unknown, several sites have be... | Cry6Aa |
c_k33vmh0pobee | In 2013, Cry6Aa and Cry3Aa combination transgenic plants were patented to prevent resistance in the western corn rootworm. Additionally, Cry6Aa has been layered with Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1, a binary toxin. | Cry6Aa |
c_f02q7lp8kd3j | Pyramiding Cry proteins can enhance the effect of toxins. Cry6Aa and Cry55Aa both can reduce brood size of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, but when they are combined, these two proteins are five times more effective. Synergy between Cry proteins comes from either improved toxin docking, membrane insertion... | Cry6Aa |
c_8nzd1zehs9l8 | In order to combat the potential global warming effects of F-gases, and as part of the EU's Kyoto protocol commitments, in 2006 the European Union passed two pieces of legislation controlling their use: the F-gas Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 and the Mobile Air Conditioning Directive Directive 2006/40/EC. The F-gas Regul... | Fluorinated gases |
c_fh9e1os83i0f | In order to come close to an animal, trackers must remain undetected not only by the animal, but also by other animals that may alert it. Moving as quietly as possible, trackers will avoid stepping on dry leaves and twigs, and take great care when moving through dry grass. If the trackers are in close proximity to the ... | Animal tracking |
c_s2u9qyf2f00c | It is also important that the animal does not have the opportunity to cross their tracks, since the lingering human scent will alert it. Most animals prefer to keep the wind in their faces when traveling so that they can scent danger ahead of them. Trackers will therefore usually be downwind from them as they approach ... | Animal tracking |
c_g5w4gzwnwbzk | The wind direction may, however, have changed. If the wind direction is unfavorable, the trackers may have to leave the spoor to search for their quarry from the downwind side.As the trackers get closer to the animal, they must make sure that they see it before it sees them. Some trackers maintain that an animal keeps ... | Animal tracking |
c_akwt5ylvqu0w | When the spoor is very fresh, trackers may have to leave the spoor so that the animal does not see them first. Animals usually rest facing downwind, so that they can see danger approaching from the downwind side, while they can smell danger coming from behind them. An animal may also double back on its spoor and circle... | Animal tracking |
c_06emls2dzsf8 | A predator following its trail will move past the resting animal on the upwind side before realizing that the animal had doubled back, and the resting animal will smell the predator in time to make its escape. When stalking an animal, trackers use the cover of bushes, going down on their hands and knees where necessary... | Animal tracking |
c_e0mu2o9v0lq6 | The most important thing is not to attract attention by sudden movements. Trackers take their time, moving slowly when the animal is not looking, and keeping still when the animal is looking in their direction. When stalking an animal, trackers must also be careful not to disturb other animals. A disturbed animal will ... | Animal tracking |
c_nvhsdxmj9nck | In order to come into being, every partnership necessarily involves a partnership agreement, even if it has not been reduced to writing. In common law jurisdictions a written partnership agreement is not legally required, but partners may benefit from a partnership agreement that articulates the important terms of the ... | Sleeping partner |
c_q1mj1hvvp25z | A large literature in business and management has paid attention to the formation and management of partnership agreements. It has, in particular, shown the role of contracts and relational mechanisms to organize business partnerships.Partnerships present the involved parties with complex negotiation and special challe... | Sleeping partner |
c_8qo40d5znixj | Once an agreement is reached, the partnership is typically enforceable by civil law, especially if well documented. Partners who wish to make their agreement affirmatively explicit and enforceable typically draw up Articles of Partnership. Trust and pragmatism are also essential as it cannot be expected that everything... | Sleeping partner |
c_n3kgrgbmqllu | In order to commercialize FOSS (free and open-source software), many companies (including Google, Mozilla, and Canonical) have moved towards an economic model of advertising-supported software. For instance, the open-source application AdBlock Plus gets paid by Google for letting whitelisted Acceptable Ads bypassing th... | Business models for open source software |
c_zds4sx2ing0i | In order to communicate colors, we generally must first convert the color into a meaningful color term or description. Anything that requires this conversion, either from color to description (color naming) or vice versa, is a denotative color task. Denotative color tasks involve both color perception and linguistics. ... | Color task |
c_7oudukq810tc | In order to communicate, short-tailed chinchillas vocalize and have specific calls. There are ten distinct sounds emitted by chinchillas and each varies based on the context of the situation. Chinchillas will make a whistle-like sound, growl, or chatter their teeth to warn and alarm others of danger. Short-tailed chinc... | Short-tailed chinchilla |
c_mouzpq0gk6co | In order to compare formulations of the parallel axis theorem using skew-symmetric matrices and the tensor formulation, the following identities are useful. Let be the skew symmetric matrix associated with the position vector R = (x, y, z), then the product in the inertia matrix becomes − = − 2 = . {\displaystyle ... | Parallel axis theorem |
c_ox0s08vztik4 | In order to compare individual striations, examiners must obtain a known sample using the seized weapon. For slower-traveling bullets, such as pistols or revolvers, known bullet exemplars are created by firing the weapon into a water tank. The spent bullet can be recovered, intact, as the water slows down the bullet be... | Forensic firearm examination |
c_pgqutxxwepp6 | To examine these weapons, investigators must fire them at a target at a controlled range with enough backing to stop the bullet and collect the spent round after it has been fired.Once a known exemplar is produced, the evidence sample can be compared to the known by examining both at the same time with a comparison mic... | Forensic firearm examination |
c_6gkiyzoqaun2 | In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic capacitor types, capacitors with the same dimensions and of similar capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most important parameters for the use o... | Electrolytic capacitor |
c_etv47npnuud4 | In order to compare the different characteristics of the different electrolytic chip capacitor types, specimens with the same dimensions and of comparable capacitance and voltage are compared in the following table. In such a comparison the values for ESR and ripple current load are the most important parameters for th... | Niobium capacitor |
c_knigukhki46u | In order to compare the different models they considered plane-wave propagation in a homogeneous viscoelastic medium. They used the Kolsky–Futterman model as a reference and studied several other models. These other models were compared with the behavior of the Kolsky–Futterman model. The Kolsky–Futterman model was fir... | Mathematical Q models |
c_07py6pds3r9m | 'Seismic inverse Q-filtering' by Yanghua Wang (2008) contains an outline discussing the theory of Futterman, beginning with the wave equation: d U ( r , w ) d r − i k U ( r , w ) = 0 ( 1.1 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {dU(r,w)}{dr}}-ikU(r,w)=0\quad (1.1)} where U(r,w) is the plane wave of radial frequency w at travel distan... | Mathematical Q models |
c_aueimkyxwz72 | When the wave propagates in inhomogeneous seismic media the propagation constant k must be a complex value that includes not only an imaginary part, the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient, but also a real part, the dispersive wave number. We can call this K(w) a propagation constant in line with Futterman. K (... | Mathematical Q models |
c_xz1v41ldvh3h | In order to compensate for the negative effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity, scientists have developed many countermeasure technologies with varying degrees of success. | Locomotion in space |
c_ek4b3d8bl174 | In order to compete with Intel's Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC), which had enabled the first Intel 486-based multiprocessor systems, in early 1995 AMD and Cyrix proposed as somewhat similar-in-purpose OpenPIC architecture supporting up to 32 processors. The OpenPIC architecture had at least declarati... | MultiProcessor Interrupt Controller |
c_swcwijelr5ar | IBM however developed their Multiprocessor Interrupt Controller (MPIC) based on the OpenPIC register specification. In the reference IBM design, the processors share the MPIC over a DCR bus, with their access to the bus controlled by a DCR Arbiter. MPIC supports up to four processors and up to 128 interrupt sources. | MultiProcessor Interrupt Controller |
c_xmo0xr3kwwyj | Through various implementations, the MPIC was included in PowerPC reference designs and some retail computers. IBM used a MPIC based on OpenPIC 1.0 in their RS/6000 F50 and one based on OpenPIC 1.2 in their RS/6000 S70. Both of these systems also used a dual 8259 on their PCI-ISA bridges. | MultiProcessor Interrupt Controller |
c_l5tklmfuh6jq | An IBM MPIC was also used in the RS/6000 7046 Model B50.The Apple Hydra Mac I/O (MIO) chip (from the 1990s classic Mac OS era) implemented a MPIC alongside a SCSI controller, ADB controller, GeoPort controller, and timers. The Apple implementation of "Open PIC" (as the Apple documentation of this era spells it) in thei... | MultiProcessor Interrupt Controller |
c_yyj9zhkuy3c7 | In order to complete its objectives, the probe must carry at least these two instruments: a mass spectrometer (MS); it would determine the noble gas abundances and isotopic ratios of H, C, N, O, and Ar in Saturn's atmosphere. an atmospheric structure instrument (ASI); based on the Galileo probe design, it would consist... | Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe |
c_aa0va6eax9uo | In order to complete the excitation table of a flip-flop, one needs to draw the Q(t) and Q(t + 1) for all possible cases (e.g., 00, 01, 10, and 11), and then make the value of flip-flop such that on giving this value, one shall receive the input as Q(t + 1) as desired. | Excitation table |
c_b0fhz6376bhh | In order to complete the organization stage, the team needs to complete the organization chart. A project may be achieved by a cross-functional team with experienced representatives from multiple departments including development, interactive, test, networking, infrastructure and business systems, security and marketin... | Project initiation documentation |
c_bdjdplzyh7ol | In order to completely leave one planet's gravitational field to reach another, a hyperbolic trajectory relative to the departure planet is necessary, with excess velocity added to (or subtracted from) the departure planet's orbital velocity around the Sun. The desired heliocentric transfer orbit to a superior planet w... | Spacecraft flight dynamics |
c_m2wsivblcp4s | In order to comply with the above requirements and obligations, certain conditions within them must be met. Typically these will include: Managing monitoring programmes or schedules, ensuring that the monitoring required in the permit has been done, at the correct locations, for the correct parameters, and at the corre... | Environmental data |
c_sid0gpujo77a | In order to compose music, EarSketch coders can use samples. Audio samples are located in the sound browser, in the left window, which allows for sound file search, and personal sound file upload. In the left section, users can also show the script browser. A script is a code file, and different scripts will create dif... | EarSketch |
c_ntawpsa71oy2 | In order to comprehend double consciousness, how Black people conceptualize and experience blackness must first be comprehended. In The Souls of Black Folk, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois highlighted the concepts of consciousness or woke-ness in relation to the concept of double consciousness (a "two-ness" of competi... | Conscious Community |
c_51uygnv8bjdk | In order to compress a chirp pulse of duration T seconds, which sweeps linearly in frequency from F1 Hz to F2 Hz, a device with the characteristics of a dispersive delay line is required. This provides most delay for the frequency F1, the first to be generated, but with a delay which reduces linearly with frequency, to... | Chirp compression |
c_6nck42n19jsb | (f-f_{0})^{2}/k} , and the instantaneous delay td is given by t d = − 1 2 π . d ψ d f = 1 k . | Chirp compression |
c_13l4ftk4u4lg | ( f 0 − f ) {\displaystyle t_{d}=-{\frac {1}{2\pi }}. {\frac {d\psi }{df}}={\frac {1}{k}}. (f_{0}-f)} which has a linear slope with frequency, as required. | Chirp compression |
c_uwi6soclyt57 | In this expression, the delay characteristic has been normalized (for convenience), so as to give zero delay when the frequency f equals the carrier frequency f0. Consequently, when the instantaneous frequency is (f0 − B/2) or (f0 + B/2), the required delay is +T/2 or −T/2, respectively, so k = B/T. The required disper... | Chirp compression |
c_5elwg9jgzghu | In order to compute R {\displaystyle R} , the integral ∫ p ( X , A | θ ) p ( θ | X t , A t , O f g ) d θ {\displaystyle \int {p(X,A|\theta )p(\theta |X_{t},A_{t},O_{fg})}d\theta } must be evaluated, but is analytically intractable. The object category model above gives information about p ( X , A | θ ) {\displaystyle p... | One-shot learning in computer vision |
c_kba50yw3f0o0 | However, because in one-shot learning, few training examples are used, the distribution will not be well-peaked, as is assumed in a δ {\displaystyle \delta } function approximation. Thus instead of this traditional approximation, the Bayesian one-shot learning algorithm seeks to "find a parametric form of p ( θ ) {\dis... | One-shot learning in computer vision |
c_dckld3c2hlh7 | In order to compute meaningful Fresnel coefficients, we must assume that the medium is (approximately) linear and homogeneous. If the medium is also isotropic, the four field vectors E, B, D, H are related by where ϵ and μ are scalars, known respectively as the (electric) permittivity and the (magnetic) permeability o... | Fresnel equations |
c_hlahe2vsqiw3 | Hence we define the relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) ϵrel = ϵ/ϵ0 , and the relative permeability μrel = μ/μ0. In optics it is common to assume that the medium is non-magnetic, so that μrel = 1. For ferromagnetic materials at radio/microwave frequencies, larger values of μrel must be taken into account. | Fresnel equations |
c_14rkf6x03f4h | But, for optically transparent media, and for all other materials at optical frequencies (except possible metamaterials), μrel is indeed very close to 1; that is, μ ≈ μ0. In optics, one usually knows the refractive index n of the medium, which is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum (c) to the speed of light in ... | Fresnel equations |
c_2j24nczrrtnt | In order to compute symmetric convolution effectively, one must know which particular frequency domains (which are reachable by transforming real data through DSTs or DCTs) the inputs and outputs to the convolution can be and then tailor the symmetries of the transforms to the required symmetries of the convolution. Th... | Symmetric convolution |
c_t4ipf54pcliv | In order to compute the 7th degree Maclaurin polynomial for the function f ( x ) = ln ( cos x ) , x ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) {\displaystyle f(x)=\ln(\cos x),\quad x\in \left(-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)} ,one may first rewrite the function as f ( x ) = ln ( 1 + ( cos x − 1 ) ) {\displaystyle f(x)=\ln {\... | Taylor polynomials |
c_msqyh4zaibmp | In order to compute the Touschek lifetime for a real storage ring, one needs a beam dynamics code. The Piwinski formula may be used together with the Elegant code for example. == References == | Touschek effect |
c_uk0p8ga4jyzu | In order to compute the curve-shortening flow efficiently, both a continuous curve and the continuous evolution of the curve need to be replaced by a discrete approximation. | Gage–Hamilton–Grayson theorem |
c_22rs6ymvchf3 | In order to conduct DNA separation by silica adsorption, a sample (this may be anything from purified cells to a tissue specimen) is lysed, releasing proteins, DNA, phospholipids, etc. from the cells. The remaining tissue is discarded. The supernatant containing the DNA is then exposed to silica in a solution with high... | DNA separation by silica adsorption |
c_f0uic2irmqem | The mechanism behind DNA adsorption onto silica is not fully understood; one possible explanation involves reduction of the silica surface's negative charge due to the high ionic strength of the buffer. This decrease in surface charge leads to a decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged DNA... | DNA separation by silica adsorption |
c_bpgsgmntmud3 | This leads to the silica surface and DNA becoming dehydrated. These conditions lead to an energetically favorable situation for DNA to adsorb to the silica surface.A further explanation of how DNA binds to silica is based on the action of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl), which acts as a chaotrope. A chaotrope denatures bi... | DNA separation by silica adsorption |
c_fhi1b4v55hlu | This allows positively charged ions to form a salt bridge between the negatively charged silica and the negatively charged DNA backbone in high salt concentration. The DNA can then be washed with high salt and ethanol, and ultimately eluted with low salt. After the DNA is bound to the silica it is then washed to remove... | DNA separation by silica adsorption |
c_3rsqa8geubqx | In order to conduct a multilevel model analysis, one would start with fixed coefficients (slopes and intercepts). One aspect would be allowed to vary at a time (that is, would be changed), and compared with the previous model in order to assess better model fit. There are three different questions that a researcher wou... | Multilevel model |
c_uol9cm69nllt | Second, is a more complex model better? Third, what contribution do individual predictors make to the model? In order to assess models, different model fit statistics would be examined. | Multilevel model |
c_a21ytyduylei | One such statistic is the chi-square likelihood-ratio test, which assesses the difference between models. The likelihood-ratio test can be employed for model building in general, for examining what happens when effects in a model are allowed to vary, and when testing a dummy-coded categorical variable as a single effec... | Multilevel model |
c_yn9u8u88rols | In order to conduct an imagined crewed trip to Mars in 39 days, the VASIMR would require an electrical power level far beyond anything currently possible. On top of that, any power generation technology will produce waste heat. The necessary 200 megawatt reactor "with a power-to-mass density of 1,000 watts per kilogram... | Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket |
c_mq5wzb9tqkiv | In order to conduct photosynthesis, Roseiflexus castenholzii contains light-harvesting - reaction center (LHRC), light-harvesting (LH) only, and reaction center (RC) only complexes. In contrast to most other FAPs, R. castenholzii does not have chlorosomes, which contain great amounts of photosynthetic pigments. Because... | Roseiflexus castenholzii |
c_2im5s7qmu652 | The majority of these pigments are bacteriochlorophyll (BChl). The reaction center in Roseiflexus castenholzii is closely related to the RC of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. R. castenholzii's RC complex contains three subunits: L, M, and a c-type cytochrome. It lacks the H subunit common in purple bacteria. The RC also cont... | Roseiflexus castenholzii |
c_z9ui1wk4ev0i | In order to confer to the pellets high resistance metallurgic mechanics and appropriate characteristics, the pellets are subjected to thermal processing, which involves stages of drying, preheating, firing, after-firing and cooling. The duration of each stage and the temperature that the pellets are subjected to have a... | Pelletizing |
c_qn4xwdjozyre | In order to confirm if the dye was accurate in detecting Alzheimer's, an advisory committee at the Food and Drug Administration demanded that the team of Avid, Bayer and General Electric perform a study to test their method. Avid established a study with a group of 35 hospice patients, some that had been diagnosed with... | Avid Radiopharmaceuticals |
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