text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
Struvite stones are also known as magnesium ammonium phosphate stones due to their chemical composition - MgNH4PO4·6H2O. Often there is a small amount of calcium phosphate present. They form at a neutral to alkaline pH of the urine. Bacterial infections contribute to their formation by increasing the pH of the urine th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
More than 90 percent of dogs with struvite stones have an associated urease-producing bacterial infection in the urinary tract, but in cats struvite stones usually form in sterile urine. The appearance of the stones vary from large solitary stones to multiple smaller stones. They can assume the shape of the bladder or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Dissolution of the struvite stones depends on acidification of the urine through diet or urinary acidifiers. Special diets for dissolution also have reduced protein, phosphorus, and magnesium, as well as increased salt to increase water consumption and dilute the urine. The diet needs to be fed exclusively, but it can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Contraindications to this diet include heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, pancreatitis, hypertension (high blood pressure), and hypoalbuminemia (low serum albumin). Prevention of struvite stones is with a similar diet with milder restrictions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Certain dog breeds are predisposed to struvite stones, including Miniature Schnauzers, Bichon Frises, and Cocker Spaniels. They are the most commonly reported bladder stone in female dogs and in ferrets (pregnant ferrets may be especially predisposed). For frequency in cats, see below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Calcium oxalate stones form in an acidic to neutral urine. Two types naturally occur, calcium oxalate monohydrate, or whewellite (CaC2O4·H2O), and calcium oxalate dihydrate, or weddellite (CaC2O4·2H2O). Their appearance can be rough, smooth, spiculated (needle-like), or jackstone. Calcium oxalate stones form more readi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Hypercalcaemia results in hypercalciuria, which can also be caused by Cushing's syndrome or hyperparathyroidism. There is no recommended diet to dissolve calcium oxalate stones. For prevention a diet low in protein and oxalates and high in magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium is recommended. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Increased dietary magnesium and phosphorus decreases the amount of calcium in the urine, and increased dietary calcium reduces absorption of oxalates from the intestines. Potassium citrate has been recommended to prevent calcium oxalate stone formation because it forms a soluble complex with oxalates and promotes the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Calcium oxalate stones are also common in domestic rabbits. Rabbits are prone to hypercalciuria due to intestinal absorption of calcium not being dependent on vitamin D and a high fractional urinary excretion of calcium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
The urine will appear thick and creamy or sometimes sandy. Small stones and sand can be removed using urohydropropulsion. Prevention is through reducing calcium intake by feeding more hay and less commercial rabbit pellets, and by not using mineral supplements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
The Minnesota Urolith Center at the University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine has done detailed analysis of uroliths from animals since 1981 and has noted changing trends in feline uroliths. In 1981, struvite stones were the most common type in cats, making up 78 percent of submitted samples, with only 2 p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
These modifications predisposed to calcium oxalate crystal formation. However, in 2004, struvite stones once again surpassed calcium oxalate stones 44.9 percent to 44.3 percent, and in 2006, 50 percent of stones were struvite and 39 percent were calcium oxalate. This may have been due to the increased use of diets desi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Urate (C5H4N4O3) stones, usually ammonium urate (NH4·C5H4N4O3) or sodium urate monohydrate (Na·C5H4N4O3×H2O), form in an acidic to neutral urine. They are usually small, yellow-brown, smooth stones. Urate stones form due to an increased excretion of uric acid in the urine. Dalmatians (especially males) and to a lesser ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Dalmatians have a decreased rate of urate hepatic transport, leading to only about 30 to 40 percent conversion of urate to allantoin, compared with greater than 90 percent conversion in other breeds. Dogs with portosystemic shunts or endstage liver disease also have increased uric acid excretion in the urine due to red... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Cystine ((SCH2CHNH2COOH)2) stones form in an acidic to neutral urine. They are usually smooth and round. They are caused by increased urine excretion of cystine (a relatively insoluble amino acid) in dogs with a defect in renal tubule reabsorption of cystine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Dietary reduction of protein and alkalinization of the urine may help prevent formation. Medications such as D-penicillamine and 2-MPG contain thiol, which forms a soluble complex with cystine in the urine. Dog breeds possibly predisposed to formation of cystine stones include Bulldogs, Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Chihu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Calcium phosphate, also known as hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), stones form in neutral to alkaline urine. They are usually smooth and round. Calcium phosphate is usually a component of struvite or calcium oxalate stones and is infrequently a pure stone. They form more readily with hypercalcaemia. Dog breeds possibly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Silicate (SiO2) stones form in acidic to neutral urine. They are usually jackstone in appearance. There is possibly an increased incidence associated with dogs on diets that have a large amount of corn gluten or soybean hulls. Dog breeds possibly predisposed include German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Ret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Reasons for treatment of bladder stones include recurring symptoms and risk of urinary tract obstruction. Some stones, including struvite and urate stones, can be dissolved using dietary modifications and/or medications. Calcium oxalate stones are not able to be dissolved and must be surgically removed. Small stones in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Urohydropropulsion is performed under sedation by filling the bladder with saline through a catheter, holding the dog vertically, and squeezing the bladder to expel the stones through the urethra. Bladder stones can be removed surgically by a cystotomy, which is a small incision into the bladder to scoop out the stones... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
In male dogs with recurrent urinary tract obstruction a scrotal urethrostomy creates a permanent opening in the urethra proximal to the area where most stones lodge, behind the os penis. In male cats, stones lodge where the urethra narrows in the penis. Recurrent cases can be treated surgically with a perineal urethros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_stone_(animal) |
Medicine, Science and the Law is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering forensic medicine and science. It was established in 1960 and was originally published by Sweet & Maxwell; it is now published by SAGE Publications. It has been the official journal of the British Academy of Forensic Sciences since the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine,_Science_and_the_Law |
Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) is an international non-profit trade association dedicated to advancing responsible aquaculture. Established in 1997, GAA works with industry, the NGO community, governments, academia and the investment community. GAA has published best management practice for water pollution for aquac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Aquaculture_Alliance |
In economics, the Laffer curve illustrates a theoretical relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of the government's tax revenue. The Laffer curve assumes that no tax revenue is raised at the extreme tax rates of 0% and 100%, meaning that there is a tax rate between 0% and 100% that maximizes go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Particularly in the United States, conservatives have used the Laffer curve to argue that lower taxes may increase tax revenue. However, the hypothetical maximum revenue point of the Laffer curve for any given market cannot be observed directly and can only be estimated—such estimates are often controversial. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
According to The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, estimates of revenue-maximizing income tax rates have varied widely, with a mid-range of around 70%.The Laffer curve was popularized in the United States with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rums... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Laffer states that he did not invent the concept, citing numerous antecedents, including the Muqaddimah by 14th-century Islamic scholar Ibn Khaldun, John Maynard Keynes and Adam Smith. Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury from 1921 to 1932, articulated a similar policy idea in 1924.Laffer's name began to be associa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Cheney did not accept the idea immediately, but it caught the imaginations of those present. Laffer professes no recollection of this napkin, but writes: "I used the so-called Laffer Curve all the time in my classes and with anyone else who would listen to me".Economist John Quiggin distinguishes between the Laffer cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
There are historical precedents other than those cited by Laffer. Ferdinando Galiani wrote in Della Moneta (1751) that "It is an enormous error ... to believe that an impost always yields more revenue as it becomes heavier". He gave the example of a toll on late-night entry to a town which would be less remunerative if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
An analysis of actual collection rates has indicated that areas with higher rates did collect a lesser proportion of the tax due.The Democratic party embraced this argument in the 1880s when high revenue from import tariffs raised during the Civil War (1861–1865) led to federal budget surpluses. The Republican party, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Exercising his understanding that "73% of nothing is nothing", he pushed for the reduction of the top income tax bracket from 73% to an eventual 24% (as well as tax breaks for lower brackets). Mellon was one of the wealthiest people in the United States, the third-highest income-tax payer in the mid-1920s, behind John ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Treasury Department his wealth peaked at around US$300–400 million. Personal income tax receipts rose from US$719 million in 1921 to over US$1 billion in 1929, an average increase of 4.2% per year over an 8-year period, which supporters attribute to the rate cut.In 2012, economists surveyed by the University of Chicago... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
One of the conceptual uses of the Laffer curve is to determine the rate of taxation that will raise the maximum revenue (in other words, "optimizing" revenue collection). The revenue maximizing tax rate should not be confused with the optimal tax rate, which economists use to describe tax rates in a tax system that rai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
In the early 1980s, Edgar L. Feige and Robert T. McGee developed a macroeconomic model from which they derived a Laffer curve. According to the model, the shape and position of the Laffer Curve depend upon the strength of supply side effects, the progressivity of the tax system and the size of the unobserved economy. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
A 1981 article published in the Journal of Political Economy presented a model integrating empirical data that indicated that the point of maximum tax revenue in Sweden in the 1970s would have been 70%. A 2011 study by Trabandt and Uhlig published in the Journal of Monetary Economics estimated a 70% revenue maximizing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The Laffer curve has also been extended to taxation of goods and services. In their 2018 Econometrica paper, Miravete, Seim, and Thurk, show that in non-competitive markets, the strategic pricing response of firms is important to consider when estimating the Laffer curve. The authors show that firms increase their pric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
In 2005, the United States Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a paper called "Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates." This paper considered the impact of a stylized reduction of 10% in the then existing marginal rate of federal income tax in the US (for example, if... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
In other words, deficits would increase by nearly the same amount as the tax cut in the first five years, with limited feedback revenue thereafter. Through increased budget deficits, the tax cuts primarily benefiting the wealthy will be paid for—plus interest—by taxes borne relatively evenly by all taxpayers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The paper points out that these projected shortfalls in revenue would have to be made up by federal borrowing: the paper estimates that the federal government would pay an extra US$200 billion in interest over the decade covered by the paper's analysis. In 2019, economists at the Joint Committee on Taxation revisited t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Following the reduction of the top rate of income tax in the UK from 50% to 45% in 2013, HMRC estimated the cost of the tax reduction to be about £100 million (out of an income for this group of around £90 billion), but with large uncertainty on both sides. Robert Chote, the chairman of the UK Office for Budget Respons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Laffer has presented the examples of Russia and the Baltic states, which instituted a flat tax with rates lower than 35% around the same time that their economies started growing. He has similarly referred to the economic outcome of the Kemp-Roth tax cuts, the Kennedy tax cuts, the 1920s tax cuts, and the changes in US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Laffer was paid $75,000 to advise in the creation of Brownback's tax cut plan, and gave Brownback his full endorsement, stating that what Brownback was doing was "truly revolutionary." The state, which had previously had a budget surplus, experienced a budget deficit of about $200 million in 2012. Drastic cuts to state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Supply-side economics rose in popularity among Republican Party politicians from 1977 onwards. Prior to 1977, Republicans were more split on tax reduction, with some worrying that tax cuts would fuel inflation and exacerbate deficits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Supply-side economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that overall economic well-being is maximized by lowering the barriers to producing goods and services (the "Supply Side" of the economy). By lowering such barriers, consumers are thought to benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at low... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The Laffer curve and supply-side economics inspired Reaganomics and the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut of 1981. Supply-side advocates of tax cuts claimed that lower tax rates would generate more tax revenue because the United States government's marginal income tax rates prior to the legislation were on the right-hand side of the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's budget director during his first administration and one of the early proponents of supply-side economics, was concerned that the administration did not pay enough attention to cutting government spending. He maintained that the Laffer curve was not to be taken literally—at least not in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The way they talked, they seemed to expect that once the supply-side tax cut was in effect, additional revenue would start to fall, manna-like, from the heavens. Since January, I had been explaining that there is no literal Laffer curve." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Stockman also said that "Laffer wasn't wrong, he just didn't go far enough" (in paying attention to government spending).Some have criticized elements of Reaganomics on the basis of equity. For example, economist John Kenneth Galbraith believed that the Reagan administration actively used the Laffer curve "to lower tax... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Critics also point out that since the Reagan tax cuts, income has not significantly increased for the rest of the population. This assertion is supported by studies that show the income of the top 1% nearly doubling during the Reagan years, while income for other income levels increased only marginally; income actually... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that extending the Bush tax cuts of 2001–2003 beyond their 2010 expiration would increase deficits by $1.8 trillion over the following decade. Economist Paul Krugman contended that supply-side adherents did not fully believe that the United States income tax rate was on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Supply-side economics indicates that the simple descriptions of the Laffer curve are usually intended for pedagogical purposes only and do not represent the complex economic responses to tax policy which may be observed from such viewpoints as provided by supply-side economics. Although the simplified Laffer curve is u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Laffer explains the model in terms of two interacting effects of taxation: an "arithmetic effect" and an "economic effect". The "arithmetic effect" assumes that tax revenue raised is the tax rate multiplied by the revenue available for taxation (or tax base). Thus revenue R is equal to t × B where t is the tax rate and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The "economic effect" assumes that the tax rate will affect the tax base itself. At the extreme of a 100% tax rate, the government collects zero revenue because taxpayers change their behavior in response to the tax rate: either they lose their incentive to work, or they find a way to avoid paying taxes. Thus, the "eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
If this is the case, then somewhere between 0% and 100% lies a tax rate that will maximize revenue. Graphical representations of the curve sometimes appear to put the rate at around 50%, if the tax base reacts to the tax rate linearly, but the revenue-maximizing rate could theoretically be any percentage greater than 0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The effect of changes in tax can be cased in terms of elasticities, where the revenue-maximizing elasticity of the tax base with respect to the tax is equal to 1. This is done by differentiating R with respect to t and grouping terms to reveal that the rate of change of R with respect to t is equal to the sum of elasti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The problem is similar to that of the monopolist who must never increase prices beyond the point at which the elasticity of demand exceeds one in absolute value. Wanniski noted that all economic activity would be unlikely to cease at 100% taxation, but it would switch from the exchange of money to barter. He also noted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
While the interaction between tax rates and tax revenue is generally accepted, the precise nature of this interaction is debated. In practice, the shape of a hypothetical Laffer curve for a given economy can only be estimated. The relationship between tax rate and tax revenue is likely to vary from one economy to anoth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Even in the same economy, the characteristics of the curve could vary over time. Complexities such as progressive taxes and possible differences in the incentive to work for different income groups complicate the task of estimation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
The structure of the curve may also be changed by policy decisions. For example, if tax loopholes and tax shelters are made more readily available by legislation, the point at which revenue begins to decrease with increased taxation is likely to become lower. Laffer presented the curve as a pedagogical device to show t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Supply-siders argue that in a high tax rate environment, lowering tax rates would result in either increased revenues or smaller revenue losses than one would expect relying on only static estimates of the previous tax base.This led supply-siders to advocate large reductions in marginal income and capital gains tax rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Laffer assumes that the government's revenue is a continuous function of the tax rate. However, in some theoretical models, the Laffer curve can be discontinuous, leading to an inability to devise a revenue-maximizing tax rate solution. Additionally, the Laffer curve depends on the assumption that tax revenue is used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
In addition, revenue may well be a multivalued function of tax rate; for instance, an increase in tax rate to a certain percentage may not result in the same revenue as a decrease in tax rate to the same percentage (a kind of hysteresis). Furthermore, the Laffer curve does not take explicitly into account the nature of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve |
Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882), who went by his middle name Waldo, was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, abolitionist, and poet, who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and critical thinking, as well as a prescient critic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Following this work, he gave a speech entitled "The American Scholar" in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. considered to be America's "intellectual Declaration of Independence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
"Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first and then revised them for print. His first two collections of essays, Essays: First Series (1841) and Essays: Second Series (1844), represent the core of his thinking. They include the well-known essays "Self-Reliance", "The Over-Soul", "Circles", "The Poet"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Together with "Nature", these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emerson's most fertile period. Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical tenets, but developing certain ideas such as individuality, freedom, the ability for mankind to realize almost anything, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson is one of several figures who "took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world. "He remains among the linchpins of the American romantic movement, and his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers and poets that followed him. "In all my lectures," he wrote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 25, 1803, a son of Ruth Haskins and the Rev. William Emerson, a Unitarian minister. He was named after his mother's brother Ralph and his father's great-grandmother Rebecca Waldo. Ralph Waldo was the second of five sons who survived into adulthood; the others were Willi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Three other children—Phoebe, John Clarke, and Mary Caroline—died in childhood. Emerson was entirely of English ancestry, and his family had been in New England since the early colonial period, with Emerson being a seventh generation descendant of Mayflower voyagers John Howland and Elizabeth Tilley through their daught... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
She lived with the family off and on and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863.Emerson's formal schooling began at the Boston Latin School in 1812, when he was nine. In October 1817, at age 14, Emerson went to Harvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel and aunt Sarah Ripley in Waltham, Massachusetts. By his senior year, Emerson decided to go by his middle name, Waldo. Emerson served as Class Poet; as was custom, he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He did not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of his class of 59 people. In the early 1820s, Emerson was a teacher at the School for Young Ladies (which was run by his brother William). He would next spend two years living in a cabin in the Canterbury section of Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In his honor, this area is now called Schoolmaster Hill in Boston's Franklin Park.In 1826, faced with poor health, Emerson went to seek a warmer climate. He first went to Charleston, South Carolina, but found the weather was still too cold. He then went farther south to St. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Augustine, Florida, where he took long walks on the beach and began writing poetry. While in St. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Augustine he made the acquaintance of Prince Achille Murat, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Murat was two years his senior; they became good friends and enjoyed each other's company. The two engaged in enlightening discussions of religion, society, philosophy, and government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson considered Murat an important figure in his intellectual education.While in St. Augustine, Emerson had his first encounter with slavery. At one point, he attended a meeting of the Bible Society while a slave auction was taking place in the yard outside. He wrote, "One ear therefore heard the glad tidings of gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
After Harvard, Emerson assisted his brother William in a school for young women established in their mother's house, after he had established his own school in Chelmsford, Massachusetts; when his brother William went to Göttingen to study law in mid-1824, Ralph Waldo closed the school but continued to teach in Cambridg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Although he recovered his mental equilibrium, he died in 1834, apparently from long-standing tuberculosis. Another of Emerson's bright and promising younger brothers, Charles, born in 1808, died in 1836, also of tuberculosis, making him the third young person in Emerson's innermost circle to die in a period of a few ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
The couple moved to Boston, with Emerson's mother, Ruth, moving with them to help take care of Ellen, who was already ill with tuberculosis. Less than two years after that, on February 8, 1831, Ellen died, at the age of 20, after uttering her last words: "I have not forgotten the peace and joy". Emerson was heavily aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In a journal entry dated March 29, 1832, he wrote, "I visited Ellen's tomb & opened the coffin".Boston's Second Church invited Emerson to serve as its junior pastor, and he was ordained on January 11, 1829. His initial salary was $1,200 per year (equivalent to $32,978 in 2022), increasing to $1,400 in July, but with hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
The profession is antiquated. In an altered age, we worship in the dead forms of our forefathers". His disagreements with church officials over the administration of the Communion service and misgivings about public prayer eventually led to his resignation in 1832. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
As he wrote, "This mode of commemorating Christ is not suitable to me. That is reason enough why I should abandon it". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
As one Emerson scholar has pointed out, "Doffing the decent black of the pastor, he was free to choose the gown of the lecturer and teacher, of the thinker not confined within the limits of an institution or a tradition". Emerson toured Europe in 1833 and later wrote of his travels in English Traits (1856). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He left aboard the brig Jasper on Christmas Day, 1832, sailing first to Malta. During his European trip, he spent several months in Italy, visiting Rome, Florence and Venice, among other cities. When in Rome, he met with John Stuart Mill, who gave him a letter of recommendation to meet Thomas Carlyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He went to Switzerland and had to be dragged by fellow passengers to visit Voltaire's home in Ferney, "protesting all the way upon the unworthiness of his memory". He then went on to Paris, a "loud modern New York of a place", where he visited the Jardin des Plantes. He was greatly moved by the organization of plants a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
As Robert D. Richardson says, "Emerson's moment of insight into the interconnectedness of things in the Jardin des Plantes was a moment of almost visionary intensity that pointed him away from theology and toward science".Moving north to England, Emerson met William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Thomas Carly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson returned to the United States on October 9, 1833, and lived with his mother in Newton, Massachusetts. In October 1834, he moved to Concord, Massachusetts, to live with his step-grandfather, Dr. Ezra Ripley, at what was later named The Old Manse. Given the budding Lyceum movement, which provided lectures on all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
On November 5, 1833, he made the first of what would eventually be some 1,500 lectures, "The Uses of Natural History", in Boston. This was an expanded account of his experience in Paris. In this lecture, he set out some of his important beliefs and the ideas he would later develop in his first published essay, "Nature"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
I wish to learn this language, not that I may know a new grammar, but that I may read the great book that is written in that tongue. On January 24, 1835, Emerson wrote a letter to Lydia Jackson proposing marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Her acceptance reached him by mail on the 28th. In July 1835, he bought a house on the Cambridge and Concord Turnpike in Concord, Massachusetts, which he named Bush; it is now open to the public as the Ralph Waldo Emerson House. Emerson quickly became one of the leading citizens in the town. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He gave a lecture to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the town of Concord on September 12, 1835. Two days later, he married Jackson in her hometown of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and moved to the new home in Concord together with Emerson's mother on September 15.Emerson quickly changed his wife's name to Lidian, and w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Edward Waldo Emerson was the father of Raymond Emerson. Ellen was named for his first wife, at Lidian's suggestion. He hired Sophia Foord to educate his children.Emerson was poor when he was at Harvard, but was later able to support his family for much of his life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He inherited a fair amount of money after his first wife's death, though he had to file a lawsuit against the Tucker family in 1836 to get it. He received $11,600 in May 1834 (equivalent to $340,035 in 2022), and a further $11,674.49 in July 1837 (equivalent to $301,945 in 2022). In 1834, he considered that he had an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
On September 8, 1836, the day before the publication of Nature, Emerson met with Frederic Henry Hedge, George Putnam, and George Ripley to plan periodic gatherings of other like-minded intellectuals. This was the beginning of the Transcendental Club, which served as a center for the movement. Its first official meeting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson invited Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Hoar, and Sarah Ripley for dinner at his home before the meeting to ensure that they would be present for the evening get-together. Fuller would prove to be an important figure in transcendentalism. Emerson anonymously sent his first essay, "Nature", to James Munroe and Compan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
A year later, on August 31, 1837, he delivered his now-famous Phi Beta Kappa address, "The American Scholar", then entitled "An Oration, Delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge"; it was renamed for a collection of essays (which included the first general publication of "Nature") in 1849. Friends urged ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
James Russell Lowell, who was a student at Harvard at the time, called it "an event without former parallel on our literary annals". Another member of the audience, Reverend John Pierce, called it "an apparently incoherent and unintelligible address".In 1837, Emerson befriended Henry David Thoreau. Though they had like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
The question went on to be a lifelong inspiration for Thoreau. Emerson's own journal was published in 16 large volumes, in the definitive Harvard University Press edition issued between 1960 and 1982. Some scholars consider the journal to be Emerson's key literary work.In March 1837, Emerson gave a series of lectures o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
This was the first time he managed a lecture series on his own, and it was the beginning of his career as a lecturer. The profits from this series of lectures were much larger than when he was paid by an organization to talk, and he continued to manage his own lectures often throughout his lifetime. He eventually gave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Louis, Des Moines, Minneapolis, and California.On July 15, 1838, Emerson was invited to Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School, to deliver the school's graduation address, which came to be known as the "Divinity School Address". Emerson discounted biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.