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His comments outraged the establishment and the general Protestant community. He was denounced as an atheist and a poisoner of young men's minds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to put forward a defense. He was not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty years.The transcendental group began to publish its flagship journal, The Dial, in July 1840. They planned the journal as early as October 1839, but did not begin work o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Unitarian minister George Ripley was the managing editor. Margaret Fuller was the first editor, having been approached by Emerson after several others had declined the role. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Fuller stayed on for about two years, when Emerson took over, using the journal to promote talented young writers including Ellery Channing and Thoreau.In 1841 Emerson published Essays, his second book, which included the famous essay "Self-Reliance". His aunt called it a "strange medley of atheism and false independen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson wrote of his grief in the poem "Threnody" ("For this losing is true dying"), and the essay "Experience". In the same month, William James was born, and Emerson agreed to be his godfather. Bronson Alcott announced his plans in November 1842 to find "a farm of a hundred acres in excellent condition with good buil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Charles Lane purchased a 90-acre (36 ha) farm in Harvard, Massachusetts, in May 1843 for what would become Fruitlands, a community based on Utopian ideals inspired in part by transcendentalism. The farm would run based on a communal effort, using no animals for labor; its participants would eat no meat and use no wool ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Even so, he did not feel Fruitlands would be a success. "Their whole doctrine is spiritual", he wrote, "but they always end with saying, Give us much land and money". Even Alcott admitted he was not prepared for the difficulty in operating Fruitlands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
"None of us were prepared to actualize practically the ideal life of which we dreamed. So we fell apart", he wrote. After its failure, Emerson helped buy a farm for Alcott's family in Concord which Alcott named "Hillside".The Dial ceased publication in April 1844; Horace Greeley reported it as an end to the "most origi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
This collection included "The Poet", "Experience", "Gifts", and an essay entitled "Nature", a different work from the 1836 essay of the same name. Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and much of the rest of the country. He had begun lecturing in 1833; by the 1850s he was giving as many as 80 lect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He addressed the Boston Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and the Gloucester Lyceum, among others. Emerson spoke on a wide variety of subjects, and many of his essays grew out of his lectures. He charged between $10 and $50 for each appearance, bringing him as much as $2,000 in a typical winter lecture seas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
This was more than his earnings from other sources. In some years, he earned as much as $900 for a series of six lectures, and in another, for a winter series of talks in Boston, he netted $1,600. He eventually gave some 1,500 lectures in his lifetime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
His earnings allowed him to expand his property, buying 11 acres (4.5 ha) of land by Walden Pond and a few more acres in a neighboring pine grove. He wrote that he was "landlord and water lord of 14 acres, more or less".Emerson was introduced to Indian philosophy through the works of the French philosopher Victor Cousi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He was strongly influenced by Vedanta, and much of his writing has strong shades of nondualism. One of the clearest examples of this can be found in his essay "The Over-soul": We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul of the whole; the wise silence; the universal beauty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not only self-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, the moon, the animal, the tree;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
"In 1847–48, he toured the British Isles. He also visited Paris between the French Revolution of 1848 and the bloody June Days. When he arrived, he saw the stumps of trees that had been cut down to form barricades in the February riots. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
On May 21, he stood on the Champ de Mars in the midst of mass celebrations for concord, peace and labor. He wrote in his journal, "At the end of the year we shall take account, & see if the Revolution was worth the trees." The trip left an important imprint on Emerson's later work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
His 1856 book English Traits is based largely on observations recorded in his travel journals and notebooks. Emerson later came to see the American Civil War as a "revolution" that shared common ground with the European revolutions of 1848.In a speech in Concord, Massachusetts on May 3, 1851, Emerson denounced the Fugi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
I will not obey it. In February 1852 Emerson and James Freeman Clarke and William Henry Channing edited an edition of the works and letters of Margaret Fuller, who had died in 1850. Within a week of her death, her New York editor, Horace Greeley, suggested to Emerson that a biography of Fuller, to be called Margaret an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Published under the title The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, Fuller's words were heavily censored or rewritten. The three editors were not concerned about accuracy; they believed public interest in Fuller was temporary and that she would not survive as a historical figure. Even so, it was the best-selling biography... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson responded positively, sending Whitman a flattering five-page letter in response. Emerson's approval helped the first edition of Leaves of Grass stir up significant interest and convinced Whitman to issue a second edition shortly thereafter. This edition quoted a phrase from Emerson's letter, printed in gold lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Ralph Waldo Emerson, in the summer of 1858, would venture into the great wilderness of upstate New York. Joining him were nine of the most illustrious intellectuals ever to camp out in the Adirondacks to connect with nature: Louis Agassiz, James Russell Lowell, John Holmes, Horatio Woodman, Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, Jeff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Stillman was born and grew up in Schenectady which was just south of the Adirondack mountains. He would later travel there to paint the wilderness landscape and to fish and hunt. He would share his experiences in this wilderness to the members of the Saturday Club, raising their interest in this unknown region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
James Russell Lowell and William Stillman would lead the effort to organize a trip to the Adirondacks. They would begin their journey on August 2, 1858, traveling by train, steamboat, stagecoach, and canoe guide boats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
News that these cultured men were living like "Sacs and Sioux" in the wilderness appeared in newspapers across the nation. This would become known as the "Philosophers Camp".This event was a landmark in the nineteenth-century intellectual movement, linking nature with art and literature. Although much has been written ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Yet, his epic poem "Adirondac" reads like a journal of his day-to-day detailed description of adventures in the wilderness with his fellow members of the Saturday Club. This two-week camping excursion (1858 in the Adirondacks) brought him face to face with a true wilderness, something he spoke of in his essay "Nature",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson was staunchly opposed to slavery, but he did not appreciate being in the public limelight and was hesitant about lecturing on the subject. In the years leading up to the Civil War, he did give a number of lectures, however, beginning as early as November 1837. A number of his friends and family members were mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He voted for Abraham Lincoln in 1860, but was disappointed that Lincoln was more concerned about preserving the Union than eliminating slavery outright. Once the American Civil War broke out, Emerson made it clear that he believed in immediate emancipation of the slaves.Around this time, in 1860, Emerson published The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In these essays Emerson strongly embraced the idea of war as a means of national rebirth: "Civil war, national bankruptcy, or revolution, more rich in the central tones than languid years of prosperity. "Emerson visited Washington, D.C, at the end of January 1862. He gave a public lecture at the Smithsonian on January... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
The next day, February 1, his friend Charles Sumner took him to meet Lincoln at the White House. Lincoln was familiar with Emerson's work, having previously seen him lecture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson's misgivings about Lincoln began to soften after this meeting. In 1865, he spoke at a memorial service held for Lincoln in Concord: "Old as history is, and manifold as are its tragedies, I doubt if any death has caused so much pain as this has caused, or will have caused, on its announcement." Emerson also met ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson delivered his eulogy. He often referred to Thoreau as his best friend, despite a falling-out that began in 1849 after Thoreau published A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Another friend, Nathaniel Hawthorne, died two years after Thoreau, in 1864. Emerson served as a pallbearer when Hawthorne was buried... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Starting in 1867, Emerson's health began declining; he wrote much less in his journals. Beginning as early as the summer of 1871 or in the spring of 1872, he started experiencing memory problems and suffered from aphasia. By the end of the decade, he forgot his own name at times and, if asked how he felt, would respond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Part of his California visit included a trip to Yosemite, and while there he met a young and unknown John Muir, a signature event in Muir's career.Emerson's Concord home caught fire on July 24, 1872. He called for help from neighbors and, giving up on putting out the flames, all tried to save as many objects as possibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Donations were collected by friends to help the Emersons rebuild, including $5,000 gathered by Francis Cabot Lowell, another $10,000 collected by LeBaron Russell Briggs, and a personal donation of $1,000 from George Bancroft. Support for shelter was offered as well; though the Emersons ended up staying with family at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
He left on October 23, 1872, along with his daughter Ellen, while his wife Lidian spent time at the Old Manse and with friends. Emerson and his daughter Ellen returned to the United States on the ship Olympus along with friend Charles Eliot Norton on April 15, 1873. Emerson's return to Concord was celebrated by the tow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In late 1874, Emerson published an anthology of poetry entitled Parnassus, which included poems by Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Julia Caroline Dorr, Jean Ingelow, Lucy Larcom, Jones Very, as well as Thoreau and several others. Originally, the anthology had been prepared as early as the fall of 1871, but it was delayed when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Old age has rushed on me in the last year, and tied my tongue, and hid my memory, and thus made it a duty to stay at home." The New York Times quoted his reply and noted that his regrets were read aloud at the celebration. Holmes wrote of the problem saying, "Emerson is afraid to trust himself in society much, on accou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
It is painful to witness his embarrassment at times".On April 21, 1882, Emerson was found to be suffering from pneumonia. He died six days later. Emerson is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. He was placed in his coffin wearing a white robe given by the American sculptor Daniel Chester French. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson's religious views were often considered radical at the time. He believed that all things are connected to God and, therefore, all things are divine. Critics believed that Emerson was removing the central God figure; as Henry Ware Jr. said, Emerson was in danger of taking away "the Father of the Universe" and le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson was partly influenced by German philosophy and Biblical criticism. His views, the basis of Transcendentalism, suggested that God does not have to reveal the truth, but that the truth could be intuitively experienced directly from nature. When asked his religious belief, Emerson stated, "I am more of a Quaker th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
I believe in the 'still, small voice', and that voice is Christ within us. "Emerson was a supporter of the spread of community libraries in the 19th century, having this to say of them: "Consider what you have in the smallest chosen library. A company of the wisest and wittiest men that could be picked out of all civil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson did not become an ardent abolitionist until 1844, though his journals show he was concerned with slavery beginning in his youth, even dreaming about helping to free slaves. In June 1856, shortly after Charles Sumner, a United States Senator, was beaten for his staunch abolitionist views, Emerson lamented that h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
... Wonderful the way in which we are saved by this unfailing supply of the moral element". After Sumner's attack, Emerson began to speak out about slavery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
"I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom", he said at a meeting at Concord that summer. Emerson used slavery as an example of a human injustice, especially in his role as a minister. In early 1838, provoked by the murder of an abolitionist publisher from Alton, Illinois, named Elijah Parish Lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
As he said, "It is but the other day that the brave Lovejoy gave his breast to the bullets of a mob, for the rights of free speech and opinion, and died when it was better not to live". John Quincy Adams said the mob-murder of Lovejoy "sent a shock as of any earthquake throughout this continent". However, Emerson maint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
By August 1, 1844, at a lecture in Concord, he stated more clearly his support for the abolitionist movement: "We are indebted mainly to this movement, and to the continuers of it, for the popular discussion of every point of practical ethics".Emerson is often known as one of the most liberal democratic thinkers of his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Many critics believe that it was his views on race that inhibited him from becoming an abolitionist earlier in his life and also inhibited him from being more active in the antislavery movement. Much of his early life, he was silent on the topic of race and slavery. Not until he was well into his 30s did Emerson begin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In a journal entry written in 1822, Emerson wrote about a personal observation: "It can hardly be true that the difference lies in the attribute of reason. I saw ten, twenty, a hundred large lipped, lowbrowed black men in the streets who, except in the mere matter of language, did not exceed the sagacity of the elephan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
And in comparison with the highest orders of men, the Africans will stand so low as to make the difference which subsists between themselves & the sagacious beasts inconsiderable. "As with many supporters of slavery, during his early years, Emerson seems to have thought that the faculties of African slaves were not equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson wrote later that year that "No ingenious sophistry can ever reconcile the unperverted mind to the pardon of Slavery; nothing but tremendous familiarity, and the bias of private interest". Emerson saw the removal of people from their homeland, the treatment of slaves, and the self-seeking benefactors of slaves a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In a speech given in 1835 titled "Permanent Traits of the English National Genius", he said, "The inhabitants of the United States, especially of the Northern portion, are descended from the people of England and have inherited the traits of their national character". He saw direct ties between race based on national i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
His idea of race was based on a shared culture, environment, and history. He believed that native-born Americans of English descent were superior to European immigrants, including the Irish, French, and Germans, and also as being superior to English people from England, whom he considered a close second and the only re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Emerson's racial views were closely related to his views on nationalism and national superiority, which was a common view in the United States at that time. Emerson used contemporary theories of race and natural science to support a theory of race development. He believed that the current political battle and the curre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Such conflicts were necessary for the dialectic of change that would eventually allow the progress of the nation. In much of his later work, Emerson seems to allow the notion that different European races will eventually mix in America. This hybridization process would lead to a superior race that would be to the advan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
As a lecturer and orator, Emerson—nicknamed the Sage of Concord—became the leading voice of intellectual culture in the United States. James Russell Lowell, editor of the Atlantic Monthly and the North American Review, commented in his book My Study Windows (1871), that Emerson was not only the "most steadily attractiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Notable thinkers who recognize Emerson's influence include Nietzsche and William James, Emerson's godson. There is little disagreement that Emerson was the most influential writer of 19th-century America, though these days he is largely the concern of scholars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau and William James were all positive Emersonians, while Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry James were Emersonians in denial—while they set themselves in opposition to the sage, there was no escaping his influence. To T. S. Eliot, Emerson's essays were an "encumbrance". Waldo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In The Western Canon, Bloom compares Emerson to Michel de Montaigne: "The only equivalent reading experience that I know is to reread endlessly in the notebooks and journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American version of Montaigne." Several of Emerson's poems were included in Bloom's The Best Poems of the English Lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In May 2006, 168 years after Emerson delivered his "Divinity School Address", Harvard Divinity School announced the establishment of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship. Harvard has also named a building, Emerson Hall (1900), after him. The Emerson String Quartet, formed in 1976, took their nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Collections Essays: First Series (1841) Essays: Second Series (1844) Poems (1847) Nature, Addresses and Lectures (1849) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856) The Conduct of Life (1860) May-Day and Other Pieces (1867) Society and Solitude (1870) Natural History of the Intellect: the last lectures of Ralph Wald... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Ralph Waldo Emerson papers, 1814–1867 (25 boxes) are housed at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University Finding aid to Ralph Waldo Emerson letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Ralph Waldo Emerson additional papers, 1852–1898 (.5 linear feet) are housed at Houghton Library a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
Ralph Waldo Emerson lectures and sermons, c. 1831–1882 (10 linear feet) are housed at Houghton Library at Harvard University. Ralph Waldo Emerson letters to Charles King Newcomb, 1842 March 18 – 1, 858 July 25 (22 items) are housed at the Concord Public Library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson |
In neo-Freudian psychoanalysis, the Electra complex, as proposed by Carl Jung in his Theory of Psychoanalysis, is a girl's psychosexual competition with her mother for possession of her father. In the course of her psychosexual development, the complex is the girl's phallic stage; a boy's analogous experience is the Oe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Hence, women and men who are fixated in the Electra and Oedipal stages of their psychosexual development might be considered "father-fixated" and "mother-fixated". The idea of the Electra complex is not widely used by mental health professionals today. There is little empirical evidence for it, as the theory's predicti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
As a psychoanalytic term for daughter–mother psychosexual conflict, the Electra complex derives from the Greek mythological character Electra, who plotted matricidal revenge with Orestes, her brother, against Clytemnestra, their mother, and Aegisthus, their stepfather, for their murder of Agamemnon, their father (cf. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
The psychodynamic nature of the daughter–mother relationship in the Electra complex derives from penis envy, caused by the mother, who also caused the girl's castration; however, upon re-aligning her sexual attraction to her father (heterosexuality), the girl represses the hostile female competition, for fear of losing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Consequently, the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon her father, and thus progresses to heterosexual femininity, which culminates in bearing a child who replaces the absent penis. Moreover, after the phallic stage, the girl's psychosexual development includes transferring her primary erogenous zone from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
A 1921 study of patients at a New York state mental hospital, On the Prognostic Significance of the Mental Content in Manic-Depressive Psychosis, reported that of 31 manic-depressive patients studied, 22 (70%) had been diagnosed with an Electra complex; and that 12 of the 22 patients had regressed to early stages of ps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Some purported examples of the Electra complex in literature come from psychoanalytic literary criticism and archetypal literary criticism, which flourished in the mid-twentieth century. These theories attempt to identify universal symbols in literature theorized to represent patterns in the human psyche. Psychoanalyti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
According to psychoanalytic literary criticism, fiction affords people the opportunity to identify with the protagonists of fantastic stories depicting what might be if they could act upon their desires. Often, in aid to promoting social conformity, the myth, story, stage play, or film presents a story meant to frighte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
American poet Sylvia Plath (1932–1963) acknowledged that the poem Daddy (1962) is about a woman, afflicted with an unresolved Electra complex, who conflates her dead father and derelict husband in dealing with having been emotionally abandoned. Her biographers noted a psychologic irony about the life of the poet Plath:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
On their self-titled album, the alternative music group Ludo have a song titled, "Electra's Complex". Welsh singer Marina and The Diamonds released her sophomore album Electra Heart in 2012, with themes revolving around the Electra complex. In 2021, electronic musician Arca released Electra Rex as a preview for her alb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Because of their similarity, the Electra complex is exposed to much of the criticism that the Oedipus complex has faced, including a lack of empirical evidence and an apparent inapplicability to single parent or same-sex parent households. In addition, it was later rejected by Freud himself, and some of its implication... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
There is very little scientific evidence for the reality of the Electra complex. The predictions of the theory are not substantiated by experiment. The Electra complex is not widely accepted among modern mental health professionals and is not listed in current versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Author Florence Rush has accused the female Oedipus complex of being a tool to cover up sexual abuse of children by their parents, particularly by their fathers. Rush writes that when Freud's female patients told him of being abused as children, he first took them seriously, resulting in Freud's seduction theory that m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Freud was critical of the premise behind Jung's idea, writing in 1931 "It is only in the male child that we find the fateful combination of love for the one parent and simultaneous hatred for the other as a rival. ": 9 Though at other times he seems to accept the premise of the Electra complex. Freud never made clear h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
A number of authors have observed that Freud's theories were based on men and then extended to women as an afterthought, with the result that they fit women poorly. For example, the idea that women want to have a penis or believe they have been castrated appears to assume that women feel like defective men. This phallo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
The idea that women must give up clitoral sexual stimulation to be psychologically healthy is contradicted by evidence.Some feminist authors reexamine or appropriate Freud's ideas to make their points about the sexism in the female Oedipus complex. For example, Hélène Cixous's 1976 play Portrait of Dora reconstructs th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electra_complex |
Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
However, there are various ways to define pop culture. Because of this, popular culture is something that can be defined in a variety of conflicting ways by different people across different contexts. It is generally viewed in contrast to other forms of culture such as folk culture, working-class culture, or high cultu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
In the past, folk culture functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations.The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, popular culture was associated with poor education and with the lower classes, as opposed to the "official culture" and higher e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Reading also gained traction. Labelling penny dreadfuls the Victorian equivalent of video games, The Guardian in 2016 described penny fiction as "Britain's first taste of mass-produced popular culture for the young". A growing consumer culture and an increased capacity for travel via the newly invented railway (the fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
The first penny serials were published in the 1830s to meet the growing demand.The stress on the distinction from "official culture" became more pronounced towards the end of the 19th century, a usage that became established by the interbellum period.From the end of World War II, following major cultural and social cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
According to author John Storey, there are various definitions of popular culture. The quantitative definition of culture has the problem that too much "high culture" (e.g., television dramatizations of Jane Austen) is also "popular." "Pop culture" is also defined as the culture that is "leftover" when we have decided ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
A third definition equates pop culture with "mass culture" and ideas. This is seen as a commercial culture, mass-produced for mass consumption by mass media. From a Western European perspective, this may be compared to American culture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Alternatively, "pop culture" can be defined as an "authentic" culture of the people, but this can be problematic as there are many ways of defining the "people." Storey argued that there is a political dimension to popular culture; neo-Gramscian hegemony theory "... sees popular culture as a site of struggle between th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Storey claims that popular culture emerged from the urbanization of the Industrial Revolution. Studies of Shakespeare (by Weimann, Barber, or Bristol, for example) locate much of the characteristic vitality of his drama in its participation in Renaissance popular culture, while contemporary practitioners like Dario Fo ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
For example, certain currents of pop culture may originate from, (or diverge into) a subculture, representing perspectives with which the mainstream popular culture has only limited familiarity. Items of popular culture most typically appeal to a broad spectrum of the public. Important contemporary contributions for un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Within the realm of popular culture, there exists an organizational culture. From its beginning, popular culture has revolved around classes in society and the push-back between them. Within popular culture, there are two levels that have emerged, high and low. High culture can be described as art and works considered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Adaptations based on traditional folklore provide a source of popular culture. This early layer of cultural mainstream still persists today, in a form separate from mass-produced popular culture, propagating by word of mouth rather than via mass media, e.g. in the form of jokes or urban legends. With the widespread use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Popular culture in the West has been critiqued for its being a system of commercialism that privileges products selected and mass-marketed by the upper-class capitalist elite; such criticisms are most notable in many Marxist theorists such as Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, bell hooks, Antonio Gramsci,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
The most influential critiques of popular culture came from Marxist theorists of the Frankfurt School during the twentieth century. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer analysed the dangers of the culture industry in their influential work the Dialectic of Enlightenment by drawing upon the works of Kant, Marx, Nietzsche a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Adorno wrote, "The industry bows to the vote it has itself rigged". It is the elite who commodify products in accordance with their narrow ideological values and criteria, and Adorno argues that the audience becomes accustomed to these formulaic conventions, making intellectual contemplation impossible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Adorno's work has had a considerable influence on culture studies, philosophy and the New Left.Writing in the New Yorker in 2014, music critic Alex Ross, argued that Adorno's work has a renewed importance in the digital age: "The pop hegemony is all but complete, its superstars dominating the media and wielding the eco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
He argued that the commodities of the culture industry are "popular" because they are homogenous and obey standard conventions; the media then influences the tastes of children. In his analysis of Harry Potter's global brand, Zipes wrote, "It must conform to the standards of exception set by the mass media and promoted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
According to John M. MacKenzie, many products of popular culture have been designed to promote imperialist ideologies and to glorify the British upper classes rather than present a democratic view of the world. Although there are many films which do not contain such propaganda, there have been many films that promote r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
bell hooks, an influential feminist, argues that commercial commodities and celebrities cannot be symbols of progressiveness when they collaborate with imperialist capitalism and promote ideals of beauty; hooks uses Beyoncé as an example of a commodity reinforced by capitalist corporations complicit in imperialism and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky critiqued the mass media in their 1988 work Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. They argue that mass media is controlled by a powerful hegemonic elite who are motivated by their own interests that determine and manipulate what information is present in the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
According to the postmodern sociologist Jean Baudrillard, the individual is trained into the duty of seeking the relentless maximisation of pleasure lest he or she become asocial. Therefore, "enjoyment" and "fun" become indistinguishable from the need to consume. Whereas the Frankfurt School believed consumers were pas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
Although the consumption may arise from an active choice, the choice is still the consequence of a social conditioning which the individual is unconscious of. Baudrillard says, "One is permanently governed by a code whose rules and meaning—constraints—like those of language—are, for the most part, beyond the grasp of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture |
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