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In general, the risk R ( h ) {\displaystyle R(h)} cannot be computed because the distribution P ( x , y ) {\displaystyle P(x,y)} is unknown to the learning algorithm (this situation is referred to as agnostic learning). However, we can compute an approximation, called empirical risk, by averaging the loss function on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
The empirical risk minimization principle states that the learning algorithm should choose a hypothesis h ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {h}}} which minimizes the empirical risk: h ^ = a r g m i n h ∈ H R emp ( h ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {h}}={\underset {h\in {\mathcal {H}}}{\operatorname {arg\,min} }}\,R_{\text{emp}}(h).} Thu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
Empirical risk minimization for a classification problem with a 0-1 loss function is known to be an NP-hard problem even for a relatively simple class of functions such as linear classifiers. Nevertheless, it can be solved efficiently when the minimal empirical risk is zero, i.e., data is linearly separable. In practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
The Department of Political Science of Soochow University is one of the oldest departement of the university. This departement exists since 1954, when Soochow University was reestablished in Taiwan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
The Department of Political Science of Soochow University has over 50 years of history, being one of the four departments that existed during the reestablishment of the university in Taiwan in 1954. The Master program of the department was established in 1991; followed by the Doctoral program in 1998.In 2003, in a very... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
The teaching program is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach of history of political thought, Comparative Government and Politics, international relations and public administration. The international exchanges and various academic activities and lectures for teachers and students play an important role in this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
From 1999 to 2008, teachers of the Department have conducted 90 research projects granted by the government and its National Science Council.Since 2000, the Department of Political Science has been organized the Research Center, the Center for Globalization Studies, the Center for E.U Studies, the Centre for Parliament... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
With its first issue released in 1991, the Soochow Journal of Political Science has continued to develop its reputation. Since the journal changed to a quarterly publication in September 2004, the Soochow Journal of Political Science has been included in the TSSCI (Taiwan Social Science Citation Index).The contribution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
The departement includes scholars such as Shiow-Duan Hawang, Bih-Rong Liu, Wen-Cheng Wu, Hao-Yu Wang, Ya-Tang Hsu, Chen-Yu Hsieh, Chen-Kuo Hsu, Mab Huang, Chih-Cheng Lo, Li-Khan Chen, Huei-Huang Wang, Shu-Pin Liu, Hsiu-Chuan Tsai, Jui-Chi Chen, Chun-Hung Chen, Chih-Chung Wu, Yung-Ming Hsu, Chiung-Chu Lin, Yun-Chu Tsai,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Political_Science_Soochow_University_(Taiwan) |
Policy alienation refers to a framework which examines the experiences of governmental employees with new policies they have to implement. It has been used to describe the experiences of front-line public professionals with new policies. It is defined "as a general cognitive state of psychological disconnection from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
A number of examples can clarify the concept of policy alienation. For example, Bottery (1998:40), examining the pressures on professionals stemming from new policies in education and health care in Great Britain, cites a teacher arguing that: “The changes have been outrageous, and have produced a culture of meritocrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
In one large-scale survey, as many as nine out of ten professionals wanted to abandon this new policy (Palm et al., 2008). Psychologists even went as far as to openly demonstrate on the street against this policy. A major reason for this was that many could not align their professional values with the content of the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
As one professional noted: "Within the new healthcare system economic values are dominant. Too little attention is being paid to the content: professionals helping patients. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
The result is that professionals become more aware of the costs and revenues of their behavior. This comes at the expense of acting according to professional standards.”Overall, a number of studies show an increasing discontent among public professionals toward public policies (see also Hebson et al., 2003; White, 1996... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
Currently, there is an intense debate concerning professionals in the public sector. Many of the pressures that professionals face are related to the difficulties they have with the policies they have to implement. When implementers are unable to identify with a policy, this can negatively influence policy effectivenes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
The policy alienation framework is used to analyze this topic. It has been shown that policy alienation increases resistance to a new policy, lowers behavioral support for the policy and decreases job satisfaction of public professionals. Hence, it has both influences on the individual professional, as well as on polic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
Alienation broadly refers to a sense of social estrangement, an absence of social support or meaningful social connection. Sociologists, public administration scholars, and other social scientists have used the alienation concept in various studies. As a result, a number of meanings have been attributed to the term. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
Many scholars have used these dimensions to devise operational measures for alienation so that they can examine the concept in a range of settings. Mau, for example, used four dimensions in examining student alienation. Rayce et al., when investigating adolescent alienation, used three of the five dimensions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
Further, many other researchers have used Seeman's classification in examining the concept of work alienation. Blauner devised operational measures for three of the dimensions: powerlessness, meaninglessness, and social isolation. The policy alienation framework was conceptualized based on the works of sociologists suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
Furthermore, works of public administration scholars were used, particularly on Lipsky (street-level bureaucracy). Like work alienation, policy alienation is multidimensional, consisting of policy powerlessness and policy meaninglessness dimensions. In the work alienation literature, the dimensions of powerlessness and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
In the realm of policy formulation and implementation, policy powerlessness relates to the degree of influence public professionals have over shaping a policy program. Powerlessness can occur when a new policy is drafted without the help of the professionals, by for example not consulting their professionals associatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
This kind of powerlessness may be particularly pronounced in professionals whose expectations of discretion and autonomy contradict notions of bureaucratic control (see also Profession).The second dimension of policy alienation is meaninglessness. In the realm of policy making and implementation, policy meaninglessness... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation |
An epitome (; Greek: ἐπιτομή, from ἐπιτέμνειν epitemnein meaning "to cut short") is a summary or miniature form, or an instance that represents a larger reality, also used as a synonym for embodiment. Epitomacy represents "to the degree of." An abridgment differs from an epitome in that an abridgment is made of selecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome |
Many documents from the Ancient Greek and Roman worlds survive now only "in epitome," referring to the practice of some later authors (epitomators) who wrote distilled versions of larger works now lost. Some writers attempted to convey the stance and spirit of the original, while others added further details or anecdot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome |
Documents surviving in epitome differ from those surviving only as fragments quoted in later works and those used as unacknowledged sources by later scholars, as they can stand as discrete documents but refracted through the views of another author. Epitomes of a kind are still produced today when dealing with a corpus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome |
Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius epitomes of Manetho's Aegyptiaca John Xiphilinus's precis of the missing portions of Cassius Dio's Roman History Justin's abridged version of the Philippic History by Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, one of the main sources for the life of Alexander the Great The epitome of Book IV of the Ps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitome |
The Joint Expeditionary Forensics Facilities, or (JEFF), program provides crime scene investigation forensic science to the US military as a method to identify insurgents during counter-insurgency operations. The first battlefield forensics lab was an enterprise spearheaded by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Forensics_Facilities |
In December 2006, the PMO/LEFL (Law Enforcement Forensics Lab) was established in Camp Victory, Baghdad, Iraq. The focus of the LEFL was to help reduce the high number of sniper attacks throughout the Iraq Theater of Operations (ITO). At the time, the lab had latent print and firearm/toolmark capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Forensics_Facilities |
The first DNA lab was established in the International Zone, Baghdad, Iraq, in November 2006 to support an Extra-Judicial Killings Task Force. DNA analysts were relocated to this LEFL lab in August 2007. This co-location of disciplines represented the first fully capable forensics lab. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Forensics_Facilities |
In late 2007, the commanding general of the Multi-National Corps – Iraq directed the establishment of JEFF labs in each major Division area of operation. This resulted in three additional labs being stood up to support Coalition Force in Iraq. Due to the success of the JEFF concept many of the people involved in the JE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Forensics_Facilities |
The JEFF program is run through the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, USA. Prime vendor contract support is from BAE Systems. JEFF supports all of the Services. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Forensics_Facilities |
A copayment or copay (called a gap in Australian English) is a fixed amount for a covered service, paid by a patient to the provider of service before receiving the service. It may be defined in an insurance policy and paid by an insured person each time a medical service is accessed. It is technically a form of coinsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
Copayments do not usually contribute towards any policy out-of-pocket maximum, whereas coinsurance payments do.Insurance companies use copayments to share health care costs to prevent moral hazard. It may be a small portion of the actual cost of the medical service but is meant to deter people from seeking medical care... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
The German healthcare system had introduced copayments in the late 1990s in an attempt to prevent overutilization and control costs. For example, Techniker Krankenkasse-insured members above 18 years pay the copayments costs for some medicines, therapeutic measures and appliances such as physiotherapy and hearing aids ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
(5 to 6 days). The difference is partly driven by the fact that hospital reimbursement is chiefly a function of the number of hospital days as opposed to procedures or the patient's diagnosis. Drug costs have increased substantially, rising nearly 60% from 1991 through 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
Despite attempts to contain costs, overall health care expenditures rose to 10.7% of GDP in 2005, comparable to other western European nations, but substantially less than that spent in the U.S. (nearly 16% of GDP). However, after research studies by the Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Research Institute for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
Some insurance companies set the copay percentage for non-generic drugs higher than for generic drugs. Occasionally if a non-generic drug is reduced in price insurers will agree to classify it as generic for copayment purposes (as occurred with simvastatin). Pharmaceutical companies have a very long term (frequently 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
Medication copayments have also been associated with reduced use of necessary and appropriate medications for chronic conditions such as chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, breast cancer, and asthma. In a 2007 meta-analysis, RAND researchers concluded that higher copayments were associated wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copayment |
Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (PMRAFNS) is the nursing branch of the British Royal Air Force. It was established as the Royal Air Force Temporary Nursing Service (RAFNS) in 1918, and became part of the permanent establishment as the Royal Air Force Nursing Service on 27 January 1921. It received the R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary's_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service |
Until the Second World War, it was only open to unmarried women, or childless widows. There was also a Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (Reserve) (PMRAFNS(R)) to supplement the regular service during times of war or emergencies. A history of the service was commissioned from the writer Mary Mackie and ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary's_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service |
The initial ranking system used by the PMRAFNS was as follows. From 1 June 1943, PMRAFNS personnel were granted emergency Commissions, and wore rank insignia corresponding to their equivalent Royal Air Force officer rank. On 1 February 1949, the women's forces were integrated into the Armed Forces, and a new ranking sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary's_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service |
The RAF had several hospitals which were staffed by nurses from the PMRAFNS. These were located at Akrotiri, Albrighton, Wolverhampton, Ely, Halton Nocton Hall, Lincolnshire, Aden, Uxbridge, Wegberg and Wroughton. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mary's_Royal_Air_Force_Nursing_Service |
60 Wall Street (formerly the J.P. Morgan Bank Building or Deutsche Bank Building) is a 55-story, 745-foot-tall (227 m) skyscraper on Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States. The tower was designed by Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo of Roche-Dinkeloo and originally built fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The building's design was intended to fit its surroundings with a postmodern, Greek Revival, and neoclassical look. As of 2021, 60 Wall Street is mostly owned by GIC Singapore, with Paramount Group as minority owner. 60 Wall Street was designed with 1.7×10^6 sq ft (160,000 m2) of floor area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The building's four-story base was designed with columns resembling architectural arcades, while the upper stories are faced in glass and stone. The eight stories below the hip roof contain corners that resemble columns. The ground floor contains an enclosed public atrium connecting the building's entrances at Wall and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The second through fourth floors were designed as trading floors, while the other stories were offices for J.P. Morgan & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
and then Deutsche Bank. What is now 60 Wall Street replaced several buildings occupied by Cities Service. The American International Group and Bank of New York originally planned a 60-story office tower on the site in 1979, but these plans were abandoned in 1982. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The site was then acquired by Park Tower Realty Company, who sold it in 1985 to J.P. Morgan & Co. The project was finished in 1989, with J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan occupying the whole building. Starting in 2001, the building served as the American headquarters of Deutsche Bank after the Deutsche Bank Building was severely damaged in the September 11 attacks. The Paramount Group bought the building in 2007, and GIC bought a majority stake from Paramount in 2017. The owners ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
60 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the middle of a city block bounded by Pine Street to the north, Pearl Street to the east, Wall Street to the south, and William Street to the west. The slightly irregular land lot occupies 53,652 sq ft (4,984.4 m2), with a fron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Directly before the construction of the current tower by Roche/Dinkeloo, the site had contained seven buildings from 52 to 70 Wall Street. Several of these structures, along with the neighboring 70 Pine Street, had contained part of the headquarters of oil company Cities Service in the mid-20th century. At the original... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
It had been designed by McKim, Mead & White for the National City Bank Corporation and developed in 1927. Immediately to the east was the building at 54 Wall Street, a 115 ft-tall (35 m), nine-story office building completed in 1886 and owned by the Central Trust Company of New York. The adjacent lot at 56 Wall Street ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Designed by Clinton & Russell for the International Banking Corporation, it had twenty-six stories on Pine Street and fourteen on Wall Street. The next building to the east was a 11-story office building at 64–66 Wall Street, developed in 1907. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
That building had contained a three-story addition at 68 Wall Street, designed by McKim, Mead & White in 1917. The easternmost building was a 12-story, 160 ft-tall (49 m) structure at 70 Wall Street, developed in 1927. Number 70 had been developed for the Commercial Exchange Bank but was instead occupied by the Municip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
60 Wall Street, also previously known as the J.P. Morgan Bank Building or Deutsche Bank Building, was designed by Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo of Roche-Dinkeloo. It contains 1.7×10^6 sq ft (160,000 m2) of space. According to The Skyscraper Center and Emporis, the building has 55 stories and is 745 ft (227 m) tall. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
60 Wall Street is designed to fit its surroundings with a postmodern, Greek revival, and neoclassical look to emphasize both height and size. The building's base is four stories high. The base consists of arcades with paired columns on both Wall and Pine Streets, a reference to 55 Wall Street to the south. The columns ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
According to Kevin Roche of Roche-Dinkeloo, the design was "the idea of the column used in a schematic way to articulate the form of the shaft of the building." The design of the cornices on adjacent buildings also influenced the placement of a cornice above the base. The mullions between the windows are made of bronz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
In 2021, Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF) was hired to redesign the building's base with a portico and triple-height windows overlooking the ground-story atrium.On the stories above the base, the corners of 60 Wall Street are notched inward. The notches are designed in a similar pattern to the columns on the base, with alternat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The exteriors are designed with curved steel truss frames behind the thin layers of stone. The corners of the eight stories below the roof, starting from the 42nd floor, are arranged to look like columns similar to those on the base. According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, the corners "visually strengthen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The roof is clad with copper and is 40 ft (12 m) tall. The roof was inspired by the pyramidal roofs of other skyscrapers on Wall Street. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
According to a vice president of the building's original developer Park Tower Realty Corporation, "A distinctive top makes a substantial difference as part of a good building." The roof includes mechanical equipment, as well as microwave and satellite communications machinery. In January 2012, Deutsche Bank installed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
60 Wall Street is designed with 1.5×10^6 sq ft (140,000 m2) of leasable space. Before 60 Wall Street was developed, the site was zoned to only allow a building of 804,900 sq ft (74,780 m2) "as of right", assuming a floor area ratio of 15. For the building's construction, Park Tower Realty purchased over 363,000 sq ft (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
60 Wall Street also received allotment of 88,700 sq ft (8,240 m2) for mechanical spaces. This brought the gross floor area to about 1.57×10^6 sq ft (146,000 m2). As part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program, the tower has design features that are intended to meet green building standards,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The ground floor contains an enclosed 2,360 sq ft (219 m2) public atrium that measures 30 ft (9.1 m) high and 174 ft (53 m) long. The atrium was included in exchange for more interior area on upper stories. The landscaped space is designed with seasonal plantings. When the building was designed, Roche had rejected the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
A similar atrium had been planned in 1969 for an unbuilt skyscraper that would have housed the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.The atrium is decorated largely in white materials, including marble tiles shaped like bricks. The space is divided by ten white octagonal columns topped by flared capitals, which support a la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Roche had previously used this motif at the United Nations Plaza Hotel. The bases of each column have ledges for seating, and movable chairs and tables are placed throughout the rest of the space. A pedestrian passage runs through the center of the atrium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The western wall of the space has stone sculptures with water spouts and planters below. The eastern wall has storefronts, with restrooms and the office entrance near the northeast corner. The walls have ashlar-patterned granite with green granite and white marble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The northwest corner of the lobby has a part-time entrance to the Wall Street subway station, serving the New York City Subway's 2 and 3 trains.According to Jerold Kayden, who wrote about the building in 2000, the atrium "assumes different personalities" during different parts of the day. Kayden wrote the atrium was h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
At the second through fourth floors are column-free spaces for trading. These stories, flanking the lobby, cover 52,000 sq ft (4,800 m2) or 54,000 sq ft (5,000 m2) each. These were designed for the building's original occupant, the bank J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan & Co. In addition, J.P. Morgan added ornate dining rooms so it could provide free lunches for its employees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Two data-processing centers were also installed in the building for J.P. Morgan. The office stories contain a steel superstructure with wide spans between each column, allowing flexible office layouts.The offices of J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan were originally designed by Gensler Associates. From the building's opening, J.P. Morgan's computer systems were served by 2,500 mi (4,000 km) of cable, a large portion of which was fiber-optic cable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
On each story, the corners contained private offices, while the rest of the perimeter was unobstructed, allowing the interiors of each story to be illuminated by sunlight. Most workspaces were designed as cubicles of similar size. Though departmental heads were given offices, their furniture was standardized and their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The executive offices for J.P. Morgan's senior managers, chairman, and CEO were on the 20th story of the 55 story building; this was an intentional choice as their executives who wanted their employees to be "spread equally around them". Mancini Duffy designed the furniture for J.P. Morgan at 60 Wall Street.Deutsche Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Cities Service had completed the neighboring 70 Pine Street in 1932 and occupied it until 1975, after which that building was acquired by American International Group (AIG). The Bank of New York (BNY), meanwhile, had occupied the adjacent building at 48 Wall Street since it was completed in 1929, though BNY had maintai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
By late 1979, AIG and BNY were planning an office building to replace the parking lot and 48 and 52 Wall Street. The building would have been 60 stories tall with either 1.6×10^6 sq ft (150,000 m2) or 1.7×10^6 sq ft (160,000 m2), with a proposed cost of $450 million. AIG hired Welton Becket & Associates, which designed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
One of Warnecke's plans called for a square tower turned on its axis, with a slanted roof, which was nicknamed "Son of Citicorp" after Citicorp Center. The other Warnecke plan was "Son of 30 Rockefeller Plaza", which consisted of a taller tower for AIG and a shorter tower for BNY rising from a single base. While neithe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
One worker was killed by a falling steel beam during the demolition of 52 Wall Street. BNY had bought out AIG's share in the site by then, and there was little public objection to the demolition of 52 Wall Street. Even the proposed demolition of 48 Wall Street, an architecturally distinguished building with eagle ornam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
To reduce the cost of the new headquarters, BNY asked the city's Industrial Commercial Incentive Board for a $22 million tax abatement in January 1982. In the bank's application, Deputy Mayor John Zuccotti said the vacant lot "has long been an embarrassment to the city" and that "the Bank of New York is given a fightin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The denial was a change of routine for the board, which had previously distributed large tax breaks to AT&T and IBM for the development of new buildings to stimulate the city's economy. BNY had indicated that, if it were not granted a tax break, it would build a smaller structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
By August 1982, the lots at 52 and 60 Wall Street were both being placed for sale. The next month, BNY indicated that it planned to remain in 48 Wall Street and a neighboring building at 46 William Street rather than develop the vacant lots. The cleared sites collectively covered 53,000 sq ft (4,900 m2). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
By April 1983, BNY had entered a contract to sell the site to George Klein, head of the Park Tower Realty Company. The site could accommodate 804,900 sq ft (74,780 m2) without any modifications, but the developer could acquire air rights and conduct improvements to the surrounding subway station to increase the tower's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Though an architect had not been selected, the developer had planned for construction to begin in 1984 and be complete by 1986. Park Tower vice president Neil Klarfeld said: "Sixty Wall Street will be a building of the 21st century, but its design will be compatible with the landmark structures that surround it. "Roche... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
They beat out the architect Helmut Jahn, who had submitted three designs for the proposed building: one each for an obelisk, a stone shaft, and a column reminiscent of Adolf Loos's entry in the Tribune Tower competition of 1922. To increase 60 Wall Street's height, Park Tower proposed buying approximately 365,000 squar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The developers also agreed to add a public atrium at the base in exchange for another 160,000 square feet (15,000 m2) of offices. Shortly after, Manhattan Community Board 1 also unanimously approved the bonuses in an advisory vote. The vice commissioner on the New York City Planning Commission, Martin Gallent, opposed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
The commission as a whole supported the bonuses, requesting only that the building's proposed parking lot be reduced from 197 to 125 parking spots.By early 1985, the site had been completely empty for three years; Park Tower Realty blamed the delays on the city's construction permit process. The vacant lot was not even... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan & Co. announced it would purchase and fully occupy the proposed tower, with Park Tower as developer. The company had earlier threatened to move its headquarters to Delaware to save money, following a failed attempt to purchase 7 World Trade Center, but it apparently decided to stay in New York City following cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Unlike BNY before it, J.P. Morgan was given a major tax break for 60 Wall Street. The move would consolidate J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan's space from six buildings into three; the company would also occupy 30 West Broadway and 23 Wall Street. This made J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan one of several financial firms to lease large amounts of spaces in lower Manhattan buildings. J.P. Morgan indicated construction would start within six months of its lease; the building was projected to cost $550 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
To accommodate its needs, J.P. Morgan custom-designed its offices with advanced computer and communications equipment. The bank created trading floors at the base and removed one story from the original plans, slightly increasing all the other ceiling heights to compensate for the missing floor. Dining rooms were added... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan could give complimentary lunches to employees. The building's exterior shape and atrium were not modified, so no additional review from the city government was required. This sped up the project by about three years, since the various city agencies did not need to review the eligibility of any zoning bonuses bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Steel contractor Frankel Steel and Steel Structures Corporation were jointly hired to fabricate the steel in mid-1986, and Steel Structures Erection Inc. was hired to erect the steel frame.In May 1988, J.P. Morgan received $400 million in financing for the project from Dai-ichi Life. In addition to a 7 percent annual i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
By early 1989, J.P. Morgan was planning to move up to 3,500 employees into 60 Wall Street, although 3,500 additional employees were to work elsewhere. That year, the J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan headquarters was officially relocated from 23 to 60 Wall Street. By the end of the year, 70 percent of J.P. Morgan employees had moved into 60 Wall Street. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Upon 60 Wall Street's completion, J.P. Morgan occupied all the office stories for itself. The atrium had several shops, including a clothing store and an eatery called Neuchatel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
With a $17.7 million tax bill for 60 Wall Street in 1992, the bank paid some of New York City's highest property taxes that year.Unlike many financial firms of the time, J.P. Morgan had support personnel working near executives and traders in the same building, namely 60 Wall Street. To allow the installation of J.P. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Morgan's advanced computer equipment, nearly 1,000 employees had been relocated at least once within the building's first year of operation. An operations center was opened on Staten Island to provide redundancy in case the 60 Wall Street trading rooms were damaged or destroyed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
Though J.P. Morgan had data centers in Delaware and in 60 Wall Street's basement, it was not as technologically advanced compared to non-banking firms. After J.P. Morgan merged with Chase Manhattan Bank in 2000 to become JPMorgan Chase, the bank announced that it would move from 60 Wall Street to 277 Park Avenue, next ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
JPMorgan Chase sold 60 Wall Street to Deutsche Bank in April 2001 for $600 million. After the nearby Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street was severely damaged during the September 11 attacks later that year, Deutsche Bank moved about 5,500 staff into 60 Wall Street. JPMorgan Chase had originally proposed to rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Wall_Street |
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