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This suggested that the frequency of sharing grows in relation to the intensity of the emotions felt when listening. In a second study, Christophe et Rimé proposed to subjects to recall an emotional experience according to an intensity level given (low, moderate, high). In this study, when emotional intensity was rated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
This again confirmed that the more intense emotions were after hearing an account of an emotional experience, the greater the propensity for secondary social sharing. Moreover, for 41% of cases, secondary social sharing occurred the very same day as the primary social sharing situation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Yet secondary sharing is not necessarily a short-lived occurrence; participants reported that they sometimes still talked about the episode several times, and sometimes talked about it several months later. It is important to point out that the secondary social sharing is not limited to negative emotional episodes, but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Social sharing of emotions can and does extend beyond just the secondary level. The original subject might share the experience (primary social sharing) with 5 other people. These people in turn share the experience (secondary social sharing) with more people, possibly 3–4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
According to one study, these ‘tertiary’ individuals will again share the experience with 2 or 3 people, at least in 64% of cases. In total, 5 people are implicated by primary social sharing, then 18 more people by secondary social sharing, and finally 30 additional people by tertiary social sharing, summing to over 50... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Despite the fact that in certain situations people share personal or emotional information with non-intimate others, data shows that the target of the social sharing is usually a close relative or an intimate other, about 85% of the time. However, a paradox arises when considering the secondary social sharing of emotio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Through a series of studies, a classification of the recipient's general behaviors and responses during social sharing of emotions was created. Five general classes of behaviors have been identified: Social support: attempts at comforting, expressing unconditional support, showing empathy and understanding Physical ges... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Further studies tried to understand the behaviors and roles of each person during the interaction through a series of three studies. In the first two experiments, subjects were invited to watch a short film (non-emotional, moderate and intense emotional conditions) while their partner (a real friend) was given a non-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
During this time, their conversation was recorded in order to analyze it for any manifestations of social sharing. In these studies, the duration of social sharing was significantly higher in the intense emotion condition than in the non-emotional and moderate emotion conditions, and was the only condition in which soc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
In the second experiment, the social sharing tended to decline as time passed, but the intense emotion condition elicited significantly more sharing during the first two minutes that the subjects were together. The findings again suggest that intensity of the emotion and the extent of sharing are not linked monotonical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Targets’ expressions predominantly consisted of "giving information" and "expressing feelings" about the movie, thereby conforming to the formal definition of the social sharing of emotion. On the other hand, the partners’ comments were found to be brief and to consist mainly of requests for further information and exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
According to Luminet et al. these results suggest that social sharing fulfills informational goals as well as emotional ones. For the third study, subjects were invited to watch a short film and to answer some questionnaires two days later. The goal of this study was to determine whether the same social sharing occurs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
The results showed once again that a higher level of sharing results from exposure to the intense emotion condition. The findings observed in the first two experiments were therefore reproduced in this third study, despite the different method of measuring social sharing. Together, these results strongly suggest that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
According to Rimé, if the social sharing experience is a pleasant one, it could help to strengthen socio-affective links between the two people. As seen in the diagram, social sharing can result in reciprocal affection between the two people involved, and can play an obvious role in attachment. When the social sharing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
The phenomenon of the social sharing of emotions extends beyond just the realm of psychology; it also has been considered in the context of anthropology. Because an emotional episode is shared with a group of people, it becomes part of a shared knowledge within that group. As discussed above, knowledge of an event expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
In the simplest terms, collective memory can be understood as the memory of a group of people, and is usually associated with the passing of that memory from generation to generation. However, there are many nuances to this idea; it must also be considered in terms of the processes of remembering and forgetting events.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Furthermore, the more intense the emotional event is, the more rapid the diffusion should be and should reach more people in a shorter amount of time. This is especially true for events that are shared via mass media, such as newspapers, magazines, television, internet, etc. In this case, the collective memory is no lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Besides the propagation of a single person's emotional event, many people can simultaneously experience a single national emotional event, such as the disappearing of an important person. Such an event also becomes part of a collectively shared memory. However, each person still has their own personal memory of the eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
While some emotional events, like the one described above, are experienced concurrently by many people as a matter of chance, others are sometimes purposefully created within and between a group of people. Social sharing behaviors incite a socio-affective dynamic between the involved persons and according to several st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
People possess an inherent ensemble of basic beliefs about themselves, others, the world, etc. Such “naïve theories” are what compose our symbolic universe. One's symbolic universe is part of a socially shared knowledge, transmitted principally as a result of education and social communication, with a large emphasis on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
It is very important for people to maintain a sense of stability within such a system of beliefs, so they have a natural psychological motivation to try to protect these beliefs. Because such beliefs have a fundamentally social origin, their revalidation can only be legitimized through a social consensus. Along these l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Primary social sharing of emotions involves “repeated reproduction”, where the same individuals report their memories of an episode on several different occasions. Secondary social sharing involves a different process in which recalled information is transmitted through a chain of people. During social sharing, origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
Thus, in secondary social sharing of emotion, people are likely to process the emotional information they are exposed to through the filter of their preexisting beliefs and views (i.e. their symbolic universe). When people encounter events and information that fits into these beliefs, those events and information tend ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions |
In neuroscience, predictive coding (also known as predictive processing) is a theory of brain function which postulates that the brain is constantly generating and updating a "mental model" of the environment. According to the theory, such a mental model is used to predict input signals from the senses that are then co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Theoretical ancestors to predictive coding date back as early as 1860 with Helmholtz's concept of unconscious inference. Unconscious inference refers to the idea that the human brain fills in visual information to make sense of a scene. For example, if something is relatively smaller than another object in the visual f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
In 1981, McClelland and Rumelhart in their seminal paper examined the interaction between processing features (lines and contours) which form letters, which in turn form words. While the features suggest the presence of a word, they found that when letters were situated in the context of a word, people were able to ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
In the late 1990s, the idea of top-down and bottom-up processing was translated into a computational model of vision by Rao and Ballard. Their paper demonstrated that there could be a generative model of a scene (top-down processing), which would receive feedback via error signals (how much the visual input varied from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
In 2004, Rick Grush proposed a model of neural perceptual processing according to which the brain constantly generates predictions based on a generative model (what Grush called an ‘emulator’), and compares that prediction to the actual sensory input. The difference, or ‘sensory residual’ would then be used to update t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
The emulation framework was also shown to be hierarchical, with modality-specific emulators providing top-down expectations for sensory signals as well as higher-level emulators providing expectations of the distal causes of those signals. Grush applied the theory to visual perception, visual and motor imagery, languag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Most of the research literature in the field has been about sensory perception, particularly vision, which is more easily conceptualized. However, the predictive coding framework could also be applied to different neural systems. Taking the sensory system as an example, the brain solves the seemingly intractable proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Constrained by the statistical regularities of the outside world (and certain evolutionarily prepared predictions), the brain encodes top-down generative models at various temporal and spatial scales in order to predict and effectively suppress sensory inputs rising up from lower levels. A comparison between prediction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
This is also the reason for what is nowadays called confirmation bias or what might historically be prejudice (although the latter has more negative connotations) since it better fits one's individual experience accumulated so far and supports consistency. Therefore, this turns out to be rather a disadvantage in today'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Expectations about the precision (or inverse variance) of incoming sensory input are crucial for effectively minimizing prediction error in that the expected precision of a given prediction error can inform confidence in that error, which influences the extent to which the error is weighted in updating predictions. Giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
The same principle of prediction error minimization has been used to provide an account of behavior in which motor actions are not commands but descending proprioceptive predictions. In this scheme of active inference, classical reflex arcs are coordinated so as to selectively sample sensory input in ways that better f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Evaluating the empirical evidence that suggests a neurologically plausible basis for predictive coding is a broad and varied task. For one thing, and according to the model, predictive coding occurs at every iterative step in the perceptual and cognitive processes; accordingly, manifestations of predictive coding in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
This section will focus on specific evidence as it relates to the predictive coding phenomenon, rather than analogues, such as homeostasis (which are, nonetheless, integral to our overall understanding of Bayesian inference but already supported heavily; see Clark for a review). Much of the early work that applied a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
It is important to note that these neurons must also carry properties of error detection; which class of neurons has these properties is still up for debate. These sort of neurons have found support in superficial and non-superficial pyramidal neurons. At a more whole-brain level, there is evidence that different corti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
These cortical layers, divided into granular, agranular, and dysgranular, which house the subpopulations of neurons mentioned above, are divided into 6 main layers. The cytoarchitecture within these layers are the same, but they differ across layers. For example, layer 4 of the granular cortex contain granule cells whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
According to one model: “...prediction neurons... in deep layers of agranular cortex drive active inference by sending sensory predictions via projections ...to supragranular layers of dysgranular and granular sensory cortices. Prediction-error neurons ….in the supragranular layers of granular cortex compute the differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
The empirical evidence for predictive coding is most robust for perceptual processing. As early as 1999, Rao and Ballard proposed a hierarchical visual processing model in which higher-order visual cortical area sends down predictions and the feedforward connections carry the residual errors between the predictions and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
There have been several competing models for the role of predictive coding in interoception. In 2013, Anil Seth proposed that our subjective feeling states, otherwise known as emotions, are generated by predictive models that are actively built out of causal interoceptive appraisals. In relation to how we attribute int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
This is especially necessary because, to create these attributions, our multimodal sensory systems need interoceptive predictions to organize themselves. Therefore, Ondobaka posits that predictive coding is key to understanding other people's internal states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
In 2015, Lisa Feldman Barrett and W. Kyle Simmons proposed the Embodied Predictive Interoception Coding model, a framework that unifies Bayesian active inference principles with a physiological framework of corticocortical connections. Using this model, they posited that agranular visceromotor cortices are responsible ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
In a predictive coding model, Barrett hypothesizes that, in interoception, our brains regulate our bodies by activating "embodied simulations" (full-bodied representations of sensory experience) to anticipate what our brains predict that the external world will throw at us sensorially and how we will respond to it with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Every time a new experience arises, our brains use this past trial-error-adjust history to match the new experience to one of the categories of accumulated corrected simulations that it shares the most similarity with. Then, they apply the corrected simulation of that category to the new experience in the hopes of prep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
As a mechanistic theory, predictive coding has not been mapped out physiologically on the neuronal level. One of the biggest challenges to the theory has been the imprecision of exactly how prediction error minimization works. In some studies, the increase in BOLD signal has been interpreted as error signal while in ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
Another challenge that has been posed is predictive coding's computational tractability. According to Kwisthout and van Rooij, the subcomputation in each level of the predictive coding framework potentially hides a computationally intractable problem, which amounts to “intractable hurdles” that computational modelers h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive_coding |
National Open University (NOU; Chinese: 國立空中大學) is an open university in Luzhou District, New Taipei, Taiwan. The university offers undergraduate, postgraduate and professional courses in various fields of study such as Arts, Management Sciences, Education, Health Sciences, Law, Agriculture, and Social Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Open_University |
The National Open University was founded on 1 August 1986, and its opening ceremony took place in November of the same year. Initially, the university conducted entrance examinations, but these were abolished in 1997. The classes were initially delivered through a dedicated radio station, and later expanded to include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Open_University |
National Open University is headed by a president. The University contain six academic departments. Department of Business Department of Liberal Arts Department of Living Sciences Department of Management and Information Department of Public Administration Department of Social Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Open_University |
Chen Fu-hai, Magistrate of Kinmen County Wang Chien-fa, Magistrate of Penghu County (2005–2014) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Open_University |
NOU is accessible within walking distance South East from Luzhou Station of Taipei Metro. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Open_University |
The International Congress of Orientalists, initiated in Paris in 1873, was an international conference of Orientalists (initially mostly scholars from Europe and the USA). The first thirteen meetings were held in Europe; the fourteenth congress was held in Algiers in 1905 and some of the subsequent conferences were al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
1st International Congress of Orientalists – Paris, 1873 2nd International Congress of Orientalists – London, 1874 3rd International Congress of Orientalists – St Petersburg, 1876 4th International Congress of Orientalists – Florence, 1878 5th International Congress of Orientalists – Berlin, 1881 6th International Cong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
2nd – Report of the proceedings of the second International Congress of Orientalists held in London, 1874 (London, Trübner, 1874). The Rosetta Stone was viewed. 4th – Atti del IV congresso internazionale degli orientalisti. Tenuto in Firenze nel settembre 1878. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
(Firenze, 1881.) 6th – Bulletin du sixième Congrès international des orientalistes. Leide, 1883 (Leyden? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
1883). 9th – Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists. Held in London, 1892. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
Edited by E. Delmar Morgan. (London, 1893). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
10th – Report of the Transliteration Committee, about the transliteration of the Arabic, Sanskrit and Pali alphabets. Held in Geneva, 1894. 14th – Actes du XIVe Congrès international des orientalistes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
Alger, 1905 (Paris, 1906–08). 17th – Proceedings of the seventeenth International congress of orientalists, Oxford, 1928 (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1968). 22nd – Proceedings of the Twenty Second Congress of Orientalists held in Istanbul, September 15 to 22, 1951. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
Edited by Zeki Velidi Togan (Istanbul, 1953-). 23rd – Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists: Cambridge, 21–28 August 1954, ed. Denis Sinor (Nendeln/Liechtenstein: Kraus, 1974). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
26th – Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth International Congress of Orientalists: New Delhi 4–10 January 1964, ed. R N Dandekar (Poona Bhandarkar Oriental Research Inst. 1970). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
27th – Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Congress of Orientalists. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 13–19 August 1967. Ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
by Denis Sinor with the assistance of Tania Jacques, Ralph Larson, Mary-Elizabeth Meek (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971). 28th – Proceedings of the 28 International Congress of Orientalists, Canberra, 6–12 January 1971, edited by A R Davis (Sydney: University of Sydney/Department of Oriental Studies, cop. 1976). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Orientalists |
Edward Soja uses the term fractal city to describe the "metropolarities" and the restructured social mosaic of today's urban landscape or "postmetropolis". In his book, Postmetropolis: Critical Studies of Cities and Regions, he discusses how the contemporary American city has become far more complex than the familiar u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
William Wilson's location theory tries to give an explanation for the widening poverty and inequality gap. With rise of new technologies in recent decades, the new communication methods have allowed us to process and transmit information over great distances. This has, in a sense, destroyed distance. Distance no longer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
As a result, many businesses have relocated out of the inner city to the suburbs. Sadly, this leaves many ethnic communities stranded in the deindustrialized inner city. They are unable to take part in the sudden shift to information-based and service-based industry jobs. Both Edward Soja and Saskia Sassen have written... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
Soja uses Los Angeles as evidence that social inequalities and polarizations in American society have in fact been increasing, which partly due to globalization and economic restructuring. He describes the "ethnic quilt" of L.A., "a heterogeneous mosaic of new and old ethnicities". In this, he discusses ethnic niches a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
Many parts of Los Angeles have experienced rapid demographic transformations in recent decades. Some neighborhoods have been "shifting from 80 percent white in 1965 to, in many areas, over 90 percent Latino today." Soja concludes by stating that "... Los Angeles remains one of the most segregated urban regions in the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
Soja urges us, in political struggles, to look beyond the simple equality politics of class, race and gender. Instead, we should look to "more cross-cutting and inclusive foundations of solidarity, collective consciousness, and coalition building". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_city |
MLOps or ML Ops is a paradigm that aims to deploy and maintain machine learning models in production reliably and efficiently. The word is a compound of "machine learning" and the continuous development practice of DevOps in the software field. Machine learning models are tested and developed in isolated experimental s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
Similar to DevOps or DataOps approaches, MLOps seeks to increase automation and improve the quality of production models, while also focusing on business and regulatory requirements. While MLOps started as a set of best practices, it is slowly evolving into an independent approach to ML lifecycle management. MLOps appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
MLOps is a paradigm, including aspects like best practices, sets of concepts, as well as a development culture when it comes to the end-to-end conceptualization, implementation, monitoring, deployment, and scalability of machine learning products. Most of all, it is an engineering practice that leverages three contribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
The challenges of the ongoing use of machine learning in applications were highlighted in a 2015 paper. The predicted growth in machine learning included an estimated doubling of ML pilots and implementations from 2017 to 2018, and again from 2018 to 2020.Reports show a majority (up to 88%) of corporate machine learnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
Machine Learning systems can be categorized in eight different categories: data collection, data processing, feature engineering, data labeling, model design, model training and optimization, endpoint deployment, and endpoint monitoring. Each step in the machine learning lifecycle is built in its own system, but requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
There are a number of goals enterprises want to achieve through MLOps systems successfully implementing ML across the enterprise, including: Deployment and automation Reproducibility of models and predictions Diagnostics Governance and regulatory compliance Scalability Collaboration Business uses Monitoring and managem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLOps |
Spanish is a Romance language which developed from Vulgar Latin in central areas of the Iberian peninsula and has absorbed many loanwords from other Romance languages like French, Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese, and Italian. Spanish also has lexical influences from Arabic and from Paleohispanic languages such as Iberian,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
As Spanish went through its first stages of development in Spain, it probably received influences from neighbouring Romance languages, and also from Basque, which is a language isolate and thus completely unrelated to Spanish in origin. Umbrian and Oscan influences have also been postulated for the Roman colonization p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Two specific types of lenition, the voicing of voiceless consonants and the elision of voiced consonants (both of which are discussed at greater length below), are the phonological changes of Spanish that are most often attributed to the influence of Celtic languages; they have also been attributed to the influence of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Many Castilians who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns of Muslim Iberia were of Basque lineage and this is evidenced by many place names throughout Spain. The change from Latin 'f-' to Spanish 'h-' was once commonly ascribed to the influence of Basque speakers for a few reasons. The change fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
The claim is that the Basque language lacked the sound and thus substituted it with , the closest thing to in that language. There are some difficulties with attributing this change to Basque, however. There is no hard evidence that medieval Basque did or did not have an sound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Presumably early borrowings of forms with initial into Basque were usually received as or (e.g. FESTA > Basque pesta or besta, depending on the dialect), rather than . Adding to this is the fact that the f-to-h lenition is not peculiar to Spanish. In fact, the change from to is one of the most common phonological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
According to the explanations that negate or downplay Basque influence, the change occurred in the affected dialects wholly independent of each other as the result of internal change (i.e. linguistic factors, not outside influence). It is also possible that the two forces worked in concert and reinforced each other. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Spain was controlled by the Visigoths between the 5th and 8th centuries. However, the influence of the Gothic language (an East Germanic language) on Spanish was minimal because the invaders were already somewhat Romanized, were secluded in the upper echelons of society, and generally did not intermarry with the native... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
The originally adjectivizing suffix -engo (Germanic -ing), as in abolengo 'ancestry' (cf. abuelo 'grandfather'), abadengo 'abbatial', realengo 'belonging to the Crown', camarlengo 'chamberlain'. Perhaps the originally patronymic surname suffixes in -z (as in Díaz, Pérez, López, Ruiz, Muñoz, etc.) is from numerous Latin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
A few words of Gothic origin, e.g., ganso 'goose' (← *gans), rueca 'distaff' (← *rokko), tascar 'to beat hemp or flax' (← *taskōn), triscar 'to set, tease' (← þriskan 'to thresh'), ataviar 'to attire, adorn' (← *attaujan 'to mend').Although Germanic languages by most accounts affected the phonological development very ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
In 711 AD, most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Arabic-speaking Muslims, who had recently also conquered a large part of northwest Africa. Loanwords from Arabic thus entered Castilian from a very early period. This lexical influence reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista, when the emergin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
.."), olé, and albricias "joy! ".Many of these borrowings (especially in the scientific field) were then passed on to other languages (English acquired most of them through French). Most Spanish nouns beginning with the letters al- (from the Arabic definite article) have their origin in Arabic.As to how many words in M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
One respected authority suggests that they number more than 4,000, based on estimates of 850 of known etymology, 780 forms derived from them, 1,000 place names, 500 additional place names of "probable" Arabic origin, and "very numerous" Arabic-looking words whose affiliation has not yet been established. The largest Sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
In October 1492 Christopher Columbus made his first landfall in the Americas, and thereafter Spanish settlers began to come into contact with a host of native American languages. Most of these were wiped out or severely reduced in number of speakers and distribution area during the colonization, but Spanish adopted a n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
From Quechua: cóndor (from kuntur) "condor", cancha (from kancha) "playing field", alpaca (from allpaqa), caucho (from k'awchu) "rubber", coca (from kuka), guano (from wanu), gaucho (orig. wakcha "poor person"), guanaco (from wanaku), llama, puma, pampa "plains, flat terrain". From Guaraní: caracú "bone marrow", cating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
mati "pumpkin"). From Carib: caimán "caiman", huracán "hurricane", caníbal "cannibal", canoa "canoe" (through Arawak). From Tupi: capibara (the largest rodent on Earth), jacarandá (a tree).Those words referring to local features or animals might be limited to regional usage, but many others like cóndor, canoa or chocol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Spanish borrowed many words from other European languages: its close neighbors such as Catalan or Portuguese, other Romance languages such as Italian and French (this particularly during the Neoclassicist to Napoleonic periods, when French language and culture became the fashion at the royal court), and Germanic langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
In recent times, Spanish has borrowed many words and expressions from English, especially in the fields of computers and the Internet. In many cases, technical expressions that superficially employ common Spanish words are in fact calques from English equivalents. For example, disco duro is a literal translation of "ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Some authors estimate that seventy-five percent of Spanish words have come from Latin and were in use in Spain before the time of Christ. The remaining 25 percent come from other languages. Of these languages (and language families), the four that have contributed the most words are Arabic, Indigenous languages of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
African – Americas – Arabic – Austronesian – Basque – Celtic – Chinese – Etruscan – French – Germanic – Iberian – Indo-Aryan – Iranian – Italic – Semitic – Turkic – uncertain – various origins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language |
Phibro Animal Health is an American animal health and mineral nutrition company. Its products include antibacterials, anticoccidials, anthelmintics, as well as animal nutrition and vaccines for livestock. The company operates through three segments Mineral Nutrition, Performance Materials, and Animal Health, from which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phibro_Animal_Health |
The company was founded in 1946 as Phillip Brothers Chemicals, Inc.In 1974, it acquired Koffolk, an animal nutrition company based in Israel.In 2000, Pfizer sold its medicated feed additives business to Phibro Animal HealthIn 2003, the company changed its name from Phillip Brothers Chemicals to Phibro Animal Health.In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phibro_Animal_Health |
GLAM is an acronym for galleries, libraries, archives, and museums, and refers to cultural institutions with a mission to provide access to knowledge. GLAMs collect and maintain cultural heritage materials in the public interest. As collecting institutions, GLAMs preserve and make accessible primary sources valuable fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAM_(cultural_heritage) |
As an abbreviation, LAM has been in use since the 1990s; it emerged as these institutions saw their missions overlapping, creating the need for a wider industry sector grouping. This became apparent as they placed their collections online—artworks, books, documents, and artifacts all effectively becoming "information r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLAM_(cultural_heritage) |
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