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c_lq3gcdic1f43 | In order to become a member of Lambda Pi Eta, students must have a 3.0 cumulative GPA with 60 semester or 90 quarter credit hours completed and a 3.25 GPA for communication studies courses with 12 semester or 18 quarter credit hours completed. | Lambda Pi Eta |
c_c96pfkko6iea | In order to become a primary educational tool, Virtual Reality equipment has to be accessible to every student in the class, instead of inefficiently using one shared Virtual Reality headset and takes up valuable learning time. With low end equipment, users will get low end experiences, while high end Virtual Reality e... | Virtual reality in primary education |
c_j06kx44brwrk | In order to become a school psychologist, one must first learn about school psychology by successfully completing a graduate-level training program. A B.A. or B.S. is not sufficient. | School psychology |
c_iltbebesoo6w | In order to become an Au Pair in Italy, Au Pairs need to: Be between 18 and 30 years old Have a good command in Italian or English Be entitled to a visa if they don't belong to any EU-country. In this case, the Italian embassy placed at the Au Pair's home country will decide to approve or deny the Au Pair's application... | Au pair |
c_4hav3th8ajnx | The weekly pocket money is 75–95 euro for working 30 hours a week, and 100–130 euro for 40 hours, though many families in larger cities pay more than this. Non-European nationals are not eligible for a Permesso di Soggiorno (stay permit) unless they arrive with the appropriate visa from the Italian embassy in their cou... | Au pair |
c_6lzm0zxgujid | The best route is to obtain a student visa which permits the holder to work up to 20 hours per week (live-in or live-out). To obtain a long-stay visa, non-EU au pairs will need to enroll in and pay for an Italian language course at an approved school or college. The school registrar will issue a certificate which must ... | Au pair |
c_ko4vz1ejef5o | The visa will be valid only for the length of the course. The applicant must show sufficient insurance coverage, a return air ticket, proof of accommodation stamped by the police and a contract specifying dates, pocket money and benefits stamped by the provincial labor office and/or the police. American citizens cannot... | Au pair |
c_2saosnzwfchj | In order to become an educational psychologist, students can complete an undergraduate degree of their choice. They then must go to graduate school to study education psychology, counseling psychology, or school counseling. Most students today are also receiving their doctoral degrees in order to hold the "psychologist... | Educational Psychology |
c_ofm2qk1unij3 | Some work in university settings where they carry out research on the cognitive and social processes of human development, learning and education. Educational psychologists may also work as consultants in designing and creating educational materials, classroom programs and online courses. Educational psychologists who ... | Educational Psychology |
c_bjfzgqgzeeoy | In addition to conducting assessments, school psychologists provide services such as academic and behavioral intervention, counseling, teacher consultation, and crisis intervention. However, school psychologists are generally more individual-oriented towards students.Many high schools and colleges are increasingly offe... | Educational Psychology |
c_7m65lj5d2bwd | in educational psychology. Within the UK, students must hold a degree that is accredited by the British Psychological Society (either undergraduate or at the master's level) before applying for a three-year doctoral course that involves further education, placement, and a research thesis. In recent years, many universi... | Educational Psychology |
c_mqiv2nsrxi58 | In order to begin a rehabilitation program for a flail chest it is important to treat the person's pain so they are able to perform the proper exercises. Due to the underlying conditions that the flail segment has caused onto the respiratory system, chest physiotherapy is important to reduce further complications. Prop... | Flail chest |
c_s26ffxrv56qd | Along with postural repositioning, a variety of breathing exercises are also very important in order to allow the chest wall to reposition itself back to normal conditions. Breathing exercises will also include coughing procedures. Furthermore, range of motion exercises are given to reduce the atrophy of the musculatur... | Flail chest |
c_p54vpqrh1xny | With progression, resistance exercises are added to the regimen to the shoulder and arm of the side containing the injury. Moreover, trunk exercises will be introduced while sitting and will progress to during standing. Hip flexion exercises can be done to expand the thorax. | Flail chest |
c_cgqghcdmsjpd | This is done by lying supine on a flat surface, flexing the knees and hips and bringing them in toward the chest. The knees should come in toward the chest while the person inhales, and exhale when the knees are lowered. This exercise can be done in 3 sets of 6–8 repetitions with a pause in between sets. The person sho... | Flail chest |
c_j4t72zs8jwmz | In order to begin fantasy wrestling, one must create a custom character. Some people will elect to use pro-wrestlers over their own, custom characters; this can be either allowed or rejected by the administrator of the federation. Usually, one will decide the following: physical appearance (height, weight, sex; these c... | Fantasy wrestling |
c_s553i4rknsje | In order to benefit from the advent of digital agriculture, farmers must develop new skills. As Bronson (2018) notes, “training a rural work-force in Internet technology skills (e.g., coding) is obviously a key part of agricultural “modernization.” Integration into the digital economy requires basic literacy (ability t... | Digital Agriculture |
c_ckt38220v4l8 | However, more investment in human capital development is needed to ensure all farmers can benefit from digital agriculture. Fostering human capital in the form of innovation also matters for the spread of digital agriculture. Some characterize digital agriculture innovation, a knowledge- and skills-intensive process, a... | Digital Agriculture |
c_8kk8osvmx774 | In order to best prevent and manage corn grey leaf spot, the overall approach is to reduce the rate of disease growth and expansion. This is done by limiting the amount of secondary disease cycles and protecting leaf area from damage until after corn grain formation. High risks for corn grey leaf spot are divided into ... | Grey leaf spot |
c_qx7yx8bdizvu | In order to best restore a frame to its intended appearance, conservators must blend traditional techniques with modern materials and approaches. The following treatments are common steps in the restoration of a frame: | Conservation and restoration of painting frames |
c_zr1a028r8syk | In order to better coordinate efforts around the globe, in 2009 the WHO announced the launch of the Global Non-communicable Disease Network (NCDnet). NCDnet will consist of leading health organizations and experts from around the world in order to fight against diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabe... | Non-communicable disease |
c_tw0a8hz1bj4s | In order to better elucidate the structure and function of the punch line, it is useful to look at some joke forms that purposely remove or avoid the punch line in their narrative. Shaggy dog stories are long-winded anti-jokes in which the punch line is deliberately anticlimactic. The humor here lies in fooling the aud... | Punch line |
c_208hdlnp1f1b | Another type of anti-joke is the nonsense joke, defined as having "a surprising or incongruous punch line", which provides either no resolution at all or only a partial, unsatisfactory resolution. One example of this is the no soap radio punch line: "Two elephants were taking a bath. One said, 'Please pass the soap.' T... | Punch line |
c_zrllin9y473n | In order to better serve San Francisco's diverse and multicultural communities, the city hopes to increase multi-lingual and multi-cultural content geared towards underserved communities. A ‘digital inclusion’ portal will provide info about the purchasing programs and services described before. It will at least be in E... | San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy |
c_iu8qb2hqjpls | In order to better understand how to conserve the fragile materials that most of the items in the IDP database are made from (paper, textile, and wood), the IDP has supported a number of conservation projects (such as the analysis of paper and textile fibres), and has organised regular conferences on conservation issue... | International Dunhuang Project |
c_agtz7k7xde45 | In order to better understand the cause of the spray inefficiency, it is useful to reflect on the implications of the large range of droplet sizes produced by typical (hydraulic) spray nozzles. This has long been recognized to be one of the most important concepts in spray application (e.g. Himel, 1969), bringing about... | Fungicide application |
c_nzyzmge0qs5i | This is a less familiar form of pesticide drift, with exo-drift causing much greater public concern. Pesticides are conventionally applied using hydraulic atomisers, either on hand-held sprayers or tractor booms, where formulations are mixed into high volumes of water. Different droplet sizes have dramatically differen... | Fungicide application |
c_l9kgjyf2m3kk | Greatly simplifying these interactions in terms of droplet size and wind speed, Craymer & Boyle concluded that there are essentially three sets of conditions under which droplets move from the nozzle to the target. These are where: sedimentation dominates: typically larger (>100 µm) droplets applied at low wind-speeds;... | Fungicide application |
c_wa3rq96xv0kq | (NB: the latter effects only operate at very short distances, typically under 10 mm.) intermediate conditions where both sedimentation and drift effects are important. Most agricultural insecticide and fungicide spraying is optimised by using relatively small (say 50-150 µm) droplets in order to maximize “coverage” (dr... | Fungicide application |
c_kdqs29lqrea1 | In order to better understand the growth kinetics associated with CBE, it is important to look at physical and chemical processes associated with MBE and MOCVD as well. Figure 2 depicts those. The growth kinetics for these three techniques differ in many ways. | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_lt5l36012d2x | In conventional MBE, the growth rate is determined by the arrival rate of the group III atomic beams. The epitaxial growth takes place as the group III atoms impinge on the heated substrate surface, migrates into the appropriate lattice sites and then deposits near excess group V dimers or tetramers. It is worth noting... | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_1kh9f6z6nzgg | In MOCVD, group III alkyls are already partially dissociated in the gas stream. These diffuse through a stagnant boundary layer that exists over the heated substrate, after which they dissociate into the atomic group III elements. These atoms then migrate to the appropriate lattice site and deposit epitaxially by assoc... | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_htiguhsi3zwa | The growth rate here is usually limited by the diffusion rate of the group III alkyls through the boundary layer. Gas phase reactions between the reactants have also been observed in this process.In CBE processes, the hydrides are cracked in a high temperature injector before they reach the substrate. The temperatures ... | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_aw8niu99hnyd | There is also no boundary layer (such as the one in MOCVD) and molecular collisions are minimal due to the low pressure. The group V alkyls are usually supplied in excess, and the group III alkyl molecules impinge directly onto the heated substrate as in conventional MBE. The group III alkyl molecule has two options wh... | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_sm32ch99nd4a | The first option is to dissociate its three alkyl radicals by acquiring thermal energy from the surface, and leaving behind the elemental group III atoms on the surface. The second option is to re-evaporate partially or completely undissociated. Thus, the growth rate is determined by the arrival rate of the group III a... | Metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy |
c_ayaop9vwm4ve | In order to better understand the quantum aspects of gravity in our four-dimensional universe, some physicists have considered a lower-dimensional mathematical model in which spacetime has only two spatial dimensions and one time dimension. In this setting, the mathematics describing the gravitational field simplifies ... | Anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence |
c_pzyzv8uygm29 | In order to both evade predation and capture prey, these spiders are also able to dive into the water. As an anti-predator response, air and water borne vibrations act as stimuli leading spiders to dive underwater and grab hold of a submerged substrate, such as aquatic vegetation or submerged rocks. An air capsule cove... | Six-spotted fishing spider |
c_bl5oygt6kw1l | Submergence is accomplished by launching off a stationary object or jumping from an object above surface level. Spraying the spiders with alcohol also reduces their submergence capacity as they are unable to produce the required air envelope. Despite the benefits of submergence, it is thought to incur some behavioral-e... | Six-spotted fishing spider |
c_goeuydh7s6mr | In order to bound the competitive ratio for tango trees, we must find a lower bound on the performance of the optimal offline tree that we use as a benchmark. Once we find an upper bound on the performance of the tango tree, we can divide them to bound the competitive ratio. | Tango tree |
c_t36jghdu13y1 | In order to bound the time complexity of the algorithm, we must analyze the number of push and relabel operations which occur within the main loop. The numbers of relabel, saturating push and nonsaturating push operations are analyzed separately. In the algorithm, the relabel operation can be performed at most (2| V | ... | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_lzzdzbr00s3s | This means the relabel operation could potentially be performed 2| V | − 1 times for all nodes V \ {s, t} (i.e. | V | − 2). This results in a bound of O(V 2) for the relabel operation. Each saturating push on an admissible arc (u, v) removes the arc from Gf . | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_95q8xoiuycu2 | For the arc to be reinserted into Gf for another saturating push, v must first be relabeled, followed by a push on the arc (v, u), then u must be relabeled. In the process, 𝓁(u) increases by at least two. | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_p6g4xo4e810s | Therefore, there are O(V) saturating pushes on (u, v), and the total number of saturating pushes is at most 2| V || E |. This results in a time bound of O(VE) for the saturating push operations. Bounding the number of nonsaturating pushes can be achieved via a potential argument. | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_q1ytmiu5tb6a | We use the potential function Φ = Σ 𝓁(u) (i.e. Φ is the sum of the labels of all active nodes). It is obvious that Φ is 0 initially and stays nonnegative throughout the execution of the algorithm. Both relabels and saturating pushes can increase Φ. However, the value of Φ must be equal to 0 at termination since there ... | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_hjxfo3ndcifx | This means that over the execution of the algorithm, the nonsaturating pushes must make up the difference of the relabel and saturating push operations in order for Φ to terminate with a value of 0. The relabel operation can increase Φ by at most (2| V | − 1)(| V | − 2). A saturating push on (u, v) activates v if it wa... | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_npzienguswpa | Hence, the total contribution of all saturating pushes operations to Φ is at most (2| V | − 1)(2| V || E |). A nonsaturating push on (u, v) always deactivates u, but it can also activate v as in a saturating push. As a result, it decreases Φ by at least 𝓁(u) − 𝓁(v) = 1. | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_i0w6dy2r5lst | Since relabels and saturating pushes increase Φ, the total number of nonsaturating pushes must make up the difference of (2| V | − 1)(| V | − 2) + (2| V | − 1)(2| V || E |) ≤ 4| V |2| E |. This results in a time bound of O(V 2E) for the nonsaturating push operations. In sum, the algorithm executes O(V 2) relabels, O(VE... | Push–relabel algorithm |
c_wj9z4yyaa69q | In order to bridge the wealth gap between rich and poor in Germany, the Social Democratic Party of Germany called for a nationwide wealth tax to be reintroduced in 2019. According to the proposed tax reform, wealthy households would be required to pay an extra tax between 1% and 1.5%. A single household would need to p... | Wealth tax |
c_9ec1b4uc07e1 | In order to bring a spouse into the United States, Form I-130 must be filed, which is an immigrant petition on behalf of a relative. After that, a K-3/K-4 & V-1/V-2 Entry Visa for Spouse must be filed. The Immigration and Nationalization Service advises that "in some cases, it may be to a couple's advantage to pursue a... | Mail order bride |
c_p2i09kj31z5e | In many cases, the K-1 visa application process takes just as long as the immigrant visa process". The cost of the visa may be around $2000. Couples must remain together at least two years. | Mail order bride |
c_0spkfuloh5u1 | There were 849,000 female naturalized citizens between the ages of 20 and 29 and 2,084,000 women of the same age living without U.S. citizenship in 2016, accounting for 13.3% of the female population of that age bracket. "Despite well over 2,000 mail-order marriages a year, there is no information on the amount of mail... | Mail order bride |
c_u1u4n64s1oqp | In order to bring the created zones together for ease of deployment and management a zoneset is employed (also called zoning config). A zoneset is merely a logical container for the individual zones, that are designed to work at the same time. A zoneset can contain WWN zones, port zones, or a combination of both (hybri... | Fibre Channel zoning |
c_0w0kglr21kw1 | In order to broaden the markets of the real estate registration, SuperMap has acquired Shanghai Nankang Technology Co., Ltd. in 2015, Nanjing Guotu Information Industry Co., Ltd. and Beijing Antu I2M Corporation Ltd. in 2016. == References == | SuperMap |
c_pnlx6aaeo15b | In order to build a complete circuit in microstrip, it is often necessary for the path of a strip to turn through a large angle. An abrupt 90° bend in a microstrip will cause a significant portion of the signal on the strip to be reflected back towards its source, with only part of the signal transmitted on around the ... | Microstrip |
c_kbfe6fw9dan5 | To a first approximation, an abrupt un-mitred bend behaves as a shunt capacitance placed between the ground plane and the bend in the strip. Mitring the bend reduces the area of metallization, and so removes the excess capacitance. The percentage mitre is the cut-away fraction of the diagonal between the inner and oute... | Microstrip |
c_o8vhacr3b42j | The optimum mitre for a wide range of microstrip geometries has been determined experimentally by Douville and James. They find that a good fit for the optimum percentage mitre is given by M = 100 x d % = ( 52 + 65 e − ( 27 / 20 ) ( w / h ) ) % {\displaystyle M=100{\frac {x}{d}}\%=(52+65e^{-(27/20)(w/h)})\%} subject to... | Microstrip |
c_8ogb37h7rr6f | The actual range of parameters for which Douville and James present evidence is 0.25 ≤ w/h ≤ 2.75 and 2.5 ≤ εr ≤ 25. They report a VSWR of better than 1.1 (i.e., a return loss better than −26 dB) for any percentage mitre within 4% (of the original d) of that given by the formula. At the minimum w/h of 0.25, the percent... | Microstrip |
c_hloqi2wmrjfy | In order to build a harmonious position, usually in the opening, one does not place all stones on the third line (for territory), nor all stones on the fourth line (for center influence). "Harmonious" as used here is not just an aesthetic quality; rather, it stands for a balance in the overall (strategic) connection of... | Go strategy and tactics |
c_2s3nwttltkkd | In order to build a mass movement for free software, FSMK organizes GNU/Linux User Groups(GLUG) in engineering colleges around Karnataka and currently has around two dozen under it. FSMK hosted the 3rd National Conference on Free Software in Bangalore in the month of March, 2010. More than 1500 participants attended in... | Free Software Movement of Karnataka |
c_2hh6szmnn5y8 | FSMK has conducted four major activities after the 2010 National Conference. Free Software Movement-Karnataka and Reva Institute of Technology conducted a State Level Convention for Academicians on Free Software in Research and Teaching in Bangalore. | Free Software Movement of Karnataka |
c_6fcbyen03lia | It was a two days convention on 11 and 12 March 2011. The other three events are Winter camp-13 in association with SVIT, Bangalore(January 2013). Swataha-13 in association with PESCE, Mandya(April 2013). | Free Software Movement of Karnataka |
c_6t6tjxe3ul5x | With the motto to spread awareness on free software and its philosophy, Free Software Movement of Karnataka (FSMK) along with Jnana Vikas Institute of Technology, Bidadi, organized a 9-days workshop(Summer Camp) between July 20 and 28 at the Institute campus near Bidadi to focus on free software is real freedom to comp... | Free Software Movement of Karnataka |
c_2kvydj1fz0eu | These shops are forced to pay huge amount of license fee even if they are using the outdated versions. In the name of software support they are forced to buy new versions and in turn new hardware too which is not economically feasible for many. FSMK is trying to help these small scale enterprises to switch to Free Soft... | Free Software Movement of Karnataka |
c_ofxlaolnzrf4 | In order to build capital to begin the Armani label, Galeotti convinced Armani to sell his Volkswagen Beetle in order to hire a staff and secure office space in Milan. | Sergio Galeotti |
c_eyb2btmhmtbw | In order to build spatial knowledge, people construct a cognitive reality in which they compute their environment based on a reference point. This framing of the environment is a reference frame.Usually there is a distinction made between egocentric (Latin ego: "I") and allocentric (ancient Greek allos: "another, exter... | Spatial Cognition |
c_8mro3hp9n0az | Allocentric frame of reference is centered around the world around you, not around yourself. However, a third distinction can also be made, namely the geocentric reference frame. | Spatial Cognition |
c_tjibcfns8d97 | It is similar to the allocentric reference frame in the way that it has the capacity to encode a location independent from the position of the observer. It achieves this by encoding the space relative to axes that are distributed over an extended space, not by referring to salient landmarks. The geocentric space is mos... | Spatial Cognition |
c_r0c0kigplyr9 | The difference between an allocentric reference frame and a geocentric reference frame is that an allocentric reference frame is used for smaller-scale environments, whereas a geocentric reference frame is used for large-scale environments, like earth. Whilst spatial information can be stored into these different frame... | Spatial Cognition |
c_l7qklyde4b03 | This reference frame is used when the observer has to communicate with another person about the objects contained in that space. When navigating a space, an observer can take on either a route perspective or a survey perspective. A route perspective is when the observer navigates in relation to their own body and locat... | Spatial Cognition |
c_9af24fka63vc | The usage of a route perspective has no influence on the survey perspective in the activation of the brain, and vice versa. A perspective can be purely route or survey, but often it is a mix of the two that is used in navigation. People can switch between the two seamlessly, and often without noticing.Active navigation... | Spatial Cognition |
c_21h01zh18g78 | In order to build the classification models, the samples belonging to each class need to be analysed using principal component analysis (PCA); only the significant components are retained. For a given class, the resulting model then describes either a line (for one Principal Component or PC), plane (for two PCs) or hyp... | Soft independent modelling of class analogies |
c_01z2vmxjsj9x | New observations are projected into each PC model and the residual distances calculated. An observation is assigned to the model class when its residual distance from the model is below the statistical limit for the class. The observation may be found to belong to multiple classes and a measure of goodness of the model... | Soft independent modelling of class analogies |
c_iakssq1ck7ov | The classification efficiency is usually indicated by Receiver operating characteristics. In the original SIMCA method, the ends of the hyper-plane of each class are closed off by setting statistical control limits along the retained principal components axes (i.e., score value between plus and minus 0.5 times score st... | Soft independent modelling of class analogies |
c_d5trpy4u1a4q | In order to build up a discernible echo, most radar systems emit pulses continuously and the repetition rate of these pulses is determined by the role of the system. An echo from a target will therefore be 'painted' on the display or integrated within the signal processor every time a new pulse is transmitted, reinforc... | Radar signal characteristics |
c_l6uwuqwid8oy | Radar designers try to use the highest PRF possible commensurate with the other factors that constrain it, as described below. There are two other facets related to PRF that the designer must weigh very carefully; the beamwidth characteristics of the antenna, and the required periodicity with which the radar must sweep... | Radar signal characteristics |
c_8zy5we4q8yax | A radar with a 1° horizontal beamwidth that sweeps the entire 360° horizon every 2 seconds with a PRF of 1080 Hz will radiate 6 pulses over each 1-degree arc. If the receiver needs at least 12 reflected pulses of similar amplitudes to achieve an acceptable probability of detection, then there are three choices for the ... | Radar signal characteristics |
c_w3vluesysdxw | In order to bypass the legal reasonable suspicion requirement, and because strip searches can be humiliating, the search is often made less overt, as part of an intake process, that includes a mandatory shower. For example, most prisons also include a mandatory shower along with a change of clothes. The shower serves t... | Strip search |
c_cw19zjm8bwa4 | These rules also enable a discreet check for weapons or other contraband, with less legal implications, being less objectionable because the requirement is applied to everyone entering a facility. It is less offensive to clients than requiring them to undergo an overt strip search. Security procedures at facilities tha... | Strip search |
c_9k15rzkrbaq6 | At the end of the workday, miners must remove all work clothes before entering a shower facility and then exit nude through a metal detector to a separate changing room where street clothes are stored. The courts have often held that requiring a person to have a shower as a condition of entry into a space (such as a pr... | Strip search |
c_d5pmp1yo9g4m | In order to calculate a taxpayer's income tax obligation, the gross income of the taxpayer must be determined. Under Section 61 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code gross income is "all income from whatever source derived". | Bequest and devise |
c_z78jkxiy8tkr | On its face, the receipt of a bequest would seemingly fall within gross income and thus be subject to tax. However, in other sections of the code, exceptions are made for a variety of things that do not need to be included in gross income. Section 102(a) of the Code makes an exception for bequests stating that "Gross i... | Bequest and devise |
c_rxu3ddfeldd2 | In general this means that the value or amount of the bequest does not need to be included in a taxpayer's gross income. This rule is not exclusive, however, and there are some exceptions under Section 102(b) of the code where the amount of value must be included. There is great debate about whether or not bequests sho... | Bequest and devise |
c_q2xlat32xbxc | In order to calculate goodwill, the fair market value of identifiable assets and liabilities of the company acquired is deducted from the purchase price. For instance, if company A acquired 100% of company B, but paid more than the net market value of company B, a goodwill occurs. In order to calculate goodwill, it is ... | Accounting goodwill |
c_go9e21boztv5 | Fair market value Accounts Receivable $10 Inventory $5 Accounts payable $6 ------------------------- Total Net assets = $10 + $5 - $6 = $9 In order to acquire company B, company A paid $20. Hence, goodwill would be $11 ($20 − $9). The journal entry in the books of company A to record the acquisition of company B would ... | Accounting goodwill |
c_6xf56az4dm54 | In order to calculate let: then: where C is a constant of integration. For higher powers of x {\displaystyle x} in the form repeatedly using integration by parts can evaluate integrals such as these; each application of the theorem lowers the power of x {\displaystyle x} by one. | Integration by parts |
c_ynq4qadp4620 | In order to calculate surface radiance at an intersection point, one of the cached photon maps is used. The steps are: Gather the N nearest photons using the nearest neighbor search function on the photon map. Let S be the sphere that contains these N photons. For each photon, divide the amount of flux (real photons) t... | Photon mapping |
c_qlpdtqmgfbxs | In order to calculate the activity a C {\displaystyle a_{C}} of an ion C in a solution, one must know the concentration and the activity coefficient: where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the activity coefficient of C, {\displaystyle \mathrm {} } is the concentration of the chosen standard state, e.g. 1 mol/kg if molalit... | Debye–Hückel equation |
c_nam5kol6t397 | It is common to use a base-10 logarithm, in which case we factor ln 10 {\displaystyle \ln 10} , so A is 0.509 mol − 1 / 2 kg 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 0.509{\text{ mol}}^{-1/2}{\text{kg}}^{1/2}} . The multiplier 10 3 {\displaystyle 10^{3}} before I / 2 {\displaystyle I/2} in the equation is for the case when the dimension... | Debye–Hückel equation |
c_usgyjcgxmwbo | When the dimensions of I {\displaystyle I} are mole / m 3 {\displaystyle {\text{mole}}/{\text{m}}^{3}} , the multiplier 10 3 {\displaystyle 10^{3}} must be dropped from the equation.It is important to note that because the ions in the solution act together, the activity coefficient obtained from this equation is actual... | Debye–Hückel equation |
c_b2f4ffrb64r9 | In order to calculate the average and standard deviation from aggregate data, it is necessary to have available for each group: the total of values (Σxi = SUM(x)), the number of values (N=COUNT(x)) and the total of squares of the values (Σxi2=SUM(x2)) of each groups.AVG: or or, only if COUNT(X)=COUNT(Y) SUM(x2): The su... | Decomposable aggregation function |
c_fzu2e5nlqcgx | In order to calculate the change in shape of an element within the section, various deformation algorithms are used. Initially many of these were applied manually, but are now available in specialist software packages. It is worth mentioning that these deformation algorithms are approximations and idealizations of actu... | Section restoration |
c_m78t4cldp7n1 | In order to calculate the derivatives of φ {\displaystyle \varphi } and A {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} } it is convenient to first compute the derivatives of the retarded time. Taking the derivatives of both sides of its defining equation (remembering that r s = r s ( t r ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {r_{s}} =\mathbf {r_{s}}... | Liénard–Wiechert potential |
c_7rm2sah6xk3s | In order to calculate the phase equilibrium, it is necessary to use a thermodynamic model such as NRTL, UNIQUAC, etc. The corresponding parameters of these models can be obtained from literature (e.g. Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Dortmund Data Bank, etc.) or by a correlation process of experimental data. | Countercurrent solvent extraction |
c_op8c2er8t65n | In order to calculate the quantum capacity, the map D η {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{\eta }} is represented as follows: D η ( ρ ) ≡ Tr C . {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}_{\eta }(\rho )\equiv {\mbox{Tr}}_{C}\;.} This representation of the map is obtained by adding an auxiliary Hilbert space H C {\displaystyle {\mathca... | Amplitude damping channel |
c_jp02paj80hvg | Using this operation, as well as the rule for concatenation of amplitude damping channels, it is shown that for η ⩾ 0.5 {\displaystyle \eta \geqslant 0.5}: D ~ η ( ρ ) = S D ( 1 − η ) / η ( D η ( ρ ) ) . {\displaystyle {\tilde {\mathcal {D}}}_{\eta }(\rho )=S{\mathcal {D}}_{(1-\eta )/\eta }\left({\mathcal {D}}_{\eta }(... | Amplitude damping channel |
c_cwpd18wgd09r | In order to calculate the relative intensity of airglow, we need to convert apparent magnitudes into fluxes of photons; this clearly depends on the spectrum of the source, but we will ignore that initially. At visible wavelengths, we need the parameter S0(V), the power per square centimetre of aperture and per micromet... | Airglow |
c_o5a3sy7z6ejk | This gives the number of photons from airglow, Na: N a = 10 − 23 / 2.5 × S 0 ( V ) × B h ν {\displaystyle N_{a}=10^{-23/2.5}\times {\frac {S_{0}(V)\times B}{h\nu }}} The signal-to-noise for an ideal ground-based observation with a telescope of area A (ignoring losses and detector noise), arising from Poisson statistics... | Airglow |
c_ix49jwrhk4yz | We can compare this with "real" answers from exposure time calculators. For an 8 m unit Very Large Telescope telescope, according to the FORS exposure time calculator, 40 hours of observing time are needed to reach V = 28, while the 2.4 m Hubble only takes 4 hours according to the ACS exposure time calculator. A hypoth... | Airglow |
c_5aaml3otc80a | In order to capture sufficient thermoacoustic data to form an accurate 3D map of electromagnetic absorption, it is necessary to surround the anatomy being imaged with a 2D array of transducers. The world's first 3D thermoacoustic animal scanner (Fig. 8: left panel) accomplished this by combining a cylindrical array of ... | Thermoacoustic imaging |
c_6gmc0okt1t3n | An animated 3D image of the vasculature in the head of a mouse is displayed in Fig. 9. This animated image was acquired using near infrared radiation at 800 nm, where optical absorption by blood is higher than surrounding tissues. Therefore, the vasculature is preferentially visualized. | Thermoacoustic imaging |
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