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Mantle Hood explained ethnomusicology as being the "study of music wherever and whenever." While his teacher Jaap Kunst wrote the two volumes of Music in Java without actually playing any of the music, Hood required that his students learn to play the music they were studying. While Hood was not the first ethnomusicolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
The approach enables the researcher to, in some manner, learn about music "from the inside", and thereby experience its technical, conceptual and aesthetic challenges. The student is also able to better connect socially with the community being studied and have better access to the community's rituals and performances.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Hood applied the term to music the same way a linguist would when describing someone who spoke two languages. He also strongly proposed that musicology students should know the spoken language of the musical culture being studied. This led to the breakdown of the steadfast rule of having to have competence in French an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"This emphasis upon music as communication, human understanding, and world peace, not only through musical performance, but also through research, teaching, and other forms of dissemination, is one of the greatest gifts Mantle Hood has given to ethnomusicology." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"Gending Shin," a bubaran for Javanese gamelan, adopted by the Japanese club as the closing number for all future concerts, World Premier Kyoto, Japan, May 2, 1998. "Gending Lou" transcribed for Balinese gamelan Semar Pegulingan, 1989, adapted for dance drama, scheduled for two performances in February, 1990. "Gendhing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"Saratoga Springs" for Balinese gamelan angklung, dedicated to Lou Harrison, in press, Balungan, 1986. "Marta Budaja" for Javanese gamelan slendro, in three patet; commissioned by the American composer Lou Harrison, 1983; premiered May 8, 1984; two performances at the Saratoga Springs Music festival 1986; performance a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"Explosion" for percussion quintet, premiered 1983. "Implosion" for percussion quartet, premiered 1981, published by Somers, 1982. "Aloha Is," text and music for Hawaiian anthem, premiered Honolulu International Center, 1976. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"Four Ballads for Tenor Voice, text and music, 1976. "Sound Partials" for 17 Buddhist gongs, commissioned by Hazel Chung for solo choreography, premiered at Theater Vanguard, Los Angeles, 1974. "Negotiated Peace" for string quartert premiered at UCLA,1973. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
"Sekar Anjar" for Balinese gamelan angklung, commissioned for solo choreography by I Made' Bandem, premiered at Ojai Festival in California, 1972. "Pandji Kesemaran" for Balinese gamelan angklung, commissioned by I Made' Bandem for choreography for three dancers, premiered at Ojai Festival in California, 1972. "Time to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-musicality |
Sifa is a type of deadman's control system used on German-influenced European railways. Although deadman's pedals are commonly used on railways worldwide, Sifa systems are specifically those codified by German Industrial Norms VDE 0119-207-5. In Switzerland the equivalent system is called 'safety control' (Sicherheitss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
Sifa is short for Sicherheitsfahrschaltung, German for "safety driving circuit". It is usually a pedal and/or large press button, which monitors the alertness of the driver. The driver has to repeatedly press a button after a fixed interval; if they fail to do so, the train will carry out an emergency stop. It compleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
In Europe the Zeit-Zeit-Sifa (time-time Sifa) is common. In this system, the engine driver holds a pedal or button down for 30 seconds and must then briefly release the pressure. Thus the system can confirm that the driver is still able to react. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
If the driver does not react after 30 seconds, the system warns the driver, at first optically, then for a few seconds acoustically. After a further short period of time without any reaction the train is automatically stopped. The Zeit-Weg-Sifa (time-distance Sifa) system takes account of the distance travelled, as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
In electric trains such as those working on U- and S-Bahn lines the Sifa has for a long time been combined with the driving switch. This is where the concept of the dead man's switch first arose. If the button was released (due to the driver becoming incapacitated) the train was automatically stopped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
Drivers must carry out a Sifa test before using a train, to check that the automatic braking is functioning correctly. Following some serious accidents in which drivers fell asleep but somehow the pedal was still being activated, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany introduced a special type of Sifa (Sifa86). Here t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifa |
Novus International, Inc. is an American animal health and nutrition company headquartered in St. Charles, Missouri. Novus is privately owned by Mitsui & Co. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
and Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. and operates in over 90 countries. Novus' products include amino acids, organic trace minerals, feed preservatives, and various health and nutrition products. Its customers include animal nutritionists, veterinarians, and individual animal owners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
Early 1950s – Monsanto begins metabolism studies and developing methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA® feed supplement) production begins at Monsanto's Everett, Massachusetts location.1954 – MHA® project moves to Monsanto's St. Louis research center and gets additional support.1959 – SANTOQUIN is the first feed additive app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
Charles, Missouri.1996 – Novus launches its aquaculture business.2007 – Novus hosts the first Sustainability Round-table discussion in St. Louis, Missouri. Arenus, a division of Novus Nutrition Brands, LLC (a Novus International Company) is formed.2008 – Novus completes global headquarters in Missouri Research Park, St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
Charles, Missouri.2009 – Stratum Nutrition becomes a division of Novus Nutrition Brands, LLC, a subsidiary of Novus International, Inc., leveraging the Novus core competencies in nutritional research and innovation. Novus augments Novus Graduate Scholars program, initiated in China, enters 5-year agreement with the Afr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
Charles Parish, Louisiana. Novus receives 2015 Internationalization Award.The company operates in several industries which include: poultry, pork, dairy, beef, aquaculture, and companion animal. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novus_International |
Personal fulfillment is achievement of life goals which are important to an individual, in contrast to the goals of society, family and other collective obligations.Personal fulfillment is an ongoing journey for a human individual. It commences when an individual starts becoming conscious of oneself and one's surroundi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
Then the joy of achievement when one can successfully take a few steps without falling. The appreciation of people around is a key component of achieving personal fulfillment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
It is invariably followed by a sense of habituality (i.e., being able to perform any act, such as walking, habitually). Then boredom. Followed by a yearning for the next horizon, whatever it may be for an individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
Key components then of personal fulfilment are: Consciousness - of oneself and the environment Consciousness - of people around oneself Exploration - of something new that one may be capable of Initial failure - as one's initial attempts at exploration leads to stumbles and falls Trying - again and again till such time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
A prime aspect of consciousness and awareness of the self is the awakening to one's capabilities and potential. The awakening to one's capabilities and potential is a continuous process throughout the period of existence of a being - from the birth of the physical being through the expiration of the same. Inherent to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
This drive manifests itself from the start of one's being - like a child crying as soon as it is born. It is the awakening of the child to its capabilities of exercising its vocal cords. The drive continues through the life of one's being (albeit in varying degrees of forcefulness and momentum at various points in time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_fulfillment |
T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of cancerous lymphoma affecting T-cells. Lymphoma arises mainly from the uncontrolled proliferation of T-cells and can become cancerous. T-cell lymphoma is categorized under Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and represents less than 15% of all Non-Hodgkin's diseases in the category. T-cell lymph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Although the cause of T-cell lymphoma is not definitive, it has been associated with various risk factors and viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV1).The prognosis and treatment of T-cell lymphoma can vary drastically based on the specific type of lymphoma and its growth patte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
There are many types and variations of T-cell lymphoma, each with vastly different symptoms, survival, and prognosis. The classification of T-cell lymphoma has been difficult to accomplish due to the lack of understanding of their biology. Most classifications are basic with many still under the title of ‘provisional c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS): Most common type of Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), comprising subtypes which cannot be classified as either nodal, extra-nodal, or leukemic Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL): Aggressive form of T-cell lymphoma. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL): Cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (CGD-TCL) Systemic Epstein–Barr virus-positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders of Childhood (EBVTCLD): A very aggressive group with association with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) Primary intestinal T-cell lymphomas Enteropathy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Differences in T-cell lymphoma subtypes extend to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of the disease with each varying drastically. As a result, there is almost no universally known symptom that can be applied to all T-cell lymphoma subtypes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Hemophagocytic syndrome has been associated with most T-cell lymphoma subtypes, and is commonly characterized by fevers, reduction of lymphocytes numbers, enlarged liver or spleen, and liver dysfunction. These symptoms are especially common in Extranodal T cell lymphoma subtypes which develop outside the lymph nodes, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
T-cell lymphoma which develops from the lymph nodes commonly causes symptoms as such swollen lymph nodes. The swelling normally will not cause any pain and can be felt or seen as lumps on the surface of the skin. Nodal T-cell lymphoma subtypes such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma will often develop this symptom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
T-cell lymphoma can cause eczema or rash-like symptoms where small red patches will appear around the skin. These patches will often be irritated and may appear slightly lighter in colour compared to the rest of the skin. Occasionally, small lumps will develop which may rupture and cause the surface layer of the skin t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Although there is no definitive cause for most T-cell lymphoma subtypes, a series of risk factors have been linked and associated with the increased likelihood of contracting the disease. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Family history: A family history of hematopoietic malignancies has been linked to an increased association with most T-cell lymphoma subtypes. This link is especially elevated among individuals 50 years or younger. However, the link is still considered as a hypothesised risk meaning that research conducted on this link... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Autoimmune conditions: Autoimmune conditions are commonly considered as a risk factor that has been associated with non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with coeliac disease having an established associated with an increased risk of Extranodal T-cell lymphoma subtypes.Organ transplants and immunosuppressant: Organ transplants and im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
The diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma varies largely between the subtypes. Some subtypes like anaplastic large-cell lymphoma have an exceptional diagnostic rate however, for a majority of T-cell lymphoma subtypes the diagnosis is often flawed due to the difficulty to culture damaged lymphoma cells and the overall low freque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Treatment for T-cell lymphoma varies widely due to the large variability in the subtypes. Due to the lack of research performed in understanding the nature of T-cell lymphoma pathogenesis, a majority of cases will often have poor outcomes for the treatment or will relapse. However, new research into new therapy methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that involves the use of one or more anti-cancer drugs and is currently the most common treatment method used across all subtypes. T cell lymphoma is typically treated using the CHOP regimen in which four anti-cancer drugs; cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Radiotherapy is the use of radiation to eradicate cancer. As the electron beams in radiotherapy only penetrate to the level of the dermis, it is a common method of treatment for skin lymphoma which may only occur locally such as Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, however, it is not recommended for patients with systemic lympho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Stem Cell Transplants are a common method of treatment which can either be used in conjunction with chemotherapy to improve remission and effectiveness or it can be used with relapsed lymphoma patients. Stem cell transplants can either be an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) in which the patient donates their own ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) utilizes antibodies to target tumours, it induces apoptosis of the tumour through the obstruction of survival pathways. Monoclonal antibodies can be used as a single treatment agent, however, are more effective when used concurrently with chemotherapy to improve survival and remission. Most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Nucleoside analogs are a type of antiviral cytotoxic drug used to treat various cancer related diseases. It possesses highly immunosuppressive abilities and acts by inhibiting viral replication and prevent the spread of the cancerous growth. Nucleoside analogs are one of the most active class of drug used to treat T-ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Other non-tradition or new treatment options include: targeted therapy, protease inhibitors, signalling inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
While the incidences for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has plateaued, the rates of T-cell lymphoma has been gradually increasing over the past few years. However, due to the low frequency and lack of research performed on the disease, the number of cases is relatively underrepresented compared to other non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_lymphoma |
Portrait of Jeanne Kéfer is a portrait by Fernand Khnopff, painted in 1885. Currently housed and exhibited in The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Jeanne_Kéfer |
A five-year-old Jeanne Kéfer was a daughter of the artist's friend, pianist Gustave Kéfer. The painting had been scheduled to be showcased at Les XX, 1885, in Brussels, but Khnopff had not managed to finish it, and the exhibition took place in 1886. The painting received positive critic reviews. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Jeanne_Kéfer |
Jeanne Kéfer is depicted standing on a porch before a closed door with her thumb catching the edge of her bow as she reaches into her coat. The portrait symbolizes the child's vulnerability and uncertainty in facing the outside world. The message is emphasized by the composition itself as the Jeanne's body is framed ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Jeanne_Kéfer |
Satellite babies (also called Satellite children) refer to immigrants’ children who are temporarily sent back to their home country by their parents to be reared by extended family. Typically, the satellite babies are born in the host country and sent back as infants, returning to their parents in time to start schooli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Satellite babies is a term coined in the 2009 research paper Satellite Babies in Transnational Families: A Study of Parents’ Decision to Separate from their Infants. In the paper, the researchers focus on the children of Chinese immigrants in North America. However, the practice also occurs in immigrant households of S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Despite this diversity, research on satellite babies has mainly been conducted on ethnically Chinese children in North America. Satellite babies should not be confused with parachute kids, which refer to elementary or secondary international students living alone in a foreign country whilst their parents remain in thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Many societies, including Chinese society, have traditionally endorsed kinship care. In particular, the practice of grandchildren being cared for by grandparents while the parents migrate for work has become widespread within China due to rural-urban migration. As increasing numbers of Chinese people immigrate to Weste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Surveys of Chinese immigrant mothers in Canada and The United States of America revealed that economic necessity was the predominant factor influencing their decision to send their children back to China. The participants stated that they require time to focus on retraining or developing their careers, and considered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
According to surveys, the expectation of kinship care is a major factor influencing parents' decision making. Many Chinese parents chose to send their children to be cared for by extended family because they themselves were raised by their grandparents. Parents were also pressured to send their children back; surveys o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Additional factors that parents attributed to their decision to send their newborns back include a lack child-rearing experience. Many Chinese mothers of satellite babies stated in interviews that they did not know how to raise a child and would prefer to have their more experienced parents look after their grandchildr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
However, many mothers of satellite babies stated in interviews that they believed their child would exhibit behavioural problems, pointing to the lack of bonding that would result in disobedience and difficulty disciplining their child, which detracted from their decision to separate from their child. Another detractin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Moreover, many parents expressed a desire for their child to assimilate into the new culture of the host country as soon as possible, including parents who wanted to preserve traditional values. The parents expected that extended stay overseas would result in language and cultural barriers, which would hamper the abili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
The importance of strong attachment between infants and their primary caregiver on child development is well documented; research has shown that attachment disruptions are a predictor of poor mental health, increased crime rates, and relationship quality. Satellite babies suffer at least two major attachment disruption... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Acculturative stress can occur when satellite babies, upon return, are suddenly exposed to vastly different cultural norms and expectations both in school and within society, and required to learn a new language. Some parents of satellite babies also reported that their child had difficulty making friends, which they a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
In interviews, Canadian-Chinese mothers of satellite babies have displayed symptoms of depression and stress due to the separations. Generally, the respondents expressed a lack of control and resignation about their situation. Many mothers are aware of the possible psychological repercussions of separation on their chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
In most cases, voluntary family separations are stigmatised in Western countries. Researchers point out that articles on satellite babies highlighted in the media generally depict parents as uncaring, which can intensify judgement of immigrant families. Some studies suggest that the Western ideal of a nuclear family ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
These respondents believed it was normal to be raised by extended family, and understood separation to be a good solution to the financial hardships experienced by first-generation immigrant parents. These respondents also appreciated their grandparents' undivided attention, which their parents may not have been able t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_babies |
Qualitative risk analysis is a technique used to quantify risk associated with a particular hazard. Risk assessment is used for uncertain events that could have many outcomes and for which there could be significant consequences. Risk is a function of probability of an event (a particular hazard occurring) and the cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_risk_analysis |
There are several techniques when performing qualitative risk analysis to determine the probability and impact of risks, including the following: Brainstorming, interviewing, Delphi technique Historical data Strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats analysis (SWOT analysis) Risk rating scales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_risk_analysis |
Assigning probability and impacts to risks is a subjective exercise. Some of this subjectivity can be eliminated by developing rating scales that are agreed upon by the sponsor, project manager, and key team members. Some organizations, particularly those that have project management offices responsible for overseeing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_risk_analysis |
The meridian 103° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. In the United States, the border between New Mexico and Oklahoma is defined by the meridian. The 103rd meridian wes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 103rd meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd_meridian_west |
StoryChopsticks is a Singapore-based language-learning platform that helps children learn languages, most notably Chinese. The platform creates storybooks, drawing books, flashcards, and toys to help children break down foreign languages into small building blocks. StoryChopsticks was launched on 3 May 2020 by Sun Yuan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StoryChopsticks |
StoryChopsticks makes building blocks for children to use to help them create stories in new languages. Like structures built with Lego, the platform allows children to pick up new words and sentence structures, and put them in different contexts as they create their own story. Young learners follow the process of stor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StoryChopsticks |
Tildipirosin, sold under the brand name Zuprevo is an antibiotic used in pigs and cattle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tildipirosin |
In the United States, tildipirosin is indicated for the treatment or control of bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle.In the European Union, tildipirosin is indicated for the treatment and metaphylaxis of sw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tildipirosin |
The Meridian 89° West of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 89th meridian west forms a great circle with the 91st meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 89th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_meridian_west |
Gaius Musonius Rufus (; Greek: Μουσώνιος Ῥοῦφος) was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD. He taught philosophy in Rome during the reign of Nero and so was sent into exile in 65 AD, returning to Rome only under Galba. He was allowed to stay in Rome when Vespasian banished all other philosophers from the city... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
The son of a Roman eques of the name of Capito, Musonius Rufus was born in Volsinii, Etruria about 20–30 AD. By the time of Nero, he was already famous in Rome, where he taught Stoic philosophy. He was associated with the Stoic Opposition against the perceived tyranny of Nero. He followed Rubellius Plautus into exile w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
He returned to Rome after Plautus' death (62 AD), but as a consequence of his practising and teaching Stoicism, he became an object of suspicion and dislike at Nero's court, and was accordingly banished to the island of Gyaros (65 AD) on a trumped-up charge of participation in the Pisonian conspiracy. While Gyaros was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
When Marcus Antonius Primus, the general of Vespasian, was marching upon Rome (69 AD), he joined the ambassadors that were sent by Vitellius to the victorious general, and going among the soldiers of the latter, preached about the blessings of peace and the dangers of war, but was soon made to stop. When the party of V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
It is unknown whether Musonius wrote anything for publication. His philosophical opinions were collected by two of his students. One collection of Discourses, by a certain Lucius, form the basis of the 21 lengthy extracts preserved by Stobaeus. A second collection was compiled by one Pollio; it has been lost, but some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Which is more Effective, Theory or Practice? On Training That One Should Disdain Hardships That Kings Also Should Study Philosophy That Exile is not an Evil Will the Philosopher Prosecute Anyone for Personal Injury? What means of Livelihood is Appropriate for a Philosopher? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
On Sexual Indulgence What is the Chief End of Marriage Is Marriage a Handicap for the Pursuit of Philosophy? Should Every Child that is Born be Raised? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Must One Obey One's Parents under all Circumstances? What is the Best Viaticum for Old Age? On Food On Clothing and Shelter On Furnishings On Cutting the Hair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
His philosophy, which is in many respects identical with that of his pupil, Epictetus, is marked by its strong practical tendency. The philosophy he would have everyone cultivate is not a mere matter of words, of instruction, or of the school; but one that everyone by their own reflection and practice may pursue for hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
His philosophy consists entirely of the rules for the conduct of life; all knowledge ought to be serviceable to action. He does not reject logic: he regards it as a proof of a weak mind to decline to examine the fallacy which perplexes it; yet at the same time he expresses his disgust at the multitude of dogmas which f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
The human soul he considers to be akin to the gods, and agrees with other Stoics that the soul is material, which after being corrupted by bodily influence, may be again purified and cleansed. He strongly asserts the liberty of the rational soul (Greek: διάνοια).Musonius pays much more attention to ethics than logic or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
He agrees that it is easy to follow one's own nature, and the only great impediment which he can find to a truly moral life is the prejudices with which the mind is filled from childhood, and the evil habits confirmed by practices. Thus he regards philosophy as the mental art of healing, and lays great stress on the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
He combats all selfishness, and regards marriage not merely as becoming and natural, but as the principle of the family and state, and the preservation of the whole human race. He zealously protests against the exposure of children as an unnatural custom, and at every opportunity recommends the practice of benevolence. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
His precepts for the simple life are carefully detailed, and he gives precise regulations for diet, the care of the body, clothing, and even furniture. Thus he recommends that the hair should be allowed to grow long and not cut too close; and he honours the beard on the basis that the hair was provided by nature for co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Cora Lutz, (1947), Musonius Rufus: The Roman Socrates. Printed in: Yale Classical Studies, Volume X. Edited by A. R. Bellinger. Yale University Press. Cynthia King, (2011), Musonius Rufus: Lectures and Sayings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Edited by William B. Irvine. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1456459666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
J. T. Dillon, (2004), Musonius Rufus and Education in the Good Life: A Model of Teaching and Living Virtue. University Press of America. ISBN 0761829024 L. Dottarelli, (2015), "Musonio l'Etrusco. La filosofia come scienza di vita", Annulli Editori ISBN 978-8895187457. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Holiday, Ryan; Hanselman, Stephen (2020). "Musonius Rufus the Unbreakable". Lives of the Stoics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
New York: Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 236–249. ISBN 978-0525541875. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Musonius_Rufus |
Empirical risk minimization (ERM) is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms and is used to give theoretical bounds on their performance. The core idea is that we cannot know exactly how well an algorithm will work in practice (the true "risk") because we don't know the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
Consider the following situation, which is a general setting of many supervised learning problems. We have two spaces of objects X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} and would like to learn a function h: X → Y {\displaystyle \ h:X\to Y} (often called hypothesis) which outputs an object y ∈ Y {\displaystyle y\in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
from P ( x , y ) {\displaystyle P(x,y)} . Note that the assumption of a joint probability distribution allows us to model uncertainty in predictions (e.g. from noise in data) because y {\displaystyle y} is not a deterministic function of x {\displaystyle x} , but rather a random variable with conditional distribution P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
For classification tasks these loss functions can be scoring rules. The risk associated with hypothesis h ( x ) {\displaystyle h(x)} is then defined as the expectation of the loss function: R ( h ) = E = ∫ L ( h ( x ) , y ) d P ( x , y ) . {\displaystyle R(h)=\mathbf {E} =\int L(h(x),y)\,dP(x,y).} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
A loss function commonly used in theory is the 0-1 loss function: L ( y ^ , y ) = { 1 if y ^ ≠ y 0 if y ^ = y {\displaystyle L({\hat {y}},y)={\begin{cases}1&{\mbox{ if }}\quad {\hat {y}}\neq y\\0&{\mbox{ if }}\quad {\hat {y}}=y\end{cases}}} . The ultimate goal of a learning algorithm is to find a hypothesis h ∗ {\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_risk_minimization |
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