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Europe uses the traditional, first form, second form, third form, fourth form, fifth form and six form grade system which is up to age eleven. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Finland a student is called "opiskelija" (plural being 'opiskelijat'), though children in compulsory education are called "oppilas" (plural being 'oppilaat'). First level of education is "esikoulu" (literally 'preschool'), which used to be optional, but has been compulsory since the beginning of year 2015. Children ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
After compulsory education most children attend second-level education (toisen asteen koulutus), either lukio (corresponds to high school) or ammattioppilaitos (Vocational School), at which point they are called students (opiskelija). Some attend "kymppiluokka", which is a retake on some yläkoulu's education.To attend ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The generic term "étudiant" (lit. student) applies only to someone attending a university or a school of a similar level, that is to say pupils in a cursus reserved to people already owning a Baccalauréat. The general term for a person going to primary or secondary school is élève. In some French higher education estab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Germany, the German cognate term Student (male) or "Studentin" (female) is reserved for those attending a university. University students in their first year are called Erstsemester or colloquially Ersties ("firsties"). Different terms for school students exist, depending on which kind of school is attended by the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
They begin their first four (in some federal estates six) years in primary school or Grundschule. They then graduate to a secondary school called Gymnasium, which is a university preparatory school. Students attending this school are called Gymnasiasten, while those attending other schools are called Hauptschüler or Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Ireland, pupils officially start with primary school which consists of eight years: junior infants, senior infants, first class to sixth class (ages 5–11). After primary school, pupils proceed to the secondary school level. Here they first enter the junior cycle, which consists of first year to third year (ages 11–1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
At the end of third year, all students must sit a compulsory state examination called the Junior Certificate. After third year, pupils have the option of taking a "transition year" or fourth year (usually at age 15–16). In transition year pupils take a break from regular studies to pursue other activities that help to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
It also provides a bridge to enable pupils to make the transition from the more dependent type of learning associated with the Junior Cert. to the more independent learning environment associated with the senior cycle.After the junior cycle pupils advance to the senior cycle, which consists of fifth year and sixth year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The Leaving Cert. is the basis for all Irish pupils who wish to do so to advance to higher education via a points system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
A maximum of 625 points can be achieved. All higher education courses have a minimum of points needed for admission.At Trinity College, Dublin under-graduate students are formally called "junior freshmen", "senior freshmen", "junior sophister" or "senior sophister", according to the year they have reached in the typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
At university, the term "fresher" is used to describe new students who are just beginning their first year. The term, "first year" is the more commonly used and connotation-free term for students in their first year. The week at the start of a new year is called "Freshers' Week" or "Welcome Week", with a programme of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Italian, a matricola is a first-year student. Some other terms may apply in specific schools, some depending on the liceo classico or liceo scientifico attended. According to the goliardic initiation traditions the grades granted (following approximately the year of enrollment at university) are: matricola (freshman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Sweden, only those studying at university level are called students (student, plural studenter). To graduate from upper secondary school (gymnasium) is called ta studenten (literally "to take the student"), but after the graduation festivities, the graduate is no longer a student unless he or she enrolls at universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Traditionally, the term "student" is reserved for people studying at university level in the United Kingdom. At universities in the UK, the term "fresher" is used informally to describe new students who are just beginning their first year. Although it is not unusual to call someone a fresher after their first few weeks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Second years are called "semi-bejants", third years are known as "tertians", and fourth years, or others in their final year of study, are called "magistrands". In England and Wales, primary school begins with an optional "nursery" year (either in a primary school or a privately run nursery,) followed by reception and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
They go up to year 11 (formerly "fifth form") and then join the sixth form, either at the same school or at a separate sixth form college. A pupil entering a private, fee-paying school (usually at age 13) would join the "third form" – equivalent to year 9. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Many schools have an alternate name for first years, some with a derogatory basis, but in others acting merely as a description – for example "shells" (non-derogatory) or "grubs" (derogatory). In Northern Ireland and Scotland, it is very similar but with some differences. Pupils start off in nursery or reception aged 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
They then continue primary school until "P7" or year 7. After that they start secondary school at 11 years old, this is called "1st year" or year 8 in Northern Ireland, or "S1" in Scotland. They continue secondary school until the age of 16 at "5th year", year 12 or "S5", and then it is the choice of the individual pup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Scotland, students aged 16–18 take Highers, followed by Advanced Highers. Alternatively, pupils can leave and go into full-time employment or to start in a technical college. Large increases in the size of student populations in the UK and the effect this has had on some university towns or on areas of cities locate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Education in Canada (a federal state) is primarily within the constitutional jurisdiction of the provinces. The overall school curricula are overseen by the provincial and territorial governments, therefore the way educational stages are grouped and named can differ. Education is generally divided into primary, seconda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Specifically, Ontario, Quebec and the Northwest Territories offer junior then senior kindergarten (in French, either pre-maternelle then maternelle, or maternelle then jardin d’enfants). Education in Ontario from 1988 involved an Ontario Academic Credit (OAC) after grade 12 primarily as university preparation, but that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
All provinces and territories except Quebec now have 12 grades. Education in Quebec differs from the other jurisdictions in that it has an école primaire ("primary school") consisting of grades 1–6 and an école secondaire ("secondary school") consisting of secondaries I–V, equivalent to grades 7–11. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
A student graduating from école secondaire then either completes a three-year college program or a two-year pre-university program required before attending university. In some English-language écoles secondaire and most French-language écoles secondaire, students refer to secondaries I–V as years one through five. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In some provinces, grades 1 through 5 are called "elementary school", grades 6 to 8 are called "middle school" or "junior high school", and grades 9 to 12 are considered high school. Other provinces, such as British Columbia, mainly divide schooling into elementary school (Kindergarten to grade 7) and secondary school ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Junior high consists of Grades 7–9. High school consists of Grades 10–12. In English provinces, the high school (known as academy or secondary school) years can be referred to simply as first, second, third and fourth year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Some areas call it by grade such as grade 10, grade 11 and grade 12. In Canadian English, the term "college" usually refers to a technical, trades, applied arts, applied technology, or applied science school or community college. These are post-secondary institutions typically granting two-year diplomas certificates, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The French acronym specific to public institutions within Quebec's system of pre-university and technical education is CEGEP (Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel, "college of general and professional education"). CEGEP is a collegiate level institution in Quebec that most students typically enrols in, wheth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In Canada, there is a strong distinction between "college" and "university". In conversation, one specifically would say either "they are going to university" (i.e., studying for a three- or four-year degree at a university) or "they are going to college" (i.e., studying at a technical/career training).A Canadian post-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In the United States, the first official year of schooling is called kindergarten, which is why the students are called kindergarteners. Kindergarten is optional in most states, but few students skip this level. Pre-kindergarten, also known as "preschool" (and sometimes shortened to "Pre-K") is becoming a standard of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In the United States, there are 12 years of mandatory schooling. The first eight are solely referred to by numbers (e.g. 1st grade, 5th grade) so students may be referred to as 1st graders, 5th graders, then once in middle school, they are referred to as 6th, 7th, and 8th graders. Upon entering high school, grades 9 th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The first year of college or high school is referred to as Freshman year. A freshman is a first-year student in college, university or high school. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In the U.S., a sophomore, also called a "soph", is a second-year student. Outside the United States, the term sophomore is rarely used, with second-year students simply called "second years". Folk etymology indicates that the word means "wise fool"; consequently "sophomoric" means "pretentious, bombastic, inflated in s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In the U.S., a Junior is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year and a Senior is a student in the last (usually fourth) year of college, university, or high school. A student who takes more than the average number of years to graduate is sometimes referred to as a "super senior". This term is often used in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The term underclassman refers collectively to Freshmen and Sophomores, and upperclassman refers collectively to Juniors and Seniors, sometimes even Sophomores. In some cases, the freshmen, sophomores, and juniors are considered underclassmen, while seniors are designated as upperclassmen. The term Middler is used to de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
A graduate student is a student who continues his/her education after graduation. Some examples of graduate programs are: business school, law school, medical school, and veterinary school. Degrees earned in graduate programs include the master's degree, a research doctoral degree, or a first professional degree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Students attending vocational school focus on their jobs and learning how to work in specific fields of work. A vocational program typically takes much less time to complete than a four-year degree program, lasting 12–24 months. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Students have their own current of politics and activism on and off campus. The student rights movement has centered itself on the empowerment of students similar to the labor movement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
A mature, non-traditional, or adult student in tertiary education (at a university or a college) is normally classified as an (undergraduate) student who is at least 21–23 years old at the start of their course and usually having been out of the education system for at least two years. Mature students can also include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
University students have been associated with pranks and japes since the creation of universities in the Middle Ages. These can often involve petty crime, such as the theft of traffic cones and other public property, or hoaxes. It is also not uncommon for students from one school to steal or deface the mascot of a riva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
Students who are repeating a grade level of schooling due to poor grades are sometimes referred to as having been "held back" or "kept back". In Malaysia and Singapore they are described as "retained". In the Philippines they are called "repeater". The term 'pupil' (originally a Latin term for a minor as the ward of an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The term pupil is also used in the Philippines by the Department of Education to refer to learners currently in elementary school; the term student is used for by the Department of Education for learners in high school. The United States military academies officially use only numerical terms, but there are colloquial e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
In order from first year to fourth year, students are referred to as "fourth-class", "third-class", "second-class", and "first-class" cadets or midshipmen. Unofficially, other terms are used, for example at the United States Military Academy, freshmen are called "plebes", sophomores are called "yearlings" or "yuks", ju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
"Freshman" and "sophomore" are sometimes used figuratively, almost exclusively in the United States, to refer to a first or second effort ("the singer's sophomore album"), or to a politician's first or second term in office ("freshman senator") or an athlete's first or second year on a professional sports team. "Junior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
International Students' Day (17 November) remembers the anniversary of the 1939 Nazi storming of the University of Prague after student demonstrations against the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. Germans closed all Czech universities and colleges, sent over 1200 students to Nazi concentration camps, and had nine st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_students |
The Joondalup Family Health Study (JFHS) will be an extensively characterized, community-based cohort study, which will investigate the complex interplay of environmental, lifestyle and genetic components that affect the risk of common conditions such as asthma, heart disease and diabetes. The Study will take place in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
His Excellency Dr Kenneth Comninos Michael AC, Governor of Western Australia is the Patron of the JFHS. Clinical Professor Fiona Wood AM is the Medical Patron of the JFHS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
This longitudinal study will seek to collect extensive data (over 3,000 measures on each person) from up to 80,000 participants, who will be asked to undergo a comprehensive health check approximately every 3 years. The appointment will include questions about lifestyle and diet, in addition to height, weight and other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
JFHS Phase 1 will pilot the Study with 2,000 participants, ~ 700 nuclear families, including adults and children (6 years and up). Phase 1 will also be a stand-alone study, which will produce validated research methods, data and analysis. Phase 1 will collect data on under-researched but important conditions in the Aus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
JFHS Phase 2 will expand on the JFHS Phase 1 cohort and seek to collect over 3,500 measures from up to 80,000 volunteers from Joondalup every three years. In addition to the research areas described in Phase 1, detailed parameters will be collected within the following major research areas: Cancer Cardiovascular diseas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
For Phase 1, participants will be a community-based, randomly selected sample of 2000 eligible individuals living in the community of Joondalup. Only households in which two or more generations of families are living together with children over the age of 6 years will be studied. For Phase 2, all residents living in Jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
Participants who choose to take part in the JFHS will be asked to complete a questionnaire on their medical history, behaviours and lifestyle, mental health and community participation. They will also be asked to attend the Health & Wellness Building at Edith Cowan University to have physical measurements taken. Partic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
An extensive program of community outreach has been conducted by the JFHS team. This included a detailed postal survey of 7,500 residents and a Community Forum. Of those who responded (16% of total surveyed), 96% believed that it was very or quite important to conduct a large-scale family health study; 85% were very or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
The JFHS has been endorsed by community leaders representing the City of Joondalup - including local, state and federal parliamentarians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
Western Australian health groups who have endorsed the JFHS include: AusBiotech Association for the Blind of WA Australian Medical Association, WA Branch Biotechnology Australia Diabetes WA Joondalup Health Campus The McCusker Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease Research Royal Perth Hospital Sir Charles Gairdner Hospita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
National and international organisations who have endorsed the JFHS include: Australian Genome Alliance Public Population Project in Genomics Consortium (P3G), a non-for-profit international consortium to promote collaboration between researchers in the field of population genomics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
Cerner Corporation Committee for Perth IBM Scitech | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
The Joondalup Family Health Study will build on the experience of a number of previous large cohort studies that have been conducted in Western Australia, including the Busselton Health Study, the Health-in-Men Study, and the Raine Study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Family_Health_Study |
The philosophy of education is the branch of applied philosophy that investigates the nature of education as well as its aims and problems. It includes the examination of educational theories, the presuppositions present in them, and the arguments for and against them. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws inspir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many of its theories focus specifically on education in schools but it also encompasses other forms of education. Its theories are often divided into descriptive and normative theories. Descriptive theories provide a value-neutral account of what education is and how to understand its fundamental concepts, in contrast ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
One of the difficulties in giving a more precise definition is the great variety of topics that are being discussed in the philosophy of education. Some studies focus on its fundamental concepts, like the concepts of education, teaching, learning, and student. Such studies often take the form of conceptual analysis, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many discussions center around the aims of education, i.e. issues like why individuals should be educated and what purposes should be pursued in the process. There is wide agreement that these aims include passing on knowledge as well as the development of the abilities of good reasoning, judging, and acting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But theories describing more specific goals and their relative importance are usually controversial. Prominent suggestions include curiosity, creativity, rationality, morality, freedom, autonomy, and open-mindedness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
An important discussion concerning the epistemic aims of education is whether education should focus mainly on the transmission of true beliefs or rather on the ability to reason and arrive at new knowledge on one's own. In this context, many theorists emphasize the importance of critical thinking in contrast to indoct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
It also involves the ability to challenge unwarranted claims by epistemic authorities, in contrast to indoctrination, which is primarily concerned with instilling certain beliefs into the student's mind without regard to their evidential status. Another debate about the aims of education is whether the primary benefici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
This involves the questions of whether, when, and in what detail a certain topic, like sex education or religion, should be taught. Other debates focus on the specific contents and methods used in moral, art, and science education. Some philosophers investigate the relation between education and power, often specifical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A different issue is the problem of the equality of education, i.e. the demand that all students should be treated equally in public education. This is often understood in the sense that education should open the same opportunities to everyone. This ideal is threatened by various sources of inequality, like active disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In regard to educational research, some philosophers of education promote a quantitative approach, which follows the example of the natural sciences by using wide experimental studies. Others prefer a qualitative approach, which is closer to the methodology of the social sciences and tends to give more prominence to in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Various schools of philosophy have developed their own perspective on the main issues of education. Existentialists emphasize the role of authenticity while pragmatists give particular prominence to active learning and discovery. Feminists and postmodernists often try to uncover and challenge biases and forms of discri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Other philosophical movements include perennialism, classical education, essentialism, critical pedagogy, and progressivism. The history of the philosophy of education started in ancient philosophy and has remained an important topic to the present day. Despite its long and diverse history, it only emerged as a systema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The philosophy of education is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, aims, and problems of education. As the philosophical study of education, it investigates its topic similar to how other discipline-specific branches of philosophy, like the philosophy of science or the philosophy of law, study their topi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Because of this, both the breadth and the influence of the philosophy of education are significant and wide-ranging, touching many other branches of philosophy, such as ethics, political philosophy, epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind. Its theories are often formulated from the perspective of these other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But due to its interdisciplinary nature, it also attracts contributions from scholars belonging to fields outside the domain of philosophy.While there is wide agreement on the general topics discussed in the philosophy of education, it has proven difficult to give a precise definition of it. The philosophy of education... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But not everyone agrees with this characterization since the philosophy of education has a more theoretical side as well, which includes the examination of the fundamental concepts and theories of education as well as their philosophical implications. These two sides are sometimes referred to as the outward and the inw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But it only emerged as a distinct branch of philosophy in the latter half of the 20th century, when it became the subject of a systematic study and analysis. The term "education" can refer either to the process of educating or to the field of study investigating education as this process. This ambiguity is also reflect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many works in the philosophy of education focus explicitly or implicitly on the education happening in schools. But in its widest sense, education takes place in various other fields as well, such as at home, in libraries, in museums, or in the public media. Different types of education can be distinguished, such as fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Different subdivisions of the philosophy of education have been suggested. One categorization distinguishes between descriptive and normative issues. Descriptive theories aim to describe what education is and how to understand its related concepts. This includes also epistemological questions, which ask not whether a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Normative theories, on the other hand, try to give an account of how education should be practiced or what is the right form of education. Some normative theories are built on a wider ethical framework of what is right or good and then arrive at their educational normative theories by applying this framework to the pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The latter section may again be divided into concrete normative theories and the study of the conceptual and methodological presuppositions of these theories. Other classifications additionally include areas for topics such as the role of reasoning and morality as well as issues pertaining to social and political topic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
They often include normative theories about how education should or should not be practiced and are in most cases controversial.Another approach is to simply list all topics discussed in the philosophy of education. Among them are the issues and presuppositions concerning sex education, science education, aesthetic edu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The starting point of many philosophical inquiries into a field is the examination and clarification of the fundamental concepts used in this field, often in the form of conceptual analysis. This approach is particularly prominent in the analytic tradition. It aims to make ambiguities explicit and to uncover various im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Definitions of education can be divided into thin and thick definitions. Thin definitions are neutral and descriptive. They usually emphasize the role of the transmission of knowledge and understanding in education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Thick definitions include additional normative components, for example, by stating that the process in question has to have certain positive results to be called education. According to one thick definition, education means that the person educated has acquired knowledge and intellectual skills, values these factors, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A central question in the philosophy of education concerns the aims of education, i.e. the question of why people should be educated and what goals should be pursued in the process of education. This issue is highly relevant for evaluating educational practices and products by assessing how well they manage to realize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Prominent suggestions include that education should foster knowledge, curiosity, creativity, rationality, and critical thinking while also promoting the tendency to think, feel, and act morally. The individual should thereby develop as a person, and achieve self-actualization by realizing their potential. Some theorist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many suggestions concern the social domain, such as fostering a sense of community and solidarity and thus turning the individual into a productive member of society while protecting them from the potentially negative influences of society. The discussion of these positions and the arguments cited for and against them ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Some attempts have been made to provide an overarching framework of these different aims. According to one approach, education should at its core help the individual lead a good life. All the different more specific goals are aims of education to the extent that they serve this ultimate purpose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
On this view, it may be argued that fostering rationality and autonomy in the students are aims of education to the extent that increased rationality and autonomy will result in the student leading a better life.The different theories of the aims of education are sometimes divided into goods-based, skills-based, and ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many theories emphasize the epistemic aims of education. According to the epistemic approach, the central aim of education has to do with knowledge, for example, to pass on knowledge accumulated in the societal effort from one generation to the next. This process may be seen both as the development of the student's min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Others have argued that this constitutes a false dichotomy: that the transmission of knowledge and the development of a rational and critical mind are intertwined aims of education that depend on and support each other. In this sense, education aims also at fostering the ability to acquire new knowledge. This includes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Critical thinking is often cited as one of the central aims of education. There is no generally accepted definition of critical thinking. But there is wide agreement that it is reasonable, reflective, careful, and focused on determining what to believe or how to act. It has clarity and rationality as its standards and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In this sense, education is not just about conveying many true beliefs to the students. Instead, the students' ability to arrive at conclusions by themselves and the disposition to question pre-existing beliefs should also be fostered, often with the goal of benefitting not just the student but society at large. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But not everyone agrees with the positive role ascribed to critical thinking in education. Objections are often based on disagreements about what it means to reason well. Some critics argue that there is no universally correct form of reasoning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
According to them, education should focus more on teaching subject-specific skills and less on imparting a universal method of thinking. Other objections focus on the allegation that critical thinking is not as neutral, universal, and presuppositionless as some of its proponents claim. On this view, it involves various... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Many theorists hold that indoctrination is in important ways different from education and should be avoided in education. But others contend that indoctrination should be part of education or even that there is no difference between the two. These different positions depend a lot on how "indoctrination" is to be define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Most definitions of indoctrination agree that its goal is to get the student to accept and embrace certain beliefs. It has this in common with most forms of education but differs from it in other ways. According to one definition, the belief acquisition in indoctrination happens without regard for the evidential suppor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
According to another, the beliefs are instilled in such a way as to discourage the student to question or assess for themselves the believed contents. In this sense, the goals of indoctrination are exactly opposite to other aims of education, such as rationality and critical thinking. In this sense, education tries to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
An intimately related issue is whether the aim of education is to mold the mind of the pupil or to liberate it by strengthening its capacity for critical and independent inquiry.An important consequence of this debate concerns the problem of testimony, i.e to what extent students should trust the claims of teachers and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But the more their intellectual capacities develop, the more they should use them when trying to assess the plausibility of claims and the reasons for and against them. In this regard, it has been argued that, especially for young children, weaker forms of indoctrination may be necessary while they still lack the intel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A recurrent source of disagreement about the aims of education concerns the question of who is the primary beneficiary of education: the individual educated or the society having this individual as its member. In many cases, the interests of both are aligned. On the one hand, many new opportunities in life open to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
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