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c_dak45sbsgnv5 | (In the diagram: The blue parabola is an involute of the red semicubic parabola, which is actually the evolute of the blue parabola. )Proof of the last property: Let be ρ ′ > 0 {\displaystyle \rho '>0} at the section of consideration. An involute of the evolute can be described as follows: where l 0 {\displaystyle l_{0... | Evolute |
c_oggbu3dawblm | With E → = c → + ρ n → , E → ′ = ρ ′ n → {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {c}}+\rho {\vec {n}}\;,\;{\vec {E}}'=\rho '{\vec {n}}} and ρ ′ > 0 {\displaystyle \rho '>0} one gets That means: For the string extension l 0 = ρ ( 0 ) {\displaystyle l_{0}=\rho (0)} the given curve is reproduced. Parallel curves have the same evo... | Evolute |
c_3cd0qof5n5ny | In order to derive the Rayleigh–Kuo criterion, some assumptions are made on the fluids properties. We consider a nondivergent, two-dimensional barotropic fluid. The fluid has a mean zonal flow direction which can vary in the meridional direction. | Rayleigh–Kuo criterion |
c_om40exczfqgi | On this mean flow, some small perturbations are imposed in both the zonal and meridional direction: u ( y , t ) = U ( y ) + u ∗ ( y , t ) {\displaystyle u(y,t)=U(y)+u^{*}(y,t)} and v = v ∗ {\displaystyle v=v^{*}} . The perturbations need to be small in order to linearize the vorticity equation. Vertical motion and dive... | Rayleigh–Kuo criterion |
c_b8t1mij6x4rb | In order to derive the distribution law of the parameter T, compatible with x {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}} , the statistic must obey some technical properties. Namely, a statistic s is said to be well-behaved if it satisfies the following three statements: monotonicity. A uniformly monotone relation exists between... | Well-behaved statistic |
c_ci2q8b8dovn3 | On each observed s the statistic is well defined for every value of ?, i.e. any sample specification { x 1 , … , x m } ∈ X m {\displaystyle \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}\in {\mathfrak {X}}^{m}} such that ρ ( x 1 , … , x m ) = s {\displaystyle \rho (x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m})=s} has a probability density different from 0 – so as to... | Well-behaved statistic |
c_11c5frlwy3h0 | Now, θ ˘ j = h − 1 ( s , z ˘ 1 j , … , z ˘ m j ) {\displaystyle {\breve {\theta }}_{j}=h^{-1}(s,{\breve {z}}_{1}^{j},\ldots ,{\breve {z}}_{m}^{j})} is a solution of (1) with the seed { z ˘ 1 j , … , z ˘ m j } {\displaystyle \{{\breve {z}}_{1}^{j},\ldots ,{\breve {z}}_{m}^{j}\}} . Since the seeds are equally distributed... | Well-behaved statistic |
c_6jmtey5mebo4 | itself. This check can be restricted to seeds involved by s, i.e. this drawback can be avoided by requiring that the distribution of { Z 1 , … , Z m | S = s } {\displaystyle \{Z_{1},\ldots ,Z_{m}|S=s\}} is independent of ?. An easy way to check this property is by mapping seed specifications into x i {\displaystyle x_{... | Well-behaved statistic |
c_celj87bx8ea7 | In order to derive the equation of motion in the case of circular orbits for the primary bodies, use that the total energy E {\displaystyle \,E} is: E = 1 2 ( d z d t ) 2 − 1 r {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}\left({\frac {dz}{dt}}\right)^{2}-{\frac {1}{r}}} After differentiating with respect to time, the equation becom... | Sitnikov problem |
c_wyuh64zuaiuu | In order to derive the force vectors of these mechanisms, one must approach a mechanical design consisting of both kinematic and dynamic analyses. | Quick return mechanism |
c_fgl3dhhcbfwu | In order to derive the formula for the one-sample proportion in the Z-interval, a sampling distribution of sample proportions needs to be taken into consideration. The mean of the sampling distribution of sample proportions is usually denoted as μ p ^ = P {\displaystyle \mu _{\hat {p}}=P} and its standard deviation is ... | Population proportion |
c_to533npw59q2 | In order to derive the properties of an Ekman spiral a look is taken at a uniform, horizontal geostrophic interior flow in a homogeneous fluid. This flow will by denoted by u → = ( u ¯ , v ¯ ) {\displaystyle {\vec {u}}=({\bar {u}},{\bar {v}})} , where the two components are constant because of uniformity. Another resul... | Ekman spirals |
c_qf768s4skce6 | Note that the concerning interior flow is horizontal, so w = 0 {\displaystyle w=0} at all depths, even in the boundary layers. In this case, the Navier-Stokes momentum equations, governing geophysical motion can now be reduced to: − f v = − 1 ρ 0 ∂ p ∂ x + ν E ∂ 2 u ∂ z 2 , f u = − 1 ρ 0 ∂ p ∂ y + ν E ∂ 2 v ∂ z 2 , 0 =... | Ekman spirals |
c_h1p5v8wwtx6x | A uniform flow requires a uniformly varying pressure gradient. When substituting the flow components of the interior flow, u = u ¯ {\displaystyle u={\bar {u}}} and v = v ¯ {\displaystyle v={\bar {v}}} , in the equations above, the following is obtained: − f v ¯ = − 1 ρ 0 ∂ p ∂ x = constant f u ¯ = − 1 ρ 0 ∂ p ∂ y = con... | Ekman spirals |
c_g3jnyx1slq66 | After substitution of these possible solutions in the same equations, ν E 2 λ 4 + f 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \nu _{E}^{2}\lambda ^{4}+f^{2}=0} will follow. Now, λ {\displaystyle \lambda } has the following possible outcomes: λ = ± ( 1 ± i ) f 2 ν E {\displaystyle \lambda =\pm (1\pm i){\sqrt {\frac {f}{2\nu _{E}}}}} Because... | Ekman spirals |
c_8u8glzharmwi | Note that the velocity vector will approach the values of the interior flow, when the z {\displaystyle z} takes the order of d {\displaystyle d} . This is the reason why d {\displaystyle d} is defined as the thickness of the Ekman layer. A number of important properties of the Ekman spiral will follow from this solutio... | Ekman spirals |
c_0n4mis5frb84 | Note that, in this case, the angle between this flow and the interior flow is at its maximum. It will decrease for increasing z {\displaystyle z} . When z d {\displaystyle {\frac {z}{d}}} takes the value of π {\displaystyle \pi } , the resulting flow is in line with the interior flow, but will be increased with e − π {... | Ekman spirals |
c_rzrlcgd450wu | For higher values of z d {\displaystyle {\frac {z}{d}}} , there will be a minimal transverse component in the other direction as before. The exponential term will go to zero for z ≫ d {\displaystyle z\gg d} , resulting in u → = ( u ¯ , v ¯ ) {\displaystyle {\vec {u}}=({\bar {u}},{\bar {v}})} . Because of these properti... | Ekman spirals |
c_w4jioca8x4y1 | In order to describe operations with dual quaternions, it is helpful to first consider quaternions.A quaternion is a linear combination of the basis elements 1, i, j, and k. Hamilton's product rule for i, j, and k is often written as i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = i j k = − 1. {\displaystyle i^{2}=j^{2}=k^{2}=ijk=-1.} Compute i ( i... | Dual quaternion |
c_pm99rwzwqaqu | A convenient way to work with the quaternion product is to write a quaternion as the sum of a scalar and a vector (strictly speaking a bivector), that is A = a0 + A, where a0 is a real number and A = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k is a three dimensional vector. The vector dot and cross operations can now be used to define the quat... | Dual quaternion |
c_hk5bv09fqyqr | A dual quaternion is usually described as a quaternion with dual numbers as coefficients. A dual number is an ordered pair â = ( a, b ). Two dual numbers add componentwise and multiply by the rule â ĉ = ( a, b ) ( c, d ) = (a c, a d + b c). | Dual quaternion |
c_orhtm9i00fw6 | Dual numbers are often written in the form â = a + εb, where ε is the dual unit that commutes with i, j, k and has the property ε2 = 0. The result is that a dual quaternion can be written as an ordered pair of quaternions ( A, B ). Two dual quaternions add componentwise and multiply by the rule, A ^ C ^ = ( A , B ) ( C... | Dual quaternion |
c_euz0438ilj4h | {\displaystyle {\hat {A}}{\hat {C}}=(A,B)(C,D)=(AC,AD+BC).} It is convenient to write a dual quaternion as the sum of a dual scalar and a dual vector, Â = â0 + A, where â0 = ( a, b ) and A = ( A, B ) is the dual vector that defines a screw. This notation allows us to write the product of two dual quaternions as G ^ = A... | Dual quaternion |
c_1gwl1hb33uw4 | In order to describe some of the properties of PostBQP we fix a formal way of describing quantum postselection. Define a quantum algorithm to be a family of quantum circuits (specifically, a uniform circuit family). We designate one qubit as the postselection qubit P and another as the output qubit Q. Then PostBQP is d... | PostBQP |
c_1tlj2qq89n3d | Given a language L in PostBQP and a corresponding deciding circuit family, create a new circuit family by flipping the output qubit after measurement, then the new circuit family proves the complement of L is in PostBQP. You can do probability amplification in PostBQP. The definition of PostBQP is not changed if we rep... | PostBQP |
c_mzaj46g6k4vo | As an example, given a PostBQP algorithm A with success probability 2/3, we can construct another algorithm which runs three independent copies of A, outputs a postselection bit equal to the conjunction of the three "inner" ones, and outputs an output bit equal to the majority of the three "inner" ones; the new algorit... | PostBQP |
c_3oox7rlarwk3 | We may assume by probability amplification that both circuit families have success probability at least 5/6. Then we create a composite algorithm where the circuits for L 1 {\displaystyle L_{1}} and L 2 {\displaystyle L_{2}} are run independently, and we set P to the conjunction of P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} and P 2 {\d... | PostBQP |
c_whuqy6wrcbdm | In order to describe the ML2 model in quantitative parameters, Kagan and coworkers described the following formula: e e product = e e max e e auxiliary ( 1 + β ) / ( 1 + g β ) {\displaystyle ee_{\text{product}}=ee_{\text{max}}ee_{\text{auxiliary}}(1+\beta )/(1+g\,\beta )} In the correction factor, Kagan and co-workers ... | Non-linear effects |
c_r3wa5yqatxq0 | β = z / ( x + y ) {\displaystyle \beta =z/(x+y)} Equation 3: The correction factor, β, may be described as z, the heterochiral complex concentration, divided by x and y, the respective concentrations of the complex concentration divided by x and y, the respective concentrations of the homochiral complexes The parameter... | Non-linear effects |
c_oufnpc6qobi4 | In order to describe the connection between adjacent nodes by a mesh of series nodes, look at the figure on the right. As the incident pulse in timestep k+1 on a node is the scattered pulse from an adjacent node in timestep k, the following connection equations are derived: k + 1 V 1 i ( x , y ) = k + 1 V 3 r ( x , y −... | Transmission line matrix method |
c_nve94h3gurr8 | In order to describe the volatility clustering effect of the return process of an asset, the GARCH model can be used. In the GARCH model, innovation ( ϵ t {\displaystyle ~\epsilon _{t}~} ) is assumed that ϵ t = σ t z t {\displaystyle ~\epsilon _{t}=\sigma _{t}z_{t}~} , where z t ∼ i i d N ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle z_{t}... | Financial models with long-tailed distributions and volatility clustering |
c_e945irtiq7bh | In order to design a form or document, the writer should understand and evaluate the different constraints in the rhetorical situation; this is called functional analysis. One of the biggest components in analyzing a form or document is to determine the communicative purpose of the form or document. Leo Lentz and Henk ... | Form and document creation |
c_v118192nv93s | In order to design a system without the shortcomings of the straight air system, Westinghouse invented a system wherein each piece of railroad rolling stock was equipped with an air reservoir and a triple valve, also known as a control valve. Unlike the straight air system, the Westinghouse system uses a reduction in a... | Railway airbrake |
c_jzs5s370ex4j | In his patent application, Westinghouse refers to his 'triple-valve device' because of the three component valvular parts comprising it: the diaphragm-operated poppet valve feeding reservoir air to the brake cylinder, the reservoir charging valve, and the brake cylinder release valve. Westinghouse soon improved the dev... | Railway airbrake |
c_m4lvx1hltmc8 | If the pressure in the train line is lower than that of the reservoir, the brake cylinder exhaust portal is closed and air from the car's reservoir is fed into the brake cylinder. Pressure increases in the cylinder, applying the brakes, while decreasing in the reservoir. This action continues until equilibrium between ... | Railway airbrake |
c_qmxhwmyb0ckx | At that point, the airflow from the reservoir to the brake cylinder is lapped off and the cylinder is maintained at a constant pressure. If the pressure in the train line is higher than that of the reservoir, the triple valve connects the train line to the reservoir feed, causing the air pressure in the reservoir to in... | Railway airbrake |
c_4qtfpgykk0p3 | As the pressure in the train line and that of the reservoir equalize, the triple valve closes, causing the air in the reservoir to be sealed in, and the brake cylinder is not pressurized.When the engine operator applies the brake by operating the locomotive brake valve, the train line vents to atmosphere at a controlle... | Railway airbrake |
c_iw39om8hbu9d | In order to detect a QRS complex, the local peaks of the integrated signal are found. A peak is defined as the point in which the signal changes direction (from an increasing direction to a decreasing direction). After each peak, no peak can be detected in the next 200 ms (ie. the lockout time). This is a physiological... | Pan–Tompkins algorithm |
c_a3rs78t8ezko | In order to detect many proteins on a single microfluidic chip, microfluidic western blot is carried out using a number of processes, including sample enrichment, protein size, deposition of protein, and then in situ antibody probing. A photoreactive (UV light) polyacrylamide gel and a photopatternable (blue-light) sur... | Western Blot |
c_tcgofpful47x | In order to detect or constrain the properties of dark matter, observations of dwarf galaxies have been carried out. Limits may be placed on the annihilation cross section of WIMPs based on analysis of either gamma-rays or cosmic rays. The VERITAS, MAGIC, Fermi, and H.E.S.S. telescopes are among those that have been in... | Indirect detection of dark matter |
c_7yceq8chnmbr | The air Cherenkov telescopes (H.E.S.S., MAGIC, VERITAS) are most effective at constraining the annihilation cross section for high energies ( E γ > 100 {\displaystyle E_{\gamma }>100} GeV). For energies below 100 GeV, Fermi is more effective, as this telescope is not constrained to a view of only a small portion of the... | Indirect detection of dark matter |
c_2s7ki7beuqzd | Then, combining data from Fermi and MAGIC, the upper limit of the cross section is found to be ⟨ σ v ⟩ ∼ 10 − 25 c m 3 s − 1 {\displaystyle \left\langle \sigma v\right\rangle \sim 10^{-25}cm^{3}s^{-1}} (that is, with no uncertainties in J {\displaystyle J} . This collaboration produced constraints for DM masses in the ... | Indirect detection of dark matter |
c_cghwpg6p1iam | In order to detect sea level change, we need to know the orbit height of the satellites as they revolve around Earth, to within 1 cm (0.4 inches). Combining instruments from three different techniques—GPS, DORIS, LRA. The GPS receiver on Jason-3 uses data from the constellation of GPS satellites in orbit to constantly ... | Jason-3 |
c_rd7fu6gh2ssj | Designed by CNES in France, DORIS uses the Doppler effect to found its system, which describes the differences in frequencies of waves between source and object. Thirdly, LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), which is an instance of satellite laser ranging (SLR), uses corner reflectors on board the satellite to track the t... | Jason-3 |
c_idmc1qpf0fwv | In order to detect trapped antihydrogen atoms ALPHA also comprises a silicon vertex detector. This cylindrically shaped detector consists of three layers of silicon panels (strips). Each panel acts as a position sensitive detector for charged particles passing through. By recording how the panels are excited ALPHA can ... | ALPHA experiment |
c_hsqrx3miafcp | When an antiproton annihilates (disintegrates) the process typically results in the emission of 3–4 charged pions. These can be observed by the ALPHA detector and by reconstructing their tracks through the detector their origin, and thus the location of the annihilation, can be determined. These tracks are quite distin... | ALPHA experiment |
c_zlso0nhletn9 | By carefully analyzing the tracks ALPHA distinguishes between cosmic rays and antiproton annihilation. To detect successful trapping the ALPHA trap magnet that created the minimum B-field was designed to allow it to be quickly and repeatedly de-energized. The currents' decay during de-energization has a characteristic ... | ALPHA experiment |
c_jlmjoe8ubn5f | In order to determine a NNV, it is necessary to identify a specific population and a defined endpoint, because these can vary: Tuberculosis vaccination rates are much higher in Europe than in the United States. When evaluating a vaccine against chickenpox, it is necessary to define whether or not the endpoint would inc... | Number needed to vaccinate |
c_1sdki3sfjydu | In order to determine how judges weigh the different factors, 103 written judgements of commonplace cases were used to establish a database comprising 94 relevant factors for percentage split determination. : 273 The factors relevant for a percentage split determination are: Past contributions of a husband relative to ... | Split Up (expert system) |
c_hqy349i1cdnl | Twenty one solid arcs represent inferences performed with the use of rule sets. For example, the level of wealth of a marriage is determined by a rule, which uses the common pool value. By contrast, the fourteen dashed arcs establish inferences performed with the use of neural networks. | Split Up (expert system) |
c_r8jeyyfk2279 | These receive their name from the fact that they resemble a nervous system in the brain. They consist of many self – adjusting processing elements cooperating in a densely interconnected network. Each processing element generates a single output that is transmitted to the other processing element. | Split Up (expert system) |
c_h8zp0521s650 | The output signal of a processing element depends on the input to the processing element, i.e. each input is gated by a weighting factor that determines the amount of influence that the input will have on the output. The strength of the weighting factors is adjusted autonomously by the processing element as the data is... | Split Up (expert system) |
c_lp24zhpnzuv3 | Hence the inputs to the neural network are contributions, future needs and wealth, and the output the percentage split predicted. On each arc there is a statistical weight. Using back propagation the neural network learns the necessary pattern to recognize the prediction. | Split Up (expert system) |
c_zz0cy3gwe9z1 | It is trained by repeatedly exposing it to examples of the problem and learning the significance (weights) of the input nodes. : 196 The neural network used by Split_up is said to generalise well if the output of the network is correct (or nearly correct) for examples not seen during training, which classifies it as an... | Split Up (expert system) |
c_gaf08vb54fnq | In order to determine if RMD controls F-actin organization within the pollen tube, F-actin arrays in wild type and rmd-1 mature pollen grains were observed using Alexa Fluor 488-phalloidin staining. Strongly bundled actin filaments were present around the apertures of the wild type pollen grains although there was no a... | Pollen tube |
c_fmvmw8mvyuah | Therefore, these results support that RMD is essential for controlling pollen germination. Fluorescent intensity was measured using statistical analysis in order to observe the actin filament densities within the pollen tubes. There was greater fluorescence intensity in the shank region of the rmd-mutant tubes which me... | Pollen tube |
c_xfnkqpsyc1mi | But, there was a lower density of F-actin observed in the tip region of the rmd-mutant tubes compared to the wild type tubes. This demonstrates that the F-actin distribution pattern of pollen tubes is altered without a functional RMD. In order to determine the polarity of the actin cables, the angles between the actin ... | Pollen tube |
c_kvl6b4tfknwv | The angles in the shank region of the wild type pollen tubes were predominantly less than 20° whereas the angles for the rmd-mutant pollen tubes were greater than 60°. These results support the fact that RMD is essential for polarized tip growth, because the rmd-mutant pollen tubes (without a functional RMD) exhibited ... | Pollen tube |
c_jw6pdf2ly9rh | In order to determine if an ergonomics team/committee is right for a workplace, five factors need to be considered. | Participatory Ergonomics |
c_0y232sb224h3 | In order to determine if the three vectors in R 4 , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4},} v 1 = , v 2 = , v 3 = . {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} _{1}={\begin{bmatrix}1\\4\\2\\-3\end{bmatrix}},\mathbf {v} _{2}={\begin{bmatrix}7\\10\\-4\\-1\end{bmatrix}},\mathbf {v} _{3}={\begin{bmatrix}-2\\1\\5\\-4\end{bmatrix}}.} are linear... | Linear dependency |
c_pnxm1v9le3qg | Row reduce this equation to obtain, = . {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&7&-2\\0&-18&9\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}\\a_{2}\\a_{3}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\0\\0\end{bmatrix}}.} Rearrange to solve for v3 and obtain, = − a 3 . | Linear dependency |
c_vkxazvnrkmo8 | {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1&7\\0&-18\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a_{1}\\a_{2}\end{bmatrix}}=-a_{3}{\begin{bmatrix}-2\\9\end{bmatrix}}.} This equation is easily solved to define non-zero ai, a 1 = − 3 a 3 / 2 , a 2 = a 3 / 2 , {\displaystyle a_{1}=-3a_{3}/2,a_{2}=a_{3}/2,} where a 3 {\displaystyle a_{3}} can be ch... | Linear dependency |
c_3gpr0q4bzhfk | In order to determine quantitatively the dynamo action of the neutral wind U, one starts with the horizontal momentum equation of the wind together with an equation for the divergence of the wind. The momentum equation balances the inertial force, the Coriolis force, and the horizontal gradient of pressure p. In additi... | Ionospheric dynamo region |
c_7dndd9a3hely | An electric polarization field E is generated by charge separation to enforce the condition of no sources and sinks of the current. Feedback between wind and electric current occurs via the Lorentz force Ux B. Usually, the electric conductivity tensor σ is considered as a given data set, and a height integrated conduct... | Ionospheric dynamo region |
c_8p1cy4co7oxb | This is called a kinematic dynamo. Models with closed gate B are called hydromagnetic dynamos. The influence of the mutual coupling between wind and current can immediately be seen if one considers an infinitely large electric conductivity σ. In the kinematic model, the electric current would become infinitely large, w... | Ionospheric dynamo region |
c_ko3uzg7018pd | In order to determine significance of the Strouhal number at varying scales, one may perform scale analysis–a simplification method to analyze the impact of factors as they change with respect to some scale. When considered in the context of microrobotics and nanorobotics, size is the factor of interest when performing... | Strouhal number |
c_mqugnccj6ai6 | Given m = V ρ {\displaystyle m=V\rho } where m is mass, V is volume, and ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is density, we can see mass is directly related to size as volume scales with length (L). Taking the volume to be L 3 {\displaystyle L^{3}} , we can directly relate mass and size as m ≈ L 3 {\displaystyle m\approx L^{3}} .C... | Strouhal number |
c_2ccimf9lvp7b | In order to determine the actual impacts of search customization on end users, researchers at Northeastern University determined in a study with logged in users vs. a control group that 11.7% of results show differences due to personalization. The research showed that this result varies widely by search query and resul... | Google Personalized Search |
c_b2hkqwxktcfq | In order to determine the boundary temperature at the laser impingement surface, you'd apply an equation like this. k n ∂ T ∂ n − q + h ( T − T o ) + σ ϵ ( T 4 − T o 2 ) = 0 {\displaystyle k_{n}{\partial T \over \partial n}-q+h(T-T_{o})+\sigma \epsilon (T^{4}-T_{o}^{2})=0} , where kn=the thermal conductivity normal to ... | Laser beam welding |
c_jxtvd3p3pjuk | One way to achieve this is by using a Kronecker delta which modifies q as follows: q = δ ∗ q e {\displaystyle q=\delta *qe} , where δ= the Kronecker delta, qe=experimentally determined heat flux. The problem with this method, is it does not allow you to see the effect of pulse duration. | Laser beam welding |
c_3e21igk4cznu | One way of solving this is to a use a modifier that is time-dependent function such as: f ( n ) = { 1 , if n / v ≤ t ≤ n / v + τ 0 , if n / v + τ ≤ t ≤ ( n + 1 ) / v {\displaystyle f(n)={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}n/v\leq t\leq n/v+\tau \\0,&{\text{if }}n/v+\tau \leq t\leq (n+1)/v\end{cases}}} where v= pulse frequency... | Laser beam welding |
c_crdzt581h9dq | In order to determine the causality of a bond graph certain steps must be followed. Those steps are: Draw Source Causal Bars Draw Preferred causality for C and I bonds Draw causal bars for 0 and 1 junctions, transformers and gyrators Draw R bond causal bars If a causal conflict occurs, change C or I bond to differentia... | Bond graphs |
c_uedyhx9yn3za | The next step is to draw the preferred causality for the C bonds. Next apply the causality for the 0 and 1 junctions, transformers, and gyrators. However, there is an issue with 0-junction on the left. | Bond graphs |
c_akbcygl9zm7t | The 0-junction has two causal bars at the junction, but the 0-junction wants one and only one at the junction. This was caused by having C 2 {\textstyle C_{2}} be in the preferred causality. The only way to fix this is to flip that causal bar. This results in a causal conflict, the corrected version of the graph is bel... | Bond graphs |
c_hikqc1um0m6l | In order to determine the efficiency of energy output from Salter's duck, in 1975, scientist Swift-Hook and others ran a series of tests. The optimum range of the ducks was determined according to the formula, 0.16 < r λ < 0.2 {\displaystyle 0.16<{\frac {r}{\lambda }}<0.2} The use of a lowercase r in this formula indic... | Salter's duck |
c_g6bfvbgl267l | With this, they were able to then use the final formula that tested for the absorption efficiency, eta (n), η = ( 1 − R m i n ) × 1 ( − 4 π d λ ) {\displaystyle \eta ={\big (}1-{\mathit {R}}_{min}{\big )}\times 1{\big (}{\frac {-4\pi d}{\lambda }}{\big )}} The use of these three formulas allowed Swift-Hook to determine... | Salter's duck |
c_j70shq2bgexb | In varying types of realistic conditions, the efficiency of the duck varies wildly and often drops to around 50%, as ducks are more often used in rough weather in order to convert enough wave power. Conversely, ducks are not useful in calm weather, as the waves would not have enough energy for there to be any efficienc... | Salter's duck |
c_c91yi6w8ypoq | In order to determine the equations of motion, we take advantage of the following spatial projection tensor condition: ∂ μ T μ ν + u α u ν ∂ μ T μ α = 0 ν {\displaystyle \partial _{\mu }T^{\mu \nu }+u_{\alpha }u^{\nu }\partial _{\mu }T^{\mu \alpha }=0^{\nu }} We prove this by looking at ∂ μ T μ ν + u α u ν ∂ μ T μ α {\... | Relativistic Euler equations |
c_yqgmk8v0692f | In order to determine the fate of natural carbon containing substances deep in the Earth, experiments have been conducted to see what happens when high pressure, and or temperatures are applied. Such substances include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, graphite, methane, and other hydrocarbons such as benzene, carbon di... | Geochemistry of carbon |
c_3oh6zyl3sksa | In order to determine the key performance indicators (KPIs) – figures which are crucial to the productivity and success of software development projects – numerous data sources related to the software code are read out. For this purpose, KPI driven code analysis borrows methods taken from data mining and business intel... | KPI driven code analysis |
c_q8nzyzdtwcv6 | The data sources include, in particular: Revision Control, also known as version control. In this system every step of each individual developer is tracked for the entire life cycle of the software system. The data describes: “Which developer changed what when.” This data provides a basis for answering the question, “W... | KPI driven code analysis |
c_gh8261bpu9gu | These provide a read-out as to which parts of the source code have already been tested. With this information, it becomes obvious where there are gaps in testing, possibly even where these gaps were intentionally left (due to the significant cost and effort involved in setting up tests). Bug Tracking Systems (Bug Track... | KPI driven code analysis |
c_jv7ioxtokl5r | This information can be used in combination with the information provided by the revision control system to help draw conclusions on the error rate of particular areas of code. Issue tracking systems. The information produced by these systems, in conjunction with the information from revision control, enables conclusio... | KPI driven code analysis |
c_2wq1yw4d1xf2 | In addition, precise data on time investment can be utilized for the analysis. Performance profilers (Profiling (computer programming)). The data on the performance of the software system help to analyze which areas of code consume the most CPU resources. | KPI driven code analysis |
c_93tbojzocg1k | In order to determine the most appropriate sequence of amino acids in the alpha-helix of a zinc finger for binding to a given DNA sequence, a technique involving phage display may be employed. By altering the genome of selected bacteriophage, it is possible to create a phage that will display a ZFP as part of its prote... | Zinc finger chimera |
c_4ang6pofpubm | This forms the basis of the investigation of ZFPs binding by phage display.Work is typically performed using the murine ZFP-TF Zif268 or one of its derivatives, as the basis of the zinc finger sequence modifications since it is the most well characterised of all zinc finger proteins. Its derivatives C7 or C7.GAT, are o... | Zinc finger chimera |
c_oivinyr603pa | Filamentous helper phage and the DNA from lambda phage are utilised in phage display. Due to limitations in the size of libraries that can be routinely constructed, randomisation may be limited to the most influential amino acids in the ZFP sequence as inferred by X-ray crystallography. The positions were identified as... | Zinc finger chimera |
c_tn0cth9v8q45 | In order to determine the next event in a stochastic simulation, the rates of all possible changes to the state of the model are computed, and then ordered in an array. Next, the cumulative sum of the array is taken, and the final cell contains the number R, where R is the total event rate. This cumulative array is now... | Stochastic simulation |
c_h3q0u4qfxtdm | In order to determine the nursery habitat for a species, all habitats used by juveniles must be surveyed. This may include kelp forest, seagrass, mangroves, tidal flat, mudflat, wetland, salt marsh and oyster reef. While density may be an indicator of productivity, it is suggested that alone, density does not adequatel... | Nursery habitat |
c_so3jbkzd6yxw | Consider also biotic, abiotic and landscape variability in the value of nursery habitats. This may be an important consideration when looking at which sites to manage and protect. Biotic factors include: structural complexity, food availability, larval settlement cues, competition, and predation. | Nursery habitat |
c_etpz068rqlim | Abiotic: temperature, salinity, depth, dissolved oxygen, freshwater inflow, retention zone and disturbance. Landscape factors involve: proximity of juvenile and adult habitats, access to larvae, number of adjacent habitats, patch shape, area and fragmentation. The effects of these factors may be positive or negative de... | Nursery habitat |
c_5cn6vbsdlfj7 | It may be more holistic to consider temporal variation in habitats used as nurseries, and incorporating temporal scales into any testing is important. Also consider assemblages of species. Single species approaches may not be able to be used to adequately manage systems appropriately. | Nursery habitat |
c_z9kk1cqryz8f | Acosta and Butler conducted experimental observation of spiny lobster to determine which habitats are used as nurseries. Mangroves are used as preferred nursery habitat when coral density is low. | Nursery habitat |
c_g5vjpclo6qaz | Predation on newly settled larvae was lower in mangrove than in seagrass beds and coral crevices. In comparison, Pipefish prefer seagrass over algae and sand habitats. King George Whiting have a more complex pattern of development. | Nursery habitat |
c_l7f654ta9g3e | Settlement is preferred in seagrass and algae. Growth stages are primarily preferred in reef algae. 4 months post settlement, they move into unvegetated habitats (Jenkins and Wheatley, 1998). | Nursery habitat |
c_wr4hw9hxqnqc | In order to determine the operational accuracy of Green Satin, a lengthy series of test flights over land and water were carried out from an early Canberra. However, for these tests the G4B gyrocompass proved far too inaccurate as it required constant correction for drift. And while Gee was accurate enough for the purp... | Green Satin radar |
c_wc20rx4ait0s | Using angle measurements similar to those taken with a sextant, the aircraft heading could be accurately determined. For initial position fixes, Gee was replaced with the Decca Navigator System (Mark 6), which directly output measurements on three dials.By locating both the ADI and Decca output on the navigation consol... | Green Satin radar |
c_52f7b0zy6mdn | In order to determine the preferred directions the magnetization vector in the absence of the external magnetic field we analyze first the case of uniaxial crystal. The maxima and minima of energy with respect to θ {\displaystyle \theta } must satisfy while for the existence of the minima For symmetry reasons the c-axi... | FOMP |
c_9jni5qb7h9iu | A useful representation of the diagram of the easy directions and other extrema is the representation in term of reduced anisotropy constant K2 / K1 and K3 / K1 . The following figure shows the phase diagram for the two cases K1>0 and K1<0 . All the information concerning the easy directions and the other extrema are c... | FOMP |
c_s5jq70qt3wei | It simulate a polar type of energy representation indicating existing extrema by concave (minimum) and convex tips (maximum). Vertical and horizontal stems refer to the symmetry axis and the basal plane respectively. The left-hand and the right-hand oblique stems indicate the C − and C + cones respectively. The absolut... | FOMP |
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