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Wall Street Rising also convinced Deutsche Bank to light up 60 Wall Street at night. For some time after the attacks, Deutsche Bank contemplated leasing 60 Wall Street to other companies before committing to use the space as its headquarters in December 2002. The announcement came in part after the bank received a $34.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Deutsche Bank was the sole tenant for several years when, in October 2006, it placed the building for sale. The bank planned to lease the entire building for 15 more years under a sale-and-leaseback agreement. By the end of 2006, the bank had reportedly found a buyer who was willing to pay $1.2 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The buyer, Paramount Group, finalized its purchase in May 2007 for over $1.2 billion. The sale represented a valuation of $737/sq ft ($7,930/m2), then a record rate for Manhattan office space.The atrium was a locus of Occupy Wall Street activity during the protest occupation of nearby Zuccotti Park in late 2011, with p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The protests led 60 Wall Street's owners to modify the atrium's rules to prohibit loitering. The photovoltaic system on the roof was installed the next year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
By 2014, Deutsche Bank was considering moving to another building with at least 1×10^6 sq ft (93,000 m2), as well as remaining at 60 Wall Street and renovating that space. In 2016, Deutsche Bank hired Gensler to redesign the building's offices to create more open plan space. In 2017, Paramount sold a 95 percent interes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
In May 2018, Deutsche Bank announced it would be vacating 60 Wall Street and moving to 1.1×10^6 sq ft (100,000 m2) at Time Warner Center on Columbus Circle within three years. The building's owner then hired CBRE Group to find tenants for the entirely vacant space. In July 2019, Deutsche Bank removed a triptych by Germ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Paramount Group announced a $250 million renovation of the building in mid-2021, designed by KPF. The renovation was to begin in mid-2022 and included recladding the lower stories of the facade as well as redesigning the atrium. The quality of the atrium had declined since the 1980s: the trees had been replaced with pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
In addition, the office stories' ventilation systems would be upgraded with MERV 15 filtration systems; this was included as a hygienic measure following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City during 2020.The bank's employees were being relocated by July 2021. After the renovation plans were announced, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The LPC requested that the developers revise their plans so the lower section of the facade would "harmonize" with that of 55 Wall Street. Paramount then proposed a design with a revised facade, but the LPC refused to approve this design in September 2022 because the lobby would still have been remodeled. Following the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
When the building was being planned, Paul Goldberger wrote for The New York Times that 60 Wall Street was among several modernist buildings simultaneously being developed with "a strong tendency to use historical form". Goldberger criticized Roche's design as "a site too squeezed, really, to properly accept any very la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Both Goldberger and Wiseman regarded 60 Wall Street and the contemporary Park Avenue Tower, designed by the same developer, as faux-classical structures in the middle of their respective city blocks. Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that 60 Wall Street "securely challenges Loos's famous Tribune Tower column in its unconventio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Goldberger maintained the relatively unpopular view that 60 Wall Street had been sneaked between 40 Wall Street and 70 Pine Street, which he deemed "two of the most celebrated skyscrapers from the last golden age of the lower Manhattan skyline". The fifth edition of the AIA Guide to New York City described the building... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
A reporter for The Village Voice said it "has the homey feel of a town hall-bus station hybrid". However, when 60 Wall Street's renovation was announced in 2021, many preservationists protested, and Goldberger spoke in favor of keeping the lobby. In a 2022 interview with the Times, Goldberger said: "As time has gone on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge, taught and researched as part of higher education. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and learned societies to which they belong and the academic journals in which they publish research. Disciplines vary between well-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Also regarded as a Social science Also listed in Applied science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Also regarded as the separate, an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Biological anthropology Linguistic anthropology Cultural anthropology Social anthropology Palaeoanthropology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Biocultural anthropology Evolutionary anthropology Feminist archaeology Forensic anthropology Maritime archaeology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Clinical social work Community practice Mental health Psychosocial rehabilitation Person-centered therapy Family therapy Financial social work | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Edaphology Environmental chemistry Environmental science Gemology Geochemistry Geodesy Physical geography (outline) Atmospheric science / Meteorology (outline) Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science Geobiology... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Astrobiology Observational astronomy Gamma ray astronomy Infrared astronomy Microwave astronomy Optical astronomy Radio astronomy UV astronomy X-ray astronomy Astrophysics Gravitational astronomy Black holes Cosmology Physical cosmology Interstellar medium Numerical simulations Astrophysical plasma Galaxy formation and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
Also regarded as a Social science Also listed in Humanities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines |
The Tamassos bilinguals are a pair of bilingual Cypriot–Phoenician inscriptions on stone pedestals found in 1885 in Tamassos, Cyprus. It has been dated to 363 BC. It was discovered by Max Ohnefalsch-Richter, in excavations funded by Charles Watkins, Cyprus Director of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, and in conjunction with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassos_bilinguals |
Inscription number 1 is an imported marble pedestal with a six line Phoenician inscription and a five line Cypriot inscription. The inscription is a statue dedication: 𐤎𐤌𐤋 𐤀𐤆 𐤀𐤔 𐤉𐤕𐤍 𐤅𐤉𐤈𐤍 sml ʾz ʾš ytn wyṭn This statue has been given and erected𐤀 𐤌𐤍𐤇𐤌 𐤁𐤍 𐤁𐤍𐤇𐤃𐤔 𐤁𐤍 𐤌𐤍 ʾ mnḥm bn bnḥdš bn mn- b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassos_bilinguals |
Inscription number 2 is on a limestone pedestal, with a worn inscription. The inscription is a statue dedication to Reshef-Elenites (Apollo Alasiotes) by 'Abd-sasom on the 16th day of the 17th year of Milkyaton or Melekyaton, king of Kition and Idalion. On day 36 of the month of P'L-𐤕 𐤛 𐤛 𐤖 𐤋𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤉𐤕𐤍 -... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassos_bilinguals |
An ovotestis is a gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects. In humans, ovotestes are an infrequent anatomical variation associated with gonadal dysgenesis. The only mammals where ovotestes are not symptomatic of an intersex variation are moles, wherein females possess ovotestes along with a masculinized clitoris.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovotestis |
In invertebrates that are normally hermaphroditic, such as most gastropods (snails and slugs) in the clade Eupulmonata, an ovotestis is a common feature of the reproductive anatomy. In mice, ovotestes are structured such that the central region is testicular tissue while the poles both contain ovarian tissue. Experimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovotestis |
An ovotestis or hermaphroditic gland (Latin: glandula hermaphroditica), is found as normal anatomical feature in the reproductive system of some gastropods including such species as the land snail Cornu aspersum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovotestis |
Cheryl Chase (activist) Anton Krzyzanowski | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovotestis |
The Limyra bilingual inscription is a 4th-century BCE bilingual Greek-Aramaic funerary inscription discovered in 1840. It was found 3km outside Limyra, in southwest Turkey.The one line inscription is 142cm long, with a 79cm long gap. The Aramaic inscription is known as KAI 262. An analysis of the inscription was first ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limyra_bilingual_inscription |
The International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems or AAMAS is the leading scientific conference for research in the areas of artificial intelligence, autonomous agents, and multiagent systems. It is annually organized by a non-profit organization called the International Foundation for Autonomous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Autonomous_Agents_and_Multiagent_Systems |
The AAMAS conference is a merger of three major international conferences/workshops, namely International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS), International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS), and International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages (ATAL). As such, this highly respected j... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Autonomous_Agents_and_Multiagent_Systems |
2023: London, United Kingdom (May 29-June 1) 2022: Auckland, New Zealand (May 9–13) 2021: London, United Kingdom (May 3-May 7) 2020: Auckland, New Zealand (May 9–13) 2019: Montreal, Canada (May 13–17) 2018: Stockholm, Sweden (July 10–15) 2017: São Paulo, Brazil 2016: Singapore City, Singapore 2015: Istanbul, Turkey 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Autonomous_Agents_and_Multiagent_Systems |
Besides the main program that consists of a main track, an industry and applications track, and a couple of special area tracks, AAMAS also hosts over 20 workshops (e.g., AOSE, COIN, DALT, ProMAS, to mention a few) and many tutorials. There is also a demonstration session and a doctoral symposium. Finally, each year AA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Autonomous_Agents_and_Multiagent_Systems |
The conservation and restoration of cultural property focuses on protection and care of cultural property (tangible cultural heritage), including artworks, architecture, archaeology, and museum collections. Conservation activities include preventive conservation, examination, documentation, research, treatment, and edu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Conservation of cultural property involves protection and restoration using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible." Conservation of cultural heritage is often associated with art collections and museums and involves collectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Reversibility is now emphasized so as to reduce problems with future treatment, investigation, and use. In order for conservators to decide upon an appropriate conservation strategy and apply their professional expertise accordingly, they must take into account views of the stakeholder, the values, artist's intent, mea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Some consider the tradition of conservation of cultural heritage in Europe to have begun in 1565 with the restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, but more ancient examples include the work of Cassiodorus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The care of cultural heritage has a long history, one that was primarily aimed at fixing and mending objects for their continued use and aesthetic enjoyment. Until the early 20th century, artists were normally the ones called upon to repair damaged artworks. During the 19th century, however, the fields of science and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
However, perhaps the first organized attempt to apply a theoretical framework to the conservation of cultural heritage came with the founding in the United Kingdom of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. The society was founded by William Morris and Philip Webb, both of whom were deeply influenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Conservation of cultural heritage as a distinct field of study initially developed in Germany, where in 1888 Friedrich Rathgen became the first chemist to be employed by a Museum, the Koniglichen Museen, Berlin (Royal Museums of Berlin). He not only developed a scientific approach to the care of objects in the collecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
In British archaeology, key research and technical experimentation in conservation was undertaken by women such as Ione Gedye both in the field and in archaeological collections, particularly those of the Institute of Archaeology, London. In the United Kingdom, pioneering research into painting materials and conservati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
In 1924 the chemist Harold Plenderleith began to work at the British Museum with Alexander Scott in the recently created Research Laboratory, although he was actually employed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the early years. Plenderleith's appointment may be said to have given birth to the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The creation of this department moved the focus for the development of conservation theory and practice from Germany to Britain, and made the latter a prime force in this fledgling field. In 1956 Plenderleith wrote a significant handbook called The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, which supplanted Rathgen'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
He encouraged technical investigation, and was Chairman of the Advisory Committee for the first technical journal, Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, published by the Fogg from 1932 to 1942. Importantly he also brought onto the museum staff chemists. Rutherford John Gettens was the first of such in the US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
He worked with George L. Stout, the founder and first editor of Technical Studies. Gettens and Stout co-authored Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia in 1942, reprinted in 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
This compendium is still cited regularly. Only a few dates and descriptions in Gettens' and Stout's book are now outdated.George T. Oliver, of Oliver Brothers Art Restoration and Art Conservation-Boston (Est. 1850 in New York City) invented the vacuum hot table for relining paintings in 1920s; he filed a patent for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Taylor's prototype table, which he designed and constructed, is still in operation. Oliver Brothers is believed to be the first and the oldest continuously operating art restoration company in the United States. The focus of conservation development then accelerated in Britain and America, and it was in Britain that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC) was incorporated under British law in 1950 as "a permanent organization to co-ordinate and improve the knowledge, methods, and working standards needed to protect and preserve precious materials of all kinds." The rapid growth of conserva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
In recent years ethical concerns have been at the forefront of developments in conservation. Most significantly has been the idea of preventive conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
This concept is based in part on the pioneering work by Garry Thomson CBE, and his book Museum Environment, first published in 1978. Thomson was associated with the National Gallery in London; it was here that he established a set of guidelines or environmental controls for the best conditions in which objects could be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Conservators routinely use chemical and scientific analysis for the examination and treatment of cultural works. The modern conservation laboratory uses equipment such as microscopes, spectrometers, and various x-ray regime instruments to better understand objects and their components. The data thus collected helps in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The conservator's work is guided by ethical standards. These take the form of applied ethics. Ethical standards have been established across the world, and national and international ethical guidelines have been written. One such example is: American Institute for Conservation Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Many cultural works are sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and exposure to visible light and ultraviolet radiation. These works must be protected in controlled environments where such variables are maintained within a range of damage-limiting levels. For example, watercolour paintings u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
A teaching programme of interventive conservation was established in the UK at the Institute of Archaeology by Ione Gedye, which is still teaching interventive conservators today.A principal aim of a cultural conservator is to reduce the rate of deterioration of an object. Both non-interventive and interventive methodo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Interventive actions are carried out for a variety of reasons, including aesthetic choices, stabilization needs for structural integrity, or cultural requirements for intangible continuity. Examples of interventive treatments include the removal of discolored varnish from a painting, the application of wax to a sculptu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
One of the guiding principles of conservation of cultural heritage has traditionally been the idea of reversibility, that all interventions with the object should be fully reversible and that the object should be able to be returned to the state in which it was prior to the conservator's intervention. Although this con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Recognising that conservation practices should not harm the environment, harm people, or contribute to global warming, the conservation-restoration profession has more recently focused on practices that reduce waste, reduce energy costs, and minimise the use of toxic or harmful solvents. A number of research projects, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Conservators and restorers use a wide variety of materials - in conservation treatments, and those used to safely transport, display and store cultural heritage items. These materials can include solvents, papers and boards, fabrics, adhesives and consolidants, plastics and foams, wood products, and many others. Stabil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Similarly, locally-made papers and boards may reduce inherent carbon miles but they may be made with pulp sourced from old growth forests. Another dilemma is that many conservation-grade materials are chosen because they do not biodegrade. For example, when selecting a plastic with which to make storage enclosures, con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Many conservators and cultural organisations have sought to reduce the energy costs associated with controlling indoor storage and display environments (temperature, relative humidity, air filtration, and lighting levels) as well as those associated with the transport of cultural heritage items for exhibitions and loan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Changes in temperature will also bring about changes in relative humidity. Therefore, the conservation profession has placed great importance on controlling indoor environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Temperature and humidity can be controlled through passive means (e.g. insulation, building design) or active means (air conditioning). Active controls typically require much higher energy use. Energy use increases with specificity - e.g. in will require more energy to maintain a quantity of air to a narrow temperature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
In the past, conservation recommendations have often called for very tight, inflexible temperature and relative humidity set points. In other cases, conservators have recommended strict environmental conditions for buildings that could not reasonably be expected to achieve them, due to the quality of build, local envir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The energy costs associated with cold storage and digital storage are also gaining more attention. Cold storage is a very effective strategy to preserve at-risk collections such as cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate film, which can deteriorate beyond use within decades at ambient conditions. Digital storage costs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Heritage Preservation, in partnership with the Institute of Museum and Library Services, a U.S. federal agency, produced The Heritage Health Index. The results of this work was the report A Public Trust at Risk: The Heritage Health Index Report on the State of America's Collections, which was published in December 2005... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Every collecting institution must develop an emergency plan to protect its collections and train staff to carry it out. Every institution must assign responsibility for caring for collections to members of its staff. Individuals at all levels of government and in the private sector must assume responsibility for provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
In October 2006, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, a governmental department, authored a document: "Understanding the Future: Priorities for England's Museums". This document was based on several years of consultation aimed to lay out the government's priorities for museums in the 21st century. The document ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Understanding of the effectiveness of museum education will be improved further and best practice built into education programmes. The value of museums' collections as a research resource will be well understood and better links built between the academic community and museums. Museums will embrace their role in foster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
The sector needs to work with partners in academia and beyond to create an intellectual framework supporting museums' capacity to tackle issues of identity. The museum sector must continue to develop improved practical techniques for engaging communities of all sorts. Museums' collections will be more dynamic and bette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Government and the sector will find new ways to encourage museums to collect actively and strategically, especially the record of contemporary society. The sector will develop new collaborative approaches to sharing and developing collections and related expertise. Museums' workforce will be dynamic, highly skilled and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Museums' governing bodies and workforce will be representative of the communities they serve. Find more varied ways for a broader range of skills to come into museums. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Improve continuing professional development. Museums will work more closely with each other and partners outside the sector (pp 23–26). A consistent evidence base of the contribution of all kinds of museums to the full range of public service agendas will be developed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
There will be deeper and longer lasting partnerships between the national museums and a broader range of regional partners. Museums' international roles will be strengthened to improve museum programmes in this country and Britain's image, reputation and relationships abroad.The conservation profession response to this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
It is of major concern to us that the only part of this section which makes any acknowledgement of the need for greater resourcing is the part which refers to acquisitions. The original consultation paper made quite extensive reference to the importance of collections, the role of new technologies, and cultural propert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
So would we. Further to this the ICON website summary report lists the following specific recommendations: A national survey to find out what the public want from museums, what motivates them to visit them and what makes for a rewarding visit. A review of survey results and prioritisation of the various intrinsic, inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Training in conservation of cultural heritage for many years took the form of an apprenticeship, whereby an apprentice slowly developed the necessary skills to undertake their job. For some specializations within conservation this is still the case. However, it is more common in the field of conservation today that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
They also have design, fabrication, artistic, and other special skills necessary for the practical application of that knowledge. Within the various schools that teach conservation of cultural heritage, the approach differs according to the educational and vocational system within the country, and the focus of the scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Societies devoted to the care of cultural heritage have been in existence around the world for many years. One early example is the founding in 1877 of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in Britain to protect the built heritage, this society continues to be active today. The 14th Dalai Lama and the Tib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Preservation Virginia, founded in Richmond in 1889 as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, was the United States' first statewide historic preservation group.Today, professional conservators join and take part in the activities of numerous conservation associations and professional organization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Currently representing close to 6.000 professionals within 23 countries and 26 members organisations, including one international body (IADA), E.C.C.O. embodies the field of preservation of cultural heritage, both movable and immovable. These organizations exist to "support the conservation professionals who preserve o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property |
Viticulture (from the Latin word for vine) or winegrowing (wine growing) is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, ranges from Western Europe to the Persian shores of the Caspian Sea, the vine has demo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The earliest evidence of grape vine cultivation and winemaking dates back 8,000 years. The history of viticulture is closely related to the history of wine, with evidence that humans cultivated wild grapes to make wine as far back as the Neolithic period. Evidence suggests that some of the earliest domestication of Vit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Dated to c. 4100 BC, the site contained a wine press, fermentation vats, jars, and cups. Archaeologists also found V. vinifera seeds and vines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Commenting on the importance of the find, McGovern said, "The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier." There is also evidence of grape domestication in the Near East in the early Bronze Age, around 3200 BC.Evidence of ancient viticultur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
In addition to winemaking, grapes have been grown for the production of raisins.The earliest act of cultivation appears to have been the favoring of hermaphroditic members of the Vitis vinifera species over the barren male vines and the female vines, which were dependent on a nearby male for pollination. With the abili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
From 1200 BC to 900 BC, the Phoenicians developed viticulture practices that were later used in Carthage. Around 500 BC, the Carthaginian writer Mago recorded such practices in a two-volume work that was one of the few artifacts to survive the Roman destruction of Carthage during the Third Punic War. The Roman statesma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Around 65 AD, the Roman writer Columella produced the most detailed work on Roman viticulture in his twelve-volume text De Re Rustica. Columella's work is one of the earliest to detail trellis systems for raising vines off the ground. Columella advocated the use of stakes versus the previously accepted practice of trai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The benefits of using stakes over trees was largely to minimize the dangers associated with climbing trees, which was necessary to prune the dense foliage in order to give the vines sunlight, and later to harvest them.Roman expansion across Western Europe brought Roman viticulture to the areas that would become some of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Catholic monks (particularly the Cistercians) were the most prominent viticulturists of the Middle Ages. Around this time, an early system of Metayage emerged in France with laborers (Prendeur) working the vineyards under contractual agreements with the landowners (Bailleur). In most cases, the prendeurs were given fle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Most vineyards grew white varieties of grape, which are more resistant to the damp and cold climates. A few species of red grape, such as the Pinot Noir, were also introduced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry dates back to 1416 and depicts horticulture and viticulture in France. The images illustrate peasants bending down to prune grapes from vines behind castle walls. Additional illustrations depict grape vines being harvested, with each vine being cut to three spurs around knee heigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Varietals were studied more intently to see which vines were the most suitable for a particular area. Around this time, an early concept of terroir emerged as wines from particular places began to develop a reputation for uniqueness. The concept of pruning for quality over quantity emerged, mainly through Cistercian la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The Riesling is the famous example for higher quality of wine. In 1435 Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen started this successful tradition.In Burgundy, the Cistercian monks developed the concept of cru vineyards as homogeneous pieces of land that consistently produce wines each vintage that are similar. In areas like th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
In Greek mythology, the demigod Dionysus (Bacchus in Roman mythology), son of Zeus, invented the grapevine and the winepress. When his closest satyr friend died trying to bring him a vine Dionysus deemed important, Dionysus forced the vine to bear fruit. His fame spread, and he finally became a god.The Bible makes nume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). References to wine are made in the book of Proverbs (20:1) and the book of Isaiah (5:1–25). Deuteronomy (18:3–5, 14:22–27, 16:13–15) reports the use of wine during Jewish festivals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
In Christianity wine is the symbol of the Last Supper, representing the blood of Christ. It is mentioned several times in the New Testament. We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The vast majority of the world's wine-producing regions are found between the temperate latitudes of 30° and 50° in each hemisphere. Within these bands, the annual mean temperatures are between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The presence of large bodies of water and mountain ranges can have positive effects on the climat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The grape is classified as a berry. On the vine, grapes are organized through systems known as clusters. Grape clusters can vary in compactness which can result in long clusters (resulting in the grapes spreading out) or short clusters (resulting in grapes packed together). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
In some grape species, clusters ripen collectively, which allows them to be harvested together. For others, grapes may ripen individually within a cluster. Each grape berry contains a pedicel which attaches to the rachis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
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