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The main function of the rachis is to allow the grapes to receive their water and nutrients. The pollination and fertilization of grapes results in one to four seeds within each berry. When fertilization does not occur, seedless grapes are formed, which are sought after for the production of raisins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Regardless of pollination and fertilization, most plants will produce around 100 to 200 grapes.The skin of the grape accounts for 5 to 20% of the total weight of a grape depending on the variety. When grape skin ripens, it contains the majority of the aromatic substances and tannin. These factors become important in wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Although many factors can affect the overall quality of a grape vine, the three most important are climate, slope, and soil, often collectively referred to as the terroir. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Climate is the most significant external factor in determining a grape's inherent qualities. Each grape variety has a uniquely preferred environment for ideal growing. Because climates vary from region to region, selecting the best strain is an important decision in grape cultivation. Additionally, because climatic fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Wine grapes are also especially susceptible to climate change and temperature variation. Grape vines need approximately 1300–1500 hours of sunshine during the growing season and around 690 millimetres (27 in) of rainfall throughout the year in order to produce grapes suitable for winemaking. In ideal circumstances, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The optimum weather during the growing season is a long, warm summer that allows the grapes the opportunity to ripen fully and to develop a balance between the levels of acids and sugars in the grape. Hot and sunny climates have a frost-free growing season of 200 days or more. These climates allow grapes to ripen faste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Cooler climates have a frost-free growing season of around 150–160 days. Cooler seasons force the grapes to ripen earlier, which produces a fresher and more acidic harvest. In general, the average yearly temperature for most crops should average around 15 °C (59 °F) in order to achieve the highest quality in each grape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Summer: Ideal temperatures in summer average around 22 °C (72 °F). Ideal summer temperatures enable fruits to ripen. Temperature and sunshine are the most important factors in ripening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Winter: Ideal temperatures in winter average around 3 °C (37 °F). Ideal winter temperatures are necessary to allow grape vines to enter their resting phase. If temperatures fall too low, the crops can be injured. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Spring and Fall: Spring and fall are critical seasons for grape development, because the plants are susceptible to frost damage, which can injure the fruiting buds. Wet weather in spring can increase the odds of mildew formation. To prevent mildew, some farms introduce devices such as heaters or large fans in vineyards... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Hillsides and slopes are preferred over flatter terrain: vines growing on a slope can receive a greater intensity of the sun's rays, with sunshine falling on an angle perpendicular to the hillside. In flatter terrain, the intensity of the sunlight is diluted as it spreads out across a wider surface area. Small slopes t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Additionally, a slope affords better drainage, obviating the possibility that the vine might sit in overly moist soil. In cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more hours of sunlight and are preferred; in warmer climes, north-facing slopes are preferred. In the southern hemisphere, thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Quality soil is important to allow plants to have better root systems. The growth and health of a vine can be affected if the soil quality is poor. Different grape species prefer various soil conditions, although there are general quality factors. Favorable soil conditions include: aeration, loose texture, good drainag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
A viticulturist faces many hazards that can have an adverse effect on the wine produced from the grape or kill the vine itself. When the vine is flowering, it is very susceptible to strong winds and hail. Cold temperatures during this period can lead to the onset of millerandage, which produces clusters with no seeds a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Oidium is a powdery mildew that can attack all green parts of the vine. If left untreated, oidium can be terminal for the plant. It thrives in cooler temperatures and in the shade. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Some North American vine species have evolved to show resistance to the mildew (3:37). Downy mildew (Peronospora) thrives in high temperatures and humidity and produces stains on leaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
It can be treated by spraying plants with copper sulphate. Most American vines are resistant, excluding Vitis vinifera. Fanleaf virus is spread by nematodes that breed in the vine stem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
It can lead to deformity, yellowing of leaves, and smaller crop yields. There is no cure for the plant; the best course of action is to remove infected plants and leave the remaining roots to rot. Frost Phylloxera Plant virus Pests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. The removal of the bunches while they are still green induces the vine to put all its energy into developing the remaining grapes. In theory this results in better ripening and the development of more numerous and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
In the absence of a green harvest, a healthy, vigorous vine can produce dilute, unripe grapes.In Europe, many appellations restrict the yield permitted from a given area, so there is even more incentive to perform green harvesting when presented with excess crop. Often, the excess must be sold for a pittance and used f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
A field blend is a wine that is produced from two or more different grape varieties interplanted in the same vineyard. In the days before precise varietal identification, let alone rigorous clonal selection, a vineyard might be planted by taking cuttings from another vineyard and therefore approximately copying its gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Fermentation tanks are now cheap enough that the field blend is an anachronism, and almost all wines are assembled by blending from smaller, individual lots. However, in California some of the oldest (and lowest-yielding) Zinfandel comes from vineyards that are field-blended. Ridge Vineyards owns the Lytton Springs vin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
Gemischter Satz (Mixed set) is a wine term in German equivalent to a field blend, which means that grapes of different varieties are planted, harvested and vinified together. In older times, this was common, but the practice has almost stopped. It is, however, a specialty of Vienna. Other traditional field blends inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture |
The Australasian Association of Clinical Geneticists (AACG) is a professional membership organization for medical specialists who are qualified to work in the field of clinical genetics. The Association was founded in 1995. As of 2021, the organization had approximately 180 members. The Association's members include fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
The AACG's mission is to: serve as a special interest group of the HGSA. provide representation for members of the HGSA who work in the field of clinical genetics in Australia and New Zealand to the HGSA and to other relevant bodies (e.g. the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP)). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
The purpose of the AACG is to: provide professional representation, on behalf of the HGSA, to external bodies on matters relating to clinical genetics. provide clinical expertise and advice to government and policymakers on all matters relating to medical and clinical genetics. develop and maintain professional standar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
The AACG's Biannual Meeting is the only National meeting of clinical geneticists in the region. The meeting brings specialists in the field together in the one place for education, clinical case discussions, and professional networking. The March meeting is held in an Australian capital city, on a rotational basis, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
A business meeting of the AACG is also held. The second meeting of the year is held concurrently with the Annual Scientific Meeting of the HGSA. The Association's annual general meeting is held at this time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
The Association awards prizes to its trainees based on merit. The Association's highest honor, awarded annually since 2015, is the Nigel Clarke Memorial Bursary, established in memory of clinical geneticist and researcher Dr Nigel Clarke. Several prizes are also awarded at the HGSA annual scientific meeting for best po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
The AACG promotes awareness of human genetics, advocates for genetic health care equity, acts as the peak clinical body in Australia and New Zealand to advise on professional education and curricula, and provides specialist advice on human genetic healthcare to governments and policymakers. As the peak professional bod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
1995-1996 Agnes Bankier (VIC) 1996-1998 Alison Colley (NSW) 1998-2002 Martin Delatycki (VIC) 2002-2004 Graeme Suthers (SA) 2004-2006 Matt Edwards (NSW) 2006-2008 Mary-Louise Freckmann (NSW) 2009-2011 David R. Mowat (NSW) 2011-2013 Julie McGaughran (QLD) 2013-2015 Elizabeth Thompson (SA) 2015-2017 Fiona Mackenzie (WA) 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Association_of_Clinical_Geneticists |
University of Florida Center for African Studies (CAS) is a center within of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (CLAS) at the University of Florida (UF). The Center provides teaching and research into issues of African languages, humanities, social sciences, agriculture, business, engineering, education, fine art... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
A number of faculty members with appointments wholly or partially within the Center have facilitated the development of a core curriculum in African Studies in support of the undergraduate minor and graduate certificate programs.A full-time Outreach Director oversees an active program that provides ongoing training opp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
The Program in African Languages is one of the Center for African Studies’ central components. Currently, the Center for African Studies offers language training in Akan, Amharic, Arabic, Swahili, Wolof, Xhosa, and Yoruba, although other languages have been offered in the past. The University of Florida is only the sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
The African Studies Collection at the University of Florida Libraries is recognized as a unique resource within the University of Florida's George A. Smathers libraries, ranking among the best such collections in the U.S. Its holdings include disciplinary topics from the natural sciences and applied fields such as agri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
The African Studies Collection has a collaborative partnership with the UF Center for African Studies, which contributes generous funding for library materials and services through its U.S. Department of Education Title VI grant as a National Resource Center. Some of the African Studies collections are available throug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
The Center for African Studies founded the African Studies Quarterly (ASQ) to promote research on Africa beyond that undertaken by University of Florida faculty and graduate students. It is an interdisciplinary, fully refereed, online open access journal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida_Center_for_African_Studies |
The taxonomy of the burden of treatment is a visualization created for health care professionals to better comprehend the obstacles that interfere with a patient's health care plan. It was created as a result of a world wide, qualitative-based study that asked adults with chronic conditions to list the personal, enviro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
The increasing autonomy in patients has encouraged them to demand a more patient-centered relationship with their healthcare providers. In the past, patient-doctor relationships have been widely paternalistic. Doctors were very respected for their knowledge and they often withheld information from patients without ques... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
The development of the internet has now given patients the ability to research their health conditions, ask more questions, and want to be a part of the conversation. The shift towards patient advocacy and interpersonal collaboration allows shared trust, respect, and healthcare goals.Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
NCDs require prolonged management that usually lasts for the rest of a person's life. The risk factors of NCDs are strongly behavioral including poor diet, lack of exercise, and substance use. Because these risk factors are known and controllable, a significant percentage of NCDs are preventable. This classification of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
The taxonomy of burden is broken down into the three sections: healthcare tasks, factors that exacerbate the burden of treatment, and consequences of healthcare tasks imposed on patients. These include personal, structural, financial, and emotional aspects of a patient's life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Management of medications Medication Intake Prepare and take drugs Plan and organize drug intake Follow specific precautions Organizing non-pharmacological treatment Store medication at home Refill medication stock Access/use equipment Plan/perform physical therapy Lifestyle changes Enact diet Force myself to eat some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Characteristics of treatment Nature Time required Frequency Structural Factors Access to resources Pharmacy does not have the medication in stock Access to lab test results Access to the right healthcare provider Distance from healthcare facilities Difficulty planning last-minute consultations No coordination between h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Lack of adherence Non-intentional non-adherence Intentional non-adherence because of costs Intentional non-adherence because of complexity Development of strategies not to forget to take medications Impact on daily life Professional life Coping with judgement from others My healthcare activities interfere with my caree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Health literacy is a factor in adherence to medication and treatment as well as progress towards health goals. Language barriers, disabilities, and years of education play a role in health literacy. The competence a person has to assess, understand, and communicate health information frames a person's ability to proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Anything that hinders a person's ability to perform those tasks negatively impacts their adherence to medical instructions. Having multiple or constantly switching medications can complicate keeping track of what each medication is for and how to administer each one. Approximately a quarter of prescriptions for medicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Personal responsibilities such as work and family interfere with treatment and appointment adherence. The already existing conflict between work and family contributes to tardiness and a lack of attendance. These effects are exacerbated with additional commitments such as medical appointments and treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
With inflexible work schedules, people can be in poor occupational standing for missing work for appointments regarding their own health or the health of a family member. Creating effective disease management requires a focus on cultural, personal, and situational aspects. Patients should be given information in a way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Lifestyle medicine is prescribed to prevent and decrease the progression of chronic diseases. Unlike traditional medicine, lifestyle medicine focuses on behavior modification, making it an effective means of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. The interventions include nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Diet interventions are particularly difficult to implement into someone's life due to the interference with a biological drive: hunger. Nutrition improvements involve increasing low-energy dense foods and decreasing high-energy dense foods. Food deserts, the availability of cheap, high-energy foods, and time scarcity a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
For some households, parents do not have the time to prepare healthy meals on top of child care, work, and other responsibilities. Additionally, people with children may have difficulty implementing these changes because buying nutrient-poor foods can please their children and avoid food waste. The prevalence of obesit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Prescriptions for exercise are given involving aerobic and/or resistance exercise. They usually involve performing 150 minutes a week of mild to moderate exercise or 75 minutes a week of vigorous exercise. Some reasons people do not exercise are because of negative emotions associated with exercise, lack of perceived c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
The process of quitting substance use involves uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms that can be hard to tolerate in especially stressful periods of time. Treatment strategies may require long-term treatment with multiple relapses.Insufficient sleep and sleep disorders have been associated with chronic diseases and obesity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
When someone is diagnosed with an NCD, there can be significant changes and sacrifices an individual must adjust to, depending on the nature of the disease. People can begin to experience a lack of purpose, isolation, and a loss of identity or culture after the diagnosis. Depression and anxiety are common in people wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
These conditions can impact social and occupational responsibilities. A person may also be struggling with ownership of their condition and may feel out of control. Different cultures can interpret conditions in various ways in terms of treatment, physiology, and symptoms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
An individual's beliefs on their NCD can be interpreted in different ways based on their culture. The lifestyle a person lives is strongly influenced by the culture they live in, and changing it can make an individual feel like they are giving up on their culture's meaningful practices. Addressing the mental health of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Management and coordination of interprofessional collaborative practices is crucial in executing high quality and cost effective care. A challenge in managing healthcare is seamlessly coordinating care amongst different providers in order to coordinate across specialized units. Consultation meetings, responsibility des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Accessibility in healthcare can prevent a patient from receiving prompt and effective care. Geographical barriers contribute to the unequal distribution of providers and resources. This involves both poor physician-to-population ratios or unreachable physical distances to get to providers. Transportation is particularl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Those with lower socioeconomic status are vulnerable to engage in unhealthy behaviors, develop medical problems, and struggle accessing health care. Lower socioeconomic households are more likely to face overcrowding, lack of mobility, lack of basic amenities, and low health literacy. Those with lower socioeconomic sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Some of these households are non-white minorities, who can experience an additional linguistic barrier and lack of awareness of medical services. Non-white minorities can also experience deliberate or subconscious racism in healthcare on an institutional and personal level. These can lead to quicker diagnoses based on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
These assumptions have been associated with less preventative healthcare offered to them, such as screenings or vaccinations. Historical events such as the Tuskegee and Guatemala experiments have contributed to a lack of trust in healthcare, discouraging minorities from seeking medical assistance. These disadvantages p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Healthcare has become increasingly expensive as technology has advanced, giving those with a greater income an advantage of affording more healthcare. In countries that do not have universal health care such as the US, individuals who are under or uninsured are less inclined to get tests, treatments, etc. Over half of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Providers should be comfortable creating individualized interventions for their patients when implementing lifestyle changes. Motivational tactics have been explored to aid a patient's adherence to NCD lifestyle changes, but more interventions and research are needed. There are currently no studies that analyze the eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
There is also no standard to measure the quality of interactions between doctors and patients, with limited research on grading healthcare interactions beyond being "good" or "bad". There is also limited research on the effectiveness of online healthcare communities. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_burden_of_treatment |
Cyperus malaccensis or short-leaved Malacca galingale is a species of thin, long plant called a sedge. It is planted in the land between the sea water and fresh water, mainly in Vietnam, and processed in Dongguan. It is used in packaging goods in South China, mainly before the 1980s. At that time people packaged goods ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_malaccensis |
It was common to use a long loop to tie up the package, to aid carrying with the index finger. It was mostly replaced by plastic bags but is still used to package zongzi and Chinese mitten crab. However, liquid in the food may drip out when walking, which led to the use of the plastic bags. There are few people left gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_malaccensis |
Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism, or radical Islam, is used in reference to extremist beliefs and behaviors which are associated with the far-right ideology in Islam. These are controversial terms with varying definitions, ranging from academic understandings to the idea that all ideologies other than Islam have f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
In 2019, the U.S. Institute for Peace released an important report on extremism in fragile states that developed recommendations focused on adopting a shared understanding, operationalize a prevention framework, and rallying the international community.Islamic extremism should not be equated with Islamic fundamentalism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts: The first being: Islamic thought that states that all ideologies other than Islam, whether associated with the West (capitalism or democracy) or the East (communism or socialism) have failed and have demonstrated their bankruptcy. The second being: Islamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition. Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology: The use of violent tactics such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
There are two UK High Court cases that explicitly address the issue of Islamic extremism. May 2016: An Appeal from the Crown Court and Central Criminal Court: several individuals' cases considered together. October 2016: In which the Judge concluded that Imam Shakeel Begg is an Islamic Extremist, and does not uphold Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The judge refers to several grounds: section 20 of the 2006 Act; the definition of "terrorism" in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and the decision of the Supreme Court in R v Gul. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Begg, a prominent Muslim public figure and Imam at Lewisham Islamic Centre since 1998 lost his 2016 court case of Libel against the BBC. This case is noteworthy because the judge lists a 10-point definition of Islamic extremism that he used to determine the case: In Charles Haddon-Cave's findings he wrote: Extremist Is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
A total, eternal 'Manichean' worldview is a central tenet of violent Islamic extremism. It divides the world strictly into 'Us' versus 'Them': those who are blessed or saved (i.e. the "right kind" of Muslim) on the one hand and those who are to be damned for eternity (i.e. the "wrong kind" of Muslim and everyone else) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam, is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the peace of Westphalia was established in 1648 and thus introduced the nation state, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnīs, and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfīr (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels (kuffār) or false Muslims (munāfiḳūn), an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
They also called themselves al-Shurat ("the Vendors"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in martyrdom.These original Kharijites opposed both ʿAlī and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by ʿAlī, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in gueril... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if.The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Um... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an Ethiopian slave") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Of 'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether.By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Islamic heartlands. The memory of the me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The Salafiyya movement is a conservative, Islahi (reform) movement within Sunnī Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" (Salaf al-Salih). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing dive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the Salafi-Jihadist movement and their subgroups. In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The most numerous are the quietists, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid fitna (chaos).The Wahhabi movement was founded and spearheaded by the Ḥanbalī scholar and theologian Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, a religious preacher from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the uniqueness and oneness of God (tawḥīd), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to heretical innovation (bidʿah) and polytheism (shirk).Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunnī Islam favored by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a "preeminent position of strength in the global expre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Senate that "Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world". As part of the global "War on Terror", Wahhabism has been accused by the European Parliament, various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the RAND Corporation, as being "a source of global terrorism"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922), the Ottoman Caliphate was also abolished. This event heavily influenced Islamic thinking in general, but also what would later be coined radical Islamic thought. Key thinkers that wrote about Islam in the 20th ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles.According to Qutb, the Muslim community (Ummah) has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
According to the British historian Mark Curtis, in his book Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam, Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because the secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism |
The dimensions and shape of human vaginas are of great importance in medicine and surgery, in addition to their relevance to sexual pleasure and childbirth; there appears to be no one way, however, to characterize the vagina's size and shape. In addition to variations from individual to individual, the size and shape o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vaginal_size |
A 1996 study by Pendergrass et al. using vinyl polysiloxane castings taken from the vaginas of 39 Caucasian women, found the following ranges of dimensions: lengths (measured using rods): 6.9 to 14.8 cm (2.7 to 5.8 in); widths: 4.8 to 6.3 cm (1.9 to 2.5 in); introital diameters: 2.4 to 6.5 cm (0.94 to 2.56 in)A second ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vaginal_size |
They were also unable to characterize the vaginal shape as a "heart, slug, pumpkin seed or parallel sides" as suggested by the previous studies. A 2003 study by the group of Pendergrass et al. also using castings as a measurement method, measured vaginal surface areas ranging from 66 to 107 cm2 (10.2 to 16.6 sq in) wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vaginal_size |
Given the large range in vaginal dimensions noted in studies such as the above, many fitted vaginal devices, for example pessaries, do not adhere to a "one-size-fits-all" principle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vaginal_size |
Lawrence, citing Masters and Johnson's Human Sexual Response (1966), states that pages 73 and 74 of that book show that typical vaginal depth in Masters and Johnson's participants ranged from 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in) in an unstimulated state, to 11–12 cm (4.3–4.7 in) during sexual arousal with a speculum in place. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vaginal_size |
Progressive conservatism is a political ideology that attempts to combine conservative and progressive policies. While still supportive of capitalist society, it stresses the importance of government intervention in order to improve human and environmental conditions. Progressive conservatism first arose in Germany and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_conservatism |
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