id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
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c_51pnb0yycdol | In order to encourage mating in non-conceptive periods and to encourage males to maintain their proximity, males must possess imperfect knowledge of the female's fertility status. This is achieved through concealed ovulation in most animals that exhibit extended female sexuality. A review of studies revealed that, in h... | Extended female sexuality |
c_58t2g8d4e8ic | In order to encourage the purchase of HEVs, several countries have introduced legislation for incentives and ecotaxes. | Hybrid electric car |
c_7q8zzdm14g1q | In order to encrypt or decrypt data, use the standard block cipher mode of operation on all but the last two blocks of data. The following steps describe how to handle the last two blocks of the plaintext, called Pn−1 and Pn, where the length of Pn−1 equals the block size of the cipher in bits, B; the length of the las... | Ciphertext stealing |
c_z03gtsmwrek4 | For this description, the following functions and operators are used: Head (data, a): returns the first a bits of the 'data' string. Tail (data, a): returns the last a bits of the 'data' string. Encrypt (K, data): use the underlying block cipher in encrypt mode on the 'data' string using the key K. Decrypt (K, data): u... | Ciphertext stealing |
c_chjwik5jq2rd | Equivalent to bitwise addition without use of a carry bit. ||: Concatenation operator. Combine the strings on either side of the operator. 0a: a string of a 0 bits. | Ciphertext stealing |
c_jmw4sf42oici | In order to enforce protection to the marine environment, various pieces of legislation have been passed. The Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed in the US Congress in 1972 to protect national waters. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) created The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine En... | Marine restoration |
c_014xxq6vgrfb | The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was updated from its original intention of the Law of the Sea to include protecting wildlife and marine ecoystems, which was agreed upon by countries from all inhabited continents. Various cities, states, and countries have placed bans on single use plastic w... | Marine restoration |
c_trxasi49jxrf | In order to engage in analogical processes, an individual needs time to work through the processes of alignment, inference, and evaluation. If not given adequate time to engage in analogical reasoning, then one is more likely to fixate on lower level object correspondences between the two systems, as opposed identifyin... | Structure-mapping theory |
c_bfbz2zvfcwkn | In order to enhance DNA-RNA affinity, enzyme processivity, and thermostability, five amino acid substitutions were incorporated into the M-MLV reverse transcriptase. The mutant M-MLV RT was then incorporated into PE1 to give rise to (Cas9 (H840A)-M-MLV RT(D200N/L603W/T330P/T306K/W313F)). Efficiency improvement was obse... | Prime editing |
c_k6b5bjz1xmrx | In order to enhance the mould insert's lifetime, protective coatings can be applied. “The materials that have been selected for the antistick coatings can be divided into 5 groups including: (1) single layer carbides, nitrides, oxides and borides such as TiN, BN, TiAlN, NiAlN, TiBC, TiBCN, NiCrSiB and Al2O3, (2) nitrid... | Precision glass moulding |
c_4oh0vwkw5xay | The combination of chemically stable substrates and coatings, such as Sapphire (substrate) / GaN (film) and Glass (substrate) / Al2O3 (film) can achieve the best antistick propose. The precious metal films such as PtIr (Platinum, Iridium) coated on the ceramic substrates can effectively reduce the interface reaction be... | Precision glass moulding |
c_3qkiwe03fuza | In order to ensure an adequate supply at all times, carburetors include a reservoir of fuel, called a 'float chamber' or 'float bowl'. Fuel is delivered to the float chamber by a fuel pump. A floating inlet valve regulates the fuel entering the float chamber, assuring a constant level. Unlike in a fuel injected engine,... | Fuel vapors |
c_x0dsvb69eswr | For engines where the intake air travelling through the carburetor is pressurized (such as where the carburetor is downstream of a supercharger) the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate. However, this is not necessary where the carburetor is upstream of the supercharger. Problem... | Fuel vapors |
c_z03efizm3st8 | Since the float chamber is located close to the engine, heat from the engine (including for several hours after the engine is shut off) can cause the fuel to heat up to the point of vaporization. This causes air bubbles in the fuel (similar to the air bubbles that necessitate brake bleeding), which prevents the flow of... | Fuel vapors |
c_izmf5bt8uatb | In order to ensure and increase the 'conformance quality' of services, that is, service delivery happening as designed, various methods are available. Some of these include Guaranteeing; Mystery Shopping; Recovering; Setting standards and measuring; Statistical process control and Customer involvement. | Service quality |
c_mtrwsxzg763o | In order to ensure compliance with Brady, the United States Supreme Court repeatedly urged the "careful prosecutor" to favor disclosure over concealment. Conformity with Brady is a continuing obligation of prosecutors. Some prosecuting attorney offices have adopted and created specialized procedure and bureaus to meet ... | Brady disclosure |
c_3fvuajfe8ogi | Such a motion can be made by a criminal defendant to discover complaints made against a police officer, and the investigation of those complaints, such that they are contained in the officer's personnel records. The motions can be made in a California Superior Court under California Evidence Code 1043–1046. Notwithstan... | Brady disclosure |
c_czrpzomzkdbl | In order to ensure growth of only transformed bacteria (which carry the desired plasmids to be harvested), a marker gene is used in the destination vector for selection. Typical marker genes are for antibiotic resistance or nutrient biosynthesis. So, for example, the "marker gene" could be for resistance to the antibio... | Subcloning |
c_k4o9h5vmk3db | If the bacteria that were supposed to pick up the desired plasmid had picked up the desired gene then they would also contain the "marker gene". Now the bacteria that picked up the plasmid would be able to grow in ampicillin whereas the bacteria that did not pick up the desired plasmid would still be vulnerable to dest... | Subcloning |
c_uq8o4furheg6 | In order to ensure optimum cleanability of the surfaces of machines and equipment, they must fulfill certain requirements. Where surfaces come into contact with media, no deposits may be formed which could impair product quality. Therefore, the surface roughness of such areas should be below 0.8 µm. If the degree of ro... | Cleanability |
c_yog892s1krzi | These occur when microorganisms only come into contact with disinfectants but are not killed by them. When ascertaining the cleanability of a surface with regard to particles, the analysis can be carried out in correlation with the surface cleanliness classes described in VDI 2083 Part 9.1. Surface roughness can be mea... | Cleanability |
c_pgibz2ts0267 | In order to ensure optimum condition and longevity for the proposed crowns, several factors need to be explored by conducting a thorough and targeted patient history and clinical dental examination. These factors include: Patient factors Patient expectations Patient motivation to adhere to the treatment plan and mainta... | Dental crown |
c_zkaohaddd0qy | In order to ensure particles do not escape the accelerator, it is necessary to provide some form of focusing to redirect particles moving away from the central trajectory back towards the intended path. With the discovery of strong focusing, quadrupole magnets are used to actively redirect particles moving away from th... | Linear particle accelerator |
c_6vx562lmk69b | In order to ensure proper functioning, Wnt signaling is constantly regulated at several points along its signaling pathways. For example, Wnt proteins are palmitoylated. The protein porcupine mediates this process, which means that it helps regulate when the Wnt ligand is secreted by determining when it is fully formed... | WNT pathway |
c_xycnmizjo252 | In cancer cells, both the heparan sulfate chains and the core protein of GPC3 are involved in regulating Wnt binding and activation for cell proliferation. Wnt recognizes a heparan sulfate structure on GPC3, which contains IdoA2S and GlcNS6S, and the 3-O-sulfation in GlcNS6S3S enhances the binding of Wnt to the heparan... | WNT pathway |
c_iy2kod0vgdd4 | Blocking the Wnt binding domain using a nanobody called HN3 can inhibit Wnt activation.At the Fz receptor, the binding of proteins other than Wnt can antagonize signaling. Specific antagonists include Dickkopf (Dkk), Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF-1), secreted Frizzled-related proteins (SFRP), Cerberus, Frzb, Wise, SOST,... | WNT pathway |
c_5pzifjg6neib | These constitute inhibitors of Wnt signaling. However, other molecules also act as activators. Norrin and R-Spondin2 activate Wnt signaling in the absence of Wnt ligand. | WNT pathway |
c_glc9r58m39vu | Interactions between Wnt signaling pathways also regulate Wnt signaling. As previously mentioned, the Wnt/calcium pathway can inhibit TCF/β-catenin, preventing canonical Wnt pathway signaling. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. | WNT pathway |
c_huwnnwbj8hm0 | Interaction of PGE2 with its receptors E2/E4 stabilizes β-catenin through cAMP/PKA mediated phosphorylation. The synthesis of PGE2 is necessary for Wnt signaling mediated processes such as tissue regeneration and control of stem cell population in zebrafish and mouse. Intriguingly, the unstructured regions of several o... | WNT pathway |
c_azydz95n5vyu | In order to ensure proper working of carrier-grade NAT (CGN), and, by doing so, alleviating the demand for the last remaining IPv4 addresses, a /10 size IPv4 address block was assigned by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to be used as shared address space. This block of addresses is specifically meant to be u... | IPv4 shared address space |
c_71rinq84cgo7 | In order to ensure quality, it extends UDP by means of adding the following features: Acknowledgment of received packets Windowing and flow control Retransmission of lost packets Over buffering (Faster than real-time streaming)RUDP is not currently a formal standard, however it was described in an IETF Internet Draft i... | Reliable User Datagram Protocol |
c_yesa9o19ge2v | In order to ensure replica convergence, a system must reconcile differences between multiple copies of distributed data. This consists of two parts: exchanging versions or updates of data between servers (often known as anti-entropy); and choosing an appropriate final state when concurrent updates have occurred, called... | Eventual consistency |
c_j5l5rk5cwci2 | Timestamps and vector clocks are often used to detect concurrency between updates. Some people use "first writer wins" in situations where "last writer wins" is unacceptable.Reconciliation of concurrent writes must occur sometime before the next read, and can be scheduled at different instants: Read repair: The correct... | Eventual consistency |
c_khmgwptw0kkx | In order to ensure that CDSs are of high quality, multiple quality assurance (QA) tests are performed (Table 1). All tests are performed following the annotation comparison step of each CCDS build and are independent of individual annotation group QA tests performed prior to the annotation comparison. Annotations that ... | Consensus CDS Project |
c_oqraxifxetc8 | In order to ensure that efficiency enhancing technological improvements actually reduce fuel use, the ecological economists Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees have suggested that any cost savings from efficiency gains be "taxed away or otherwise removed from further economic circulation. Preferably they should be capt... | Rebound effect (conservation) |
c_n7zdo1prbh6g | In order to ensure that no predictor can have prior information about a protein's structure that would put them at an advantage, it is important that the experiment be conducted in a double-blind fashion: Neither predictors nor the organizers and assessors know the structures of the target proteins at the time when pre... | CASP |
c_m2cq9lry9o93 | Templates can be found using sequence alignment methods (e.g. BLAST or HHsearch) or protein threading methods, which are better in finding distantly related templates. Otherwise, de novo protein structure prediction must be applied (e.g. Rosetta), which is much less reliable but can sometimes yield models with the corr... | CASP |
c_ybbne395bopd | In order to ensure that the building envelope remains fully functional throughout its design life, it is important that it receives regular maintenance, including inspection, removal of debris, cleaning and repair of damage. Inspection can include man-made or natural wear. Weather exposure, natural movement, installati... | Metal profiles |
c_gl7y2lul8uiq | In order to ensure that the results of Western blots are reproducible, it is important to report the various parameters mentioned above, including specimen preparation, the concentration of protein used for loading, the percentage of gel and running condition, various transfer methods, attempting to block conditions, t... | Western Blot |
c_m7bbpjxbotut | In order to ensure the commercial success of the mission, EADS Astrium founded its 100% subsidiary Infoterra in 2001; the company being responsible for establishing a commercial market for TerraSAR-X data as well as TerraSAR-X-based geo-information products and services. | TerraSAR-X |
c_64d43vm6me1b | In order to ensure the desired quality the parts are measured between each process step. Additionally, the parts are handled and transported carefully between the processing and metrology steps. Hotforming of gobs: The precision glass moulding process yields the best results in both quality and cost if it works with pr... | Precision glass moulding |
c_riksznbye9gn | These are usually acquired by pressing or hotforming of "gobs" of molten glass. This step is done by continuous glass melting and moulding in single-sided metal moulds. This process is only suitable for high production volumes. | Precision glass moulding |
c_wm9le8r07hlk | For smaller production volumes, the preforms have to be manufactured by mechanical material-removing steps from blocks or slices of raw glass. Precision glass moulding: In this step the preform is directly formed into an optical glass lens. | Precision glass moulding |
c_ornjm5mggrfm | It is necessary to clean the glass preform and the mould before starting the process, but there is no polishing or post-machining required. Lens coating: An antireflection coating is applied to the finished lenses. The lenses are first cleaned, and then loaded into a fixture. | Precision glass moulding |
c_73jf9gdgyogk | The fixture, containing a large number of lenses, is placed in the coating machine. After finishing the process the glass lenses are removed from the holder and the holder is cleaned by sand-blasting or other techniques. Usually the optical coating is done by one of two methods: physical vapour deposition (PVD), in whi... | Precision glass moulding |
c_sx82jr9s4rgs | In order to ensure the proper interaction between simulations, a way of testing federate conformance is defined. This involves ensuring that every class and interaction listed in the SOM for a particular federate is used according to the usage described, "PublishSubscribe", "Publish", "Subscribe" or "None". | High-level architecture |
c_d1nxf8h95eq7 | In order to ensure the safe and secure usage of the Electronic Health Records, the Australian government introduced the Personally Controlled Electronic Health Records Act in 2012. The act provides information regarding the rights of patients, obligatory information protection steps by the medical staff and organizatio... | Electronic health record confidentiality |
c_rdugntt2la70 | In order to enter cells, pathogens, such as circulating viral particles or extracellular bacteria, use molecules on their surfaces to interact with the cell surface receptors of their target cell which allows them to enter the cell and start their replication cycle. Neutralizing antibodies can inhibit infectivity by bi... | Neutralisation (immunology) |
c_2ciqpr0wu6mt | Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies can act by preventing particles from undergoing structural changes often needed for successful cell entry. For example, neutralizing antibodies can prevent conformational changes of viral proteins that mediate the membrane fusion needed for entry into the host cell. In some cases, t... | Neutralisation (immunology) |
c_y7goxb0lhbg0 | The pathogen-antibody complex is eventually taken up and degraded by macrophages.Neutralizing antibodies are also important in neutralizing the toxic effects of bacterial toxins. An example of a neutralizing antibody is diphtheria antitoxin, which can neutralize the biological effects of diphtheria toxin. Neutralizing ... | Neutralisation (immunology) |
c_kbpviilotwwa | In order to enter the cosmonaut corps, a candidate for the role of a space pilot must pass medical and psychological tests (in the Central Research Aviation Hospital), as well as undergo a face-to-face interview. During the Soviet era, in addition, membership in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was also a prereq... | Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps |
c_jpgna9naiknj | In order to enter the ocean, carbon dioxide gas has to partition into one of the components of carbonic acid: carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, or protonated carbonic acid, and the product of these many chemical dissociation constants factors into a "back-pressure" that limits how fast the carbon dioxide can enter the su... | Revelle factor |
c_fsefora0kc3q | In order to equalise the low frequency and high frequency components of the VF signal, a filter named a Nyquist filter is used in receivers. This filter, which is used before demodulation, is actually a low-pass filter with 6 dB suppression at the intermediate frequency (IF) carrier. Thus, the level of double sideband ... | Nyquist filter |
c_vafygd37mizr | In order to establish a given porous medium's properties, we are going to have to measure samples of the porous medium. If the sample is too small, the readings tend to oscillate. As we increase the sample size, the oscillations begin to dampen out. Eventually the sample size will become large enough that we begin to g... | Representative elementary volume |
c_58rv5ve9qca5 | This sample size is referred to as the representative elementary volume. If we continue to increase our sample size, measurement will remain stable until the sample size gets large enough that we begin to include other hydrostratigraphic layers. This is referred to as the maximum elementary volume (MEV).Groundwater flo... | Representative elementary volume |
c_pe5yfim936op | In order to establish infestation in a susceptible host, obligate parasites must evade defences before, during and after entry into the host. Due to the wide range of obligate parasite types, it is impossible to identify a general invasion strategy. Intracellular parasites use various strategies to invade cells and sub... | Obligate parasite |
c_f2afcrlgniv3 | Most bacteria and viruses undergo passive uptake, where they rely on the host cell for uptake. However, apicomplexans engage in active entry. One obligate wasp parasite, Polistes atrimandibularis, infiltrates their hosts' colony by modifying their chemical signature to match that of the hosts'. This tricks the host was... | Obligate parasite |
c_95daiwgvxgk5 | {\displaystyle B_{\varepsilon }(0).} Proof. | Dolbeault cohomology |
c_vh8x5w75o4wt | Our claim is that g {\displaystyle g} defined above is a well-defined smooth function and α = f d z ¯ = ∂ ¯ g {\displaystyle \alpha =f\,d{\bar {z}}={\bar {\partial }}g} . To show this we choose a point z ∈ B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle z\in B_{\varepsilon }(0)} and an open neighbourhood z ∈ V ⊆ B ε ( 0 ) {\displaystyle z\in... | Dolbeault cohomology |
c_f14otow412i7 | In order to establish the reliability of logbook records, the researchers looked at readings taken where ships were in convoy or travelling in close company. These voyages often lasted several weeks, giving large samples. The research showed that there was a consistently high degree of correlation in recorded wind forc... | CLIWOC |
c_or14l1ml8o34 | This was adjudged not to materially influence the scientific outcome of the project, but remains a matter for further investigation. It was also necessary to correct the data to modern norms, both for wind speed and for wind direction - some books recorded data by reference to magnetic north, rather than true north. Pr... | CLIWOC |
c_7rkcva9vpi5e | In order to establish whether the lump is a cyst or not, several imaging tests may be performed, which may include mammography, X-rays, MRIs and ultrasound studies. Mammography is usually the first imaging test to be ordered when unusual breast changes are found during a clinical breast examination. A diagnostic mammog... | Fibrocystic breast disease |
c_fdbfkwm2utbf | In order to estimate image alignment, algorithms are needed to determine the appropriate mathematical model relating pixel coordinates in one image to pixel coordinates in another. Algorithms that combine direct pixel-to-pixel comparisons with gradient descent (and other optimization techniques) can be used to estimate... | Panorama stitching |
c_uicgy9q5fl54 | In order to estimate seismic risk, the hazard is combined with the exposure and vulnerability at a site or in a region. For example, if an earthquake occurs where there are no humans or structures, there would be no human impacts despite any level of seismic hazard. Exposure is defined as the set of entities (such as, ... | Induced seismicity |
c_yv8apwe6znym | Vulnerability is defined as the potential of impact to those entities, for example, structural or non-structural damage to a building, and loss of well-being and life for people. Vulnerability can also be represented probabilistically using vulnerability or fragility functions. A vulnerability or fragility function spe... | Induced seismicity |
c_8hffg7f3159o | In order to estimate the growth rates of theropods, scientists need to calculate both age and body mass of a dinosaur. Both of these measures can only be calculated through fossilized bone and tissue, so regression analysis and extant animal growth rates as proxies are used to make predictions. Fossilized bones exhibit... | Theropod dinosaur |
c_8jn8oet6b6wi | Body mass is harder to determine as bone mass only represents a small proportion of the total body mass of animals. One method is to measure the circumference of the femur, which in non-avian theropod dinosaurs has been shown to be a relatively proportional to quadrupedal mammals, and use this measurement as a function... | Theropod dinosaur |
c_oir2anvorc6v | A second method, known as the volumetric-density (VD) approach, uses full-scale models of skeletons to make inferences about potential mass. The ES approach is better for wide range studies including many specimens and doesn't require as much of a complete skeleton as the VD approach, but the VD approach allows scienti... | Theropod dinosaur |
c_w7qz2myxlo2e | As body mass increases, the relative growth rate also increases. This trend may be due to the need to reach the size required for reproductive maturity. | Theropod dinosaur |
c_1z44lwygcel4 | For example, one of the smallest known theropods was Microraptor zhaoianus, which had a body mass of 200 grams, grew at a rate of approximately .33 grams per day. A comparable reptile of the same size grows at half of this rate. The growth rates of medium-sized non-avian theropods (100–1000 kg) approximated those of pr... | Theropod dinosaur |
c_iwchi2924350 | In order to estimate the location of a source in 3D space, two line sensor arrays can be placed horizontally and vertically. An example is a 2D line array used for underwater source localization. By processing the data from two arrays using the maximum likelihood method, the direction, range and depth of the source can... | 3D sound localization |
c_0e6qcs2qg7hf | In order to evaluate a design against its requirements, a number of means may be considered, such as: Physical tests. Engineering simulations. Examinations (Walk-through). | Design review |
c_o7s2s9pfjamm | In order to evaluate automatic systems on lexical substitution, a task was organized at the Semeval-2007 evaluation competition held in Prague in 2007. A Semeval-2010 task on cross-lingual lexical substitution has also taken place. | Lexical substitution |
c_muafzt8sfa25 | In order to evaluate programs/projects, NESI has developed a technical checklist. The current version of the checklist should be used to analyze the current status of a program/project. The technical checklist is produced from the guidance details and provides public, published, consistent interpretation of NESI guidan... | NESI |
c_e34asraf0vdc | In order to evaluate the image quality, this formula is usually applied only on luma, although it may also be applied on color (e.g., RGB) values or chromatic (e.g. YCbCr) values. The resultant SSIM index is a decimal value between -1 and 1, where 1 indicates perfect similarity, 0 indicates no similarity, and -1 indica... | Structural similarity |
c_nasydpte08n8 | In order to evaluate the methods a well understood family of languages is chosen, with a reliable dataset. This family is often the IE one but others have been used. After applying the methods to be compared to the database, the resulting trees are compared with the reference tree determined by traditional linguistic m... | Quantitative comparative linguistics |
c_axp1niwx460u | In order to evaluate the outcomes of a program, the evaluator first needs to monitor the process in order to assess the implementation of the intervention. The reason for this is that many program failures are due to failures in the implementation of the program. Therefore, in order to determine whether or not the plan... | Program process monitoring |
c_ltppqcc1k9kw | In order to examine the effects of the objectification of mental content in communication using the conduit metaphor, Reddy proposes an alternate, contrasting, "radical subjectivist" conception of communication called the toolmakers paradigm. A person's mental content is in fact isolated from others'. This isolation ca... | Conduit metaphor |
c_jbfwxxtvynvw | They all contain differing amounts and types of plants, rocks, water, etc. (repertoire members). The wheel's hub has machinery that can deliver sheets of paper between sectors (communication). People use it to exchange crude blueprints (signals) for making tools, shelters, foods, etc., but they have no other contact wh... | Conduit metaphor |
c_xpyosbdgzamf | Bob finds a piece of wood for the handle, but because he lives in a rocky sector, starts making a stone rake head. (Alex had not considered wood to be unavailable or wrong for the rake head, so it was not specified.) When halfway done, Bob connects his stone head to the handle, realizes it will be heavy, and decides it... | Conduit metaphor |
c_3eioshcfn5j4 | (He infers that Alex must be either very strong or has only small rocks in his sector.) Bob decides two large prongs will make his tool lighter, thus finishing with a two-bladed pickax. He makes three identical blueprints for his pickax and drops them in the slots for Alex, Curt and Don. | Conduit metaphor |
c_tf15xa3pt696 | Alex assembles a kind of rock-pick, but must modify the design if a wooden, two-pronged head is to be strong enough. (He cannot see much use for the tool in his largely rock-free sector, sensing that Bob has misunderstood his rake.) | Conduit metaphor |
c_g9tgu7zocy9t | Alex draws a second blueprint for the rake head and sends it out as before. Curt crafts a hoe for slicing cleanly through roots to clear out a swamp. Don creates a gaff for fishing.Blueprint users (language users) in the toolmakers paradigm can converge by inference on accurate replications of others' tools (mental con... | Conduit metaphor |
c_nike1woe3767 | Using the same diagram for the conduit-metaphor paradigm instead, the hub is a duplicator that can transfer actual materials and constructions among sectors, ending the isolation. No guesswork or construction is needed: Alex puts the rake in a special chamber, pushes a button, and precise replicas appear instantly in s... | Conduit metaphor |
c_12fsqnq1f19n | In order to excite surface plasmon polaritons in a resonant manner, one can use electron bombardment or incident light beam (visible and infrared are typical). The incoming beam has to match its momentum to that of the plasmon. In the case of p-polarized light (polarization occurs parallel to the plane of incidence), t... | Surface Plasmon Resonance |
c_3lcn0yfanwdz | Electronic and magnetic surface plasmons obey the following dispersion relation: k ( ω ) = ω c ε 1 ε 2 μ 1 μ 2 ε 1 μ 1 + ε 2 μ 2 {\displaystyle k(\omega )={\frac {\omega }{c}}{\sqrt {\frac {\varepsilon _{1}\varepsilon _{2}\mu _{1}\mu _{2}}{\varepsilon _{1}\mu _{1}+\varepsilon _{2}\mu _{2}}}}} where k( ω {\displaystyle ... | Surface Plasmon Resonance |
c_2c7i1zonaen2 | In the Otto configuration, the light illuminates the wall of a glass block, typically a prism, and is totally internally reflected. A thin metal film (for example gold) is positioned close enough to the prism wall so that an evanescent wave can interact with the plasma waves on the surface and hence excite the plasmons... | Surface Plasmon Resonance |
c_p8me2abqs8ux | In order to excite the atoms, a source of radiation is required, with sufficient energy to expel tightly held inner electrons. Conventional X-ray generators are most commonly used, because their output can readily be "tuned" for the application, and because higher power can be deployed relative to other techniques. X-r... | X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy |
c_ttkt1tbdvggz | A typical tube output spectrum is shown in Figure 3. Alternatively, gamma ray sources can be used without the need for an elaborate power supply, allowing for easier use in small, portable instruments. When the energy source is a synchrotron or the X-rays are focused by an optic like a polycapillary, the X-ray beam can... | X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy |
c_y8fbs0kbusqz | In order to execute the large and complex maritime projects which were its stock in trade, Steers possessed a sizable stock of heavy equipment and vehicles. In addition to numerous cranes, floating derricks and pile drivers, this included over 50 deck scows and a fleet of 10 tugboats led by the company's "flagship" ves... | J. Rich Steers, Inc. |
c_wf6ec6n6xnb8 | In order to exhibit the metric, it is necessary to pull it back via a suitable parametrization. A parametrization of a submanifold S of M is a map U ⊂ Rm → M whose range is an open subset of S. If S has the same dimension as M, a parametrization is just the inverse of a coordinate map φ: M → U ⊂ Rm. The parametrization... | Minkowski inner product |
c_8rgnbvjclx9a | It is instructive to compare to stereographic projection for spheres. Stereographic projection σ: HnR → Rn and its inverse σ−1: Rn → HnR are given by where, for simplicity, τ ≡ ct. The (τ, x) are coordinates on Mn+1 and the u are coordinates on Rn. | Minkowski inner product |
c_nwecrafg02tn | In order to expand the acceptance of their credit and debit cards, many networks, such as Discover, JCB, UnionPay, BC Card, RuPay and TROY create alliances with other networks. | Card reciprocal agreements |
c_8vqt9powefu1 | In order to experience art or communicate information, art galleries and museums are increasingly incorporating technology, especially as it makes art and education more immersive and personalized. The Tate created the Sensorium, an art display that included all five senses. teamLab Borderless Digital Art Museum The Ra... | Tactile technology |
c_ri7knavdokrl | The audience's response becomes a crucial part of the installation, as the rainfall responds to their reactions through motorised mirrors, and in this way the audience become the subject of the artwork". Brands using digital art and interactive digital experiences to engage consumers. | Tactile technology |
c_7crbdboisqjp | Perrier, for example, had an interactive art wall for attendees to draw on. SXSW combining art, cutting-edge technology, and multi-sensory interaction. == References == | Tactile technology |
c_9y90aw6w14no | In order to explain column-level encryption it is important to outline basic database structure. A typical relational database is divided into tables that are divided into columns that each have rows of data. Whilst TDE usually encrypts an entire database, column-level encryption allows for individual columns within a ... | Database encryption |
c_nldpr75n9n1y | Firstly, the ability to encrypt individual columns allows for column-level encryption to be significantly more flexible when compared to encryption systems that encrypt an entire database such as TDE. Secondly, it is possible to use an entirely unique and separate encryption key for each column within a database. | Database encryption |
c_7uz9m9mr8c12 | This effectively increases the difficulty of generating rainbow tables which thus implies that the data stored within each column is less likely to be lost or leaked. The main disadvantage associated with column-level database encryption is speed, or a loss thereof. Encrypting separate columns with different unique key... | Database encryption |
c_fujat1l7jgh6 | In order to explain how a human views themself, two different conceptual views of self-perception exist: the individualist and collectivistic views of self. The individualistic view of self involves people's perception of themselves as a stand-alone individual. This is thought of as a somewhat permanent perception of o... | Neural basis of self |
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