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c_neu3g78f45hr | In addition, there are data points for meters and external signalling contacts. The security of data transmission is guaranteed by the establishment of a virtual private network (VPN) based on OpenVPN with SSL/TLS connections (Secure Sockets Layer, Transport Layer Security). An essential goal of VHPready is the definit... | VHPready |
c_5u8542yg5euv | In order to obtain the dispersion relation it is possible to proceed in two different ways. The first one, which is simpler from the analytic point of view, consists of applying the transverse resonance method to obtain a transverse equivalent network. According to this method, the resonance condition along a transvers... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_4ognf4fdab55 | Exploiting the well-known relation of separability which links the wavenumbers in the various directions and the frequency, it is possible to obtain the values of the longitudinal propagation constant kz for the various modes. It is supposed that the radiation losses, because actually the metallic plates have a finite ... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_pizmvzbt04c1 | Thus, one can assume the transverse equivalent network shown in Fig. 2. In it kxε and kx0 are the wavenumbers in the x transverse direction, in the dielectric and in the air, respectively; Yε and Y0 are the associated characteristic admittances of the equivalent transmission line. The presence of the metallic plates, c... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_04pkw88q0317 | As above mentioned, the wavenumbers must satisfy the separability relations. In the air region, assimilated to a vacuum, one obtains k o 2 = ( 2 π λ o ) 2 = k x o 2 + k y 2 + k z 2 = − | k x o | 2 + k y 2 + β 2 ( 1 ) {\displaystyle k_{o}^{2}=\left({\frac {2\pi }{\lambda _{o}}}\right)^{2}=k_{xo}^{2}+k_{y}^{2}+k_{z}^{2}=... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_ac7vzxvimeoz | In the dielectric region, instead, it is k 2 = k o 2 ε r = ( 2 π λ ) 2 = k x ε 2 + k y 2 + k z 2 = k x ε 2 + k y 2 + β 2 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle k^{2}=k_{o}^{2}\varepsilon _{r}=\left({\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}\right)^{2}=k_{x\varepsilon }^{2}+k_{y}^{2}+k_{z}^{2}=k_{x\varepsilon }^{2}+k_{y}^{2}+\beta ^{2}\ \ \ \ \ \ (2)} wh... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_72a5jwojz9v1 | This fact is due to the continuity conditions of the tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields, at the interface. As a consequence, one obtains the continuity of voltage and current in the equivalent transmission line. Thus the transverse resonance method automatically takes into account the boundary co... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_bb2aos4pz79f | Analyzing the possible transverse modes, in the air regions (being a < λ o 2 {\displaystyle a<{\frac {\lambda _{o}}{2}}} ) only the mode with m=0 can propagate along x; this mode is a TEM mode traveling obliquely in the xz-plane, with the non-zero field components Ey, Hx, Hz. This mode always results above cutoff, no m... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_34x61807e2ry | In the dielectric region, instead, one has λ = λ o ε r {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\lambda _{o}}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{r}}}}} . The mode with index m is above cutoff if a/λ > m/2. For example, if εr = 2.56, (polystyrene), f = 50 GHz and a = 2.7 mm, it is a/λo = 0.45 and a/λ = 0.72. | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_eowioo4fjks6 | Therefore in the dielectric region the modes with m=1 are above cutoff, while the modes with m=2 are below cutoff (1/2 < 0.72 < 1). In the NRD guide, as in the H guide, due to the presence of the dielectric strip the boundary conditions cannot be satisfied by TEM, TM or (m≠0) TE modes with reference to the longitudinal... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_1yqjtyv7nsni | Fortunately, the desired mode is a TM mode with reference to the horizontal x direction, along which the equivalent transmission line has been adopted. Therefore, according to the known expressions of the characteristic admittances of the TM modes, it is Y o = ω ε o k x o Y ε = ω ε o ε r k x ε ( 3 ) {\displaystyle Y_{o... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_ssi6jxte0u9v | The cutoff frequency fc is obtained by solving the dispersion equation for β =0. It is important to notice that, due to the presence of two dielectrics, the solution depends on frequency, that is, the value of β for any frequency cannot be simply obtained from the cutoff frequency, as it would be for one dielectric onl... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_5yu04sxvi1ys | In dual manner, TE modes with reference to x can be considered. The expressions for the characteristic admittances are in this case (μ=μo): Y o = k x o μ o ω , Y ε = k x ε μ o ω ( 5 ) {\displaystyle Y_{o}={\frac {k_{xo}}{\mu _{o}\omega }}\ \ \ ,\ \ \ \ Y_{\varepsilon }={\frac {k_{x\varepsilon }}{\mu _{o}\omega }}\ \ \ ... | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_bbgaxcm4iwkk | Then, as previously shown, the transverse resonance method allows us to easily obtain the dispersion equation for the NRD waveguide. Yet, the electromagnetic field configuration in the three regions has not been considered in details. Further information can be obtained with the method of modal expansion. | Non-Radiative Dielectric waveguide (NRD) |
c_yzszsral1n7e | In order to obtain the optical properties of heavy fermion systems, these materials have been investigated by optical spectroscopy measurements. In these experiments the sample is irradiated by electromagnetic waves with tunable wavelength. Measuring the reflected or transmitted light reveals the characteristic energie... | Heavy fermion material |
c_zqwrurozpxwi | Compared to a good metal however, heavy fermion compounds at high temperatures have a high scattering rate because of the large density of local magnetic moments (at least one f electron per unit cell), which cause (incoherent) Kondo scattering. Due to the high scattering rate, the conductivity for dc and at low freque... | Heavy fermion material |
c_4wtwzl2wfoza | Below T c o h {\displaystyle T_{\rm {coh}}} , the localized f electrons hybridize with the conduction electrons. This leads to the enhanced effective mass, and a hybridization gap develops. In contrast to Kondo insulators, the chemical potential of heavy fermion compounds lies within the conduction band. | Heavy fermion material |
c_fyfgmvewhc0p | These changes lead to two important features in the optical response of heavy fermions.The frequency-dependent conductivity of heavy-fermion materials can be expressed by σ ( ω ) = n e 2 m ∗ τ ∗ 1 + ω 2 τ ∗ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma (\omega )={\frac {ne^{2}}{m^{*}}}{\frac {\tau ^{*}}{1+\omega ^{2}\tau ^{*2}}}} , containi... | Heavy fermion material |
c_enkypdtrckhw | In order to obtain the sequences of lignocelulitic genes an accurate metagenomic analysis is done. Sequencing and assembly of the whole DNA of the sample gives the metagenome of the sample. | Fibrolytic bacterium |
c_fy51txnoyu8q | In order to obtain well structured, clean and interpretable data, raw sequencing data must be processed using bioinformatic analysis. The FASTQ file with the sequencing data contains two types of information: the sequences detected in the sample (FASTA file) and a quality file with quality scores (PHRED scores) associa... | Taxonomic resolution |
c_hag6y7eii7kw | Thus some bioinformatics pipelines simply cut the end of the sequences at a defined threshold. Some sequencing technologies, like MiSeq, use paired-end sequencing during which sequencing is performed from both directions producing better quality. | Taxonomic resolution |
c_3gzlil0475ij | The overlapping sequences are then aligned into contigs and merged. Usually, several samples are pooled in one run, and each sample is characterized by a short DNA fragment, the tag. In a demultiplexing step, sequences are sorted using these tags to reassemble the separate samples. | Taxonomic resolution |
c_6w5nd4yivsgn | Before further analysis, tags and other adapters are removed from the barcoding sequence DNA fragment. During trimming, the bad quality sequences (low PHRED scores), or sequences that are much shorter or longer than the targeted DNA barcode, are removed. The following dereplication step is the process where all of the ... | Taxonomic resolution |
c_du70zfsqba77 | After that, chimeras (i.e. compound sequences formed from pieces of mixed origin) are detected and removed. Finally, the sequences are clustered into OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units), using one of many clustering strategies. The most frequently used bioinformatic software include Mothur, Uparse, Qiime, Galaxy, Obitoo... | Taxonomic resolution |
c_9i8gcmfixnaq | In order to offer a real and well supported upgrade path for existing Mac OS code bases, Apple introduced the Carbon system. Carbon consists of many libraries and functions that offer a Mac-like API, but running on top of the underlying Unix-like OS, rather than a copy of the Mac OS running in emulation. The Carbon lib... | Carbon (API) |
c_pq2zcwa45uh3 | This allowed Carbon to support true multitasking and memory protection, features Mac developers had been requesting for a decade. Other changes from the pre-existing API removed features which were conceptually incompatible with Mac OS X, or simply obsolete. For example, applications could no longer install interrupt h... | Carbon (API) |
c_mxhuu3p79ems | In order to support Carbon, the entire Rhapsody model changed. Whereas Rhapsody would effectively be OpenStep with an emulator, under the new system both the OpenStep and Carbon API would, where possible, share common code. To do this, many of the useful bits of code from the lower-levels of the OpenStep system, writte... | Carbon (API) |
c_wwze4wzj1rdt | A version of the Yellow Box ported to call CF became the new Cocoa API, and the Mac-like calls of Carbon also called the same functions. Under the new system, Carbon and Cocoa were peers. This conversion would normally have slowed the performance of Cocoa as the object methods called into the underlying C libraries, bu... | Carbon (API) |
c_qr06vw2lgwde | In order to offer broadband directly to the home, Sprint launched a co-branded Broadband Wireless Access Point device along with Linksys, a unit of Cisco Systems. This unit allowed Sprint customers to set up a special network in a home or office computer network, connecting multiple computers or laptops wirelessly to S... | Sprint Spark |
c_lgjhvectcdbt | In order to offer satellite services in any nation-state, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations and long-standing international treaties require that landing rights be granted by each country jurisdiction, and within a country, by the national communications regulators. As a result, even though the St... | Starlink |
c_bfga802qv0wj | As of September 2022, Starlink services were on offer in 40 countries, with applications pending regulatory approval in many more.Japan's major mobile provider, KDDI, announced a partnership with SpaceX to begin offering in 2022 expanded connectivity for its rural mobile customers via 1,200 remote mobile towers.On 25 A... | Starlink |
c_s11ljigw8emm | In order to open a magnetic-coded lock, three criteria must be met: correct teething of the key, magnetic pin locations and poles of the magnetic pins. If any of these three criteria are not satisfied, the lock stays inoperable and cannot be turned. Traditional lock picking is impossible due to the tumblers being magne... | Magnetic keyed lock |
c_806ul98r9ub2 | In order to operate a marine radio transmitter on 2182 kHz, the operator must hold a GMDSS General Operating Certificate for mandatory installations, a Long Range Certificate for voluntary ones, or other equivalent and recognised radio operator's qualifications. Both these certificates have a wider syllabus than those ... | 2182 kHz |
c_005fw60tqngk | In order to operate safely, a flying car must be certified independently as both a road vehicle and an aircraft, by the respective authorities. The person controlling the vehicle must also be licensed as both driver and pilot, and the vehicle maintained according to both regimes. Mechanically, the requirements of power... | Flying car |
c_n26uacf83wc9 | On the other hand, a road vehicle must be able to withstand significant impact loads from casual incidents while stationary, as well as low-speed and high-speed impacts, and the high strength this demands can add considerable weight. A practical flying car must be both strong enough to pass road safety standards and li... | Flying car |
c_elvvutt21je4 | For widespread adoption, as envisaged in the near future, it will not be practicable for every driver to qualify as a pilot and the rigorous maintenance currently demanded for aircraft will be uneconomic. Flying cars will have to become largely autonomous and highly reliable. The density of traffic will require automat... | Flying car |
c_9k5apsn291tn | In order to operate their waste management facilities, the company must obtain and comply with the relevant environmental authorizations, from the relevant regulator. In England it is the Environment Agency (EA), and in Scotland it is the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA). Inspection reports, and reports su... | Healthcare Environmental Services |
c_4vmarvlo7uir | In order to operate, the tilting weir needs to be manually or mechanically opened and closed. Small tilting weirs are operated with hand wheels and electric motors but other methods have been employed especially for larger structures. Tilting weirs are usually controlled by human intervention but a self-regulatory tilt... | Tilting weir |
c_4cjsij8186ah | In order to optimise the usage of the machine, the machine should be kept running for as long as possible and hence should never have to wait for materials or stock, to increase productivity. This can be achieved by putting a buffer stock in place, so that the machine always has some task it can be doing. The down side... | Production bottleneck |
c_tk4qyt5n6g9e | In order to output the image to any target area (viewport) of the screen, another transformation, the Window-Viewport transformation, must be applied. This is a shift, followed by scaling. The resulting coordinates are the device coordinates of the output device. The viewport contains 6 values: height and width of the ... | Viewing transformation |
c_a34xs8cb0o8y | Formally: ( x y z ) = ( v p . X + ( 1.0 + v . X ) ∗ v p . | Viewing transformation |
c_0z70ltdakzvf | w i d t h / 2.0 v p . Y + ( 1.0 − v . Y ) ∗ v p . | Viewing transformation |
c_ftf6o61uwe02 | h e i g h t / 2.0 v p . m i n z + v . Z ∗ ( v p . | Viewing transformation |
c_ih90a5jfycma | m a x z − v p . m i n z ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}{vp}.X+(1.0+v.X)*{vp}.{width}/2.0\\{vp}.Y+(1.0-v.Y)*{vp}.{height}/2.0\\{vp}.{minz}+v.Z*({vp}.{maxz}-{vp}. {minz})\end{pmatrix}}} With vp=Viewport; v=Point after projectionOn modern hardware, most of the geometry computation... | Viewing transformation |
c_x9hrknuz4jjb | In order to overcome the disadvantages of the classical methods many approaches have been developed to simulate such flows (Hansbo 92, Harlow et al. 1965, Hirt et al. 1981, Kelecy et al. 1997, Kothe at el. 1992, Maronnier et al. 1999, Tiwari et al. 2000). A classical grid free Lagrangian method is Smoothed Particle Hyd... | Finite pointset method |
c_xkf2gux65jaq | It has since been extended to simulate the compressible Euler equations in fluid dynamics and applied to a wide range of problems, see (Monaghan 92, Monaghan et al. 1983, Morris et al. 1997). The method has also been extended to simulate inviscid incompressible free surface flows (Monaghan 94). The implementation of th... | Finite pointset method |
c_5lhgp0jn63mk | Another approach for solving fluid dynamic equations in a grid free framework is the moving least squares or least squares method (Belytschko et al. 1996, Dilts 1996, Kuhnert 99, Kuhnert 2000, Tiwari et al. 2001 and 2000). With this approach boundary conditions can be implemented in a natural way just by placing the fi... | Finite pointset method |
c_uc1lp4m19igk | Here, the membrane (or boundary) of the airbag changes very rapidly in time and takes a quite complicated shape (Kuhnert et al. 2000). Tiwari et al. (2000) performed simulations of incompressible flows as the limit of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with some stiff equation of state. This approach was first us... | Finite pointset method |
c_y7zvfj7nqgrn | The incompressible limit is obtained by choosing a very large speed of sound in the equation of state such that the Mach number becomes small. However, the large value of the speed of sound restricts the time step to be very small due to the CFL-condition. The projection method of Chorin (Chorin 68) is a widely used ap... | Finite pointset method |
c_fhclr49o9kfp | In (Tiwari et al. 2001), this method has been applied to a grid free framework with the help of the weighted least squares method. The scheme gives accurate results for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The occurring Poisson equation for the pressure field is solved by a grid free method. | Finite pointset method |
c_yo6mrlznqnir | In (Tiwari et al. 2001), it has been shown that the Poisson equation can be solved accurately by this approach for any boundary conditions. The Poisson solver can be adapted to the weighted least squares approximation procedure with the condition that the Poisson equation and the boundary condition must be satisfied on... | Finite pointset method |
c_h6ycel4xjxbe | In order to overcome the limitations of the ideal differentiator, an additional small-value capacitor C1 is connected in parallel with the feedback resistor R, which prevents the differentiator circuit from oscillating, and a resistor R1 is connected in series with the capacitor C, which limits the increase in gain to ... | Differentiator |
c_9ymydlq1gv33 | Therefore, V o V i = − s R C ( 1 + s R 1 C ) ( 1 + s R C 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {V_{o}}{V_{i}}}={\frac {-sRC}{(1+sR_{1}C)(1+sRC_{1})}}.} Hence, there occurs one zero at s = 0 {\displaystyle s=0} and two poles at s = f 1 = 1 2 π R 1 C {\displaystyle s=f_{1}={\tfrac {1}{2\pi R_{1}C}}} and s = f 2 = 1 2 π R C 1 {\dis... | Differentiator |
c_8gvhtgsb0x1l | In order to overcome the limitations set by the diffraction limit of visible light other microscopes have been designed which use other waves. Atomic force microscope (AFM) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) Transmission electron microscopy ... | Optical light microscope |
c_p76emnbzj8xa | STM and AFM are scanning probe techniques using a small probe which is scanned over the sample surface. Resolution in these cases is limited by the size of the probe; micromachining techniques can produce probes with tip radii of 5–10 nm. Additionally, methods such as electron or X-ray microscopy use a vacuum or partia... | Optical light microscope |
c_x31zb7ck8itf | The specimen chambers needed for all such instruments also limits sample size, and sample manipulation is more difficult. Color cannot be seen in images made by these methods, so some information is lost. They are however, essential when investigating molecular or atomic effects, such as age hardening in aluminium allo... | Optical light microscope |
c_zvfbo3m8bvb6 | In order to overcome the limits of basic boolean searches, information systems have attempted to classify case laws and statutes into more computer friendly structures. Usually, this results in the creation of an ontology to classify the texts, based on the way a legal professional might think about them. These attempt... | Legal information retrieval |
c_dbb5vyq5w9jm | Additionally, both of these services allow browsing of their classifications, via Westlaw's West Key Numbers or Lexis' Headnotes. Though these two search algorithms are proprietary and secret, it is known that they employ manual classification of text (though this may be computer-assisted).These systems can help overco... | Legal information retrieval |
c_cz226cjm3yvb | In order to overcome the perceived constraints of the Western canons of knowledge, proponents of knowledge decolonization call for the decolonization of various academic disciplines, including history, science and the history of science, philosophy, (in particular, epistemology), psychology, sociology, religious studie... | Decolonization of knowledge |
c_ro3fdtmwsrok | In order to overcome the pressure of low added value, enterprise's only recourse is to move towards high-value added industry trends. Mastering the key technology and key components is high added value; general manufacturing or OEM is low added value; product integration service also produce high added value. | Smiling curve |
c_xd6afud4iz27 | In order to overcome the volume size limit of FAT16, while at the same time allowing DOS real-mode code to handle the format, Microsoft designed a new version of the file system, FAT32, which supported an increased number of possible clusters, but could reuse most of the existing code, so that the conventional memory f... | VFAT patent |
c_czyamfdar3sc | In order to participate in an outpatient program, the patient generally must first obtain a physician's referral. It is recommended patients begin outpatient CR within 2–7 days following a percutaneous intervention, and 4–6 weeks after cardiac surgery. This period is often very difficult for patients due to fears of ov... | Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation |
c_mtpawaz7ikmo | A functional capacity test is usually performed both to determine if exercise is safe and to support development of a customized exercise program.Risk factors are addressed and patients goals are established; a "case-manager" who may be a cardiac-trained registered nurse, physiotherapist, or an exercise physiologist wo... | Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation |
c_sgubci7xm3ph | In order to participate in the locative aspects of fAR-Play games, users must have an Android or iOS mobile device and access to wireless internet. Players can participate in fAR-Play anonymously, or create and sign into a fAR-Play account. Those who choose to play anonymously will lose the ability to track their progr... | Far-Play |
c_pd2e6k69boxs | When signed in, the player is presented with a list of games that are currently available for play. Each game includes a brief description and the various "adventures" available to the player. Once the game has been started, the player has three different methods for capturing nodes: they may scan a QR in the physical ... | Far-Play |
c_w59skezddtjd | In order to pass from the one-dimensional case to the higher-dimensional case, the spherical rearrangement is approximated by Steiner symmetrization for which the one-dimensional argument applies directly by Fubini's theorem. | Riesz rearrangement inequality |
c_5bjvpztzt6c4 | In order to pass the Suken, you must correctly answer approximately 70% of section 1 and approximately 60% of section 2. | Suken |
c_9uilgwg3fs3m | In order to perform SEOP, it is first necessary to prepare the optical cell. Optical cells (Figure 5) are designed for the particular system in mind and glass blown using a transparent material, typically pyrex glass (borosilicate). This cell must then be cleaned to eliminate all contaminants, particularly paramagnetic... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_xwopu52cdfq5 | The inner surface of the cell is then coated to (a) serve as a protective layer for the glass in order to lessen the chance of corrosion by the alkali metal, and (b) minimize depolarization caused by the collisions of polarized gas molecules with the walls of the cell. Decreasing wall relaxation leads to longer and hig... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_8z100x1hyuho | The thickness of the SurfaSil layer is about 0.3-0.4 μm. Once evenly coated and dried, the cell is then placed in an inert environment and a droplet of alkali metal (≈200 mg) is placed in the cell, which is then dispersed to create an even coating on the walls of the cells. One method for transferring the alkali metal ... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_g42q28sph0cs | In the distillation method, the cell is connected to a glass manifold equipped to hold both pressurized gas and vacuum, where an ampoule of alkali metal is connected. The manifold and cell are vacuumed, then the ampoule seal is broken and the alkali metal is moved into the cell using the flame of a gas torch. The cell ... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_z6mt4iclwlqy | Care must be taken not to poison the cell at any stage of cell preparation (expose the cell to atmospheric air). Several cell sizes and designs have been used over the years. The application desired is what governs the design of the optical pumping cell and is dependent on laser diameter, optimization needs, and clinic... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_whhod8wp91z5 | The specific alkali metal(s) and gases are also chosen based on the desired applications. Once the cell is complete, a surface coil (or coils, depending on the desired coil type) is taped to the outside of the cell, which a) allows RF pulses to be produced in order to tip the polarized spins into the detection field (x... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_0ullt2mh9unp | A laser, tuned to the D1 line (electric-dipole transition) of the alkali metal and with a beam diameter matching the diameter of the optical cell, is then aligned with the optical flats of the cell in such a way where the entirety of the cell is illuminated by laser light to provide the largest polarization possible (F... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_j9rry3lyxu8f | Additionally, an IR iris is placed behind the mirror, providing information of laser light absorption by the alkali metal atoms. When the laser is illuminating the cell, but the cell is at room temperature, the IR iris is used to measure the percent transmittance of laser light through the cell. As the cell is heated, ... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_q6a0g86034l9 | The difference in the IR spectrum between a room temperature spectrum and a spectrum taken while the cell is heated can be used to calculate an estimated rubidium polarization value, PRb. As SEOP continues to develop and improve, there are several types of NMR coils, ovens, magnetic field generating coils, and lasers t... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_4kfknqdlvp83 | Commonly, the oven is a forced-air oven, with two faces made of glass for the laser light to pass through the cell, a removable lid, and a hole through which a hot air line is connected, which allows the cell to be heated via conduction. The magnetic field generating coils can be a pair of Helmholtz coils, used to gene... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_8xcthvt4a1j6 | In the past, laser technology was a limiting factor for SEOP, where only a couple alkali metals could be used due to the lack of, for example, cesium lasers. However, there have been several new developments, including better cesium lasers, higher power, narrower spectral width, etc. which are allowing the reaches of S... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_8dlssj2mxwh5 | Nevertheless, there are several key features required. Ideally, the laser should be continuous wave to ensure the alkali metal and noble gas remains polarized at all times. In order to induce this polarization, the laser light must be circularly polarized in the direction which allows the electrons to become spin polar... | Hyperpolarization (physics) |
c_a05hwibw2dll | In order to perform SNP genotyping, Hardenbol et al. modified padlock probes such that when the probe is hybridized to the genomic target, there is a gap at the SNP position. Gap filling using a nucleotide that is complementary to the nucleotide at the SNP location determines the identity of the polymorphism. This desi... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_u20v5sbtamg8 | In addition, with this design, bad probes affect all genotypes at a given locus equally. For instance, since MIP probes can assay multiple genotypes at a particular genomic locus, if the probe for a given locus does not work (e.g. fails to properly hybridize to the genomic target), none of the genotypes at this locus w... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_o1vv1ecr40j8 | Thus, a bad padlock probe will only affect the detection of the specific genotype that the probe is designed to detect whereas a bad MIP probe will affect all genotypes at the locus. Using MIP, one avoids potential incorrect SNP calling since if the probe designed to assay a given locus does not work, no data is genera... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_47jpunfw9sn5 | In their procedure, Hardenbol et al. assayed more than 1000 SNP loci simultaneously in a single tube where the tube contained more than 1000 probes with distinct designs. The pool of probes was aliquoted into four tubes for four different reactions. In each reaction, a distinct nucleotide (A, T, C or G) was used for ga... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_p10no90fvpum | Only when the nucleotide at the SNP locus was complementary to the applied nucleotide would the gap be closed by ligation and the probe be circularized. Identification of the captured SNPs was performed on genotyping arrays where each spot on the array contained sequences complementary to the locus-specific tags in the... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_ypj4uhe8kliy | The results were found to be similar in terms of SNP call rate and signal-to-noise ratio.In a recent report, this group successfully increased the level of multiplexing to simultaneously assay more than 10,000 SNP loci, using 12,000 distinct probes. The study examined SNP polymorphisms in 30 trio samples (each trio con... | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_ai4qiu8vugak | Trio concordance rate has been found to be > 99.6%. In addition, a set of MIP-specific performance metrics was developed. This work set the framework for high-throughput SNP genotyping in the HapMap project. | Molecular Inversion Probe |
c_cfdzh4y27kfw | In order to perform a dynamic simulation with such a network it is necessary to construct an ordinary differential equation system that describes the rates of change in each metabolite's concentration or amount. To this end, a rate law, i.e., a kinetic equation that determines the rate of reaction based on the concentr... | Metabolic network modelling |
c_mny5udmkni80 | Often these rate laws contain kinetic parameters with uncertain values. In many cases it is desired to estimate these parameter values with respect to given time-series data of metabolite concentrations. The system is then supposed to reproduce the given data. | Metabolic network modelling |
c_zyp3tl3ppiwj | For this purpose the distance between the given data set and the result of the simulation, i.e., the numerically or in few cases analytically obtained solution of the differential equation system is computed. The values of the parameters are then estimated to minimize this distance. One step further, it may be desired ... | Metabolic network modelling |
c_eal4jnxx6qcd | In order to perform a profitability analysis, all costs of an organisation have to be allocated to output units by using intermediate allocation steps and drivers. This process is called costing. When the costs have been allocated, they can be deducted from the revenues per output unit. | Profitability analysis |
c_fly5bsqrp7bi | The remainder shows the unit margin of a product, client, location, channel or transaction. After calculating the profit per unit, managers or decision makers can use the outcome to substantiate management decisions. Managers can decide to stop selling loss making products, to reduce costs for loss making customers or ... | Profitability analysis |
c_xl3wopgwefgf | In order to perform an invasive test or surgery it is important that the procedure, as with any medical procedure, should be performed in a sterile environment, such as a well-equipped operating room or intensive care unit. Careful attention must be given to the timing of procedures. Early diagnosis will result in more... | Invasive test |
c_va1x37lbh88n | In order to perform geometric phase analysis, a computer tool is needed. Firstly, because manual evaluation of transforms between spatial and frequential domain would be highly impractical. Secondly, a vector of crystallographic plane is an important input parameter and the analysis is sensitive to the accuracy of its ... | Geometric phase analysis |
c_eglys8asallk | Therefore, the accuracy and repeatability of the analysis can be increased by an automated localization of diffraction spots. The required functionalities are available in crystallographic suite CrysTBox. It offers an interactive implementation geometric phase analysis called gpaGUI. Within gpaGUI, it is possible to in... | Geometric phase analysis |
c_qceemsseevx7 | In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion. This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning. | Galileo Galilei |
c_cyn1r2noy98p | In order to perform measurements of the altitude of the sun, a back observation quadrant was developed.With such a quadrant, the observer viewed the horizon from a sight vane (C in the figure on the right) through a slit in the horizon vane (B). This ensured the instrument was level. The observer moved the shadow vane ... | Quadrant (instrument) |
c_w9o6u4z2zx7o | In order to perform the test, a sufficient sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. To prepare the sample, the aggregate should be mixed thoroughly and be reduced to a suitable size for testing. The total mass of the sample is also required. | Sieve analysis |
c_9s5hft1rbrt7 | In order to perform the test, the patient lies prone (face-down) on an examination table and flexes their knee to a ninety degree angle. The examiner then places his or her own knee across the posterior aspect of the patient's thigh. The tibia is then compressed onto the knee joint while being externally rotated. If th... | Apley grind test |
c_tb8cbt37oqvn | In order to perform well in the International Physics Olympiad, the Korean Physical Society holds the Korean Physical Olympiad, and through the operation of the winter school, KPS discovers gifted students and educates them to contribute to the development of mathematics, science, and engineering in South Korea. Also, ... | Korean Physics Olympiad |
c_vy9vepy462js | In order to permit direct measurement of waveforms it was necessary for the recording device to use a very low-mass measurement system that can move with sufficient speed to match the motion of the actual waves being measured. This was done with the development of the moving-coil oscillograph by William Duddell which i... | History of the oscilloscope |
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