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The 24.5 ha (61 acres) park is at the eastern part of the center of Elazığ. Its altitude is 1,060 m (3,480 ft). It is surrounded by City Stadium to the west, Zafran Mesire Alanı to the north, 8th General Directorate of High Ways to the east and, Olgunlar District to the south. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazığ_Culture_Park |
During the early years of the Turkey, the site was used as a city nursery. As the growth of the city of Elazığ step by step site surrounded by the high density residential buildings. At 2010 Municipality of Elazığ took the site and established Elazığ Culture Park and opened to the public on 29 May 2015, the Conquest Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazığ_Culture_Park |
Designers of Elazığ Culture Park are world known Turkish architect Günay Erdem together with famous Turkish landscape architects Serpil Öztekin Erdem and Sunay Erdem. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazığ_Culture_Park |
SimCity is a city-building and urban planning simulation massively multiplayer online game developed by Maxis Emeryville and published by Electronic Arts. Released for Microsoft Windows in early March 2013, it is a reboot of the SimCity series, and is the first major installment since the release of SimCity 4 a decade ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Players can create a settlement that can grow into a city by zoning land for residential, commercial, or industrial development, as well as building and maintaining public services, transport and utilities. SimCity uses a new engine called GlassBox that allows for more detailed simulation than previous games. Throughou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Prior to release, SimCity received positive reviews; however, the game's launch was received negatively due to widespread technical and gameplay problems related to the mandatory network connection for playing and saving game data. These issues included network outages, problems with saving progress and difficulty conn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Along with many of the cosmetic changes (such as up-to-date 3D graphics), SimCity uses the new GlassBox engine. "We try to build what you would expect to see, and that's the game," explains system architect Andrew Willmott, meaning that visual effects such as traffic, economic troubles, and pollution will be more obvio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
The density is driven by the types of roads built around these zones.Cities in a region are connected to each other via predefined regional networks such as highways, railways, and waterways. Elements such as traffic and air pollution are visible flowing between cities. Cities can trade resources or share public servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Cities can also pool their collective wealth and resources to build a "great work" to provide benefits for the entire region like a massive solar power plant or an international airport. The larger the region, the higher is the number of cities and great works that can be built. Terraforming – Creative Director Ocean Q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Transportation options – There are a number of options that are included, such as boats, buses, trams, and planes. Customization – Maxis has indicated that the game will support modding, but will not do so at launch like previous versions.Modules in SimCity are attachable structures that can add functionality to existi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
One example is the extra garage for fire stations, which can provide additional fire trucks for increased protection coverage Another example is the Department of Safety for the City Hall, which unlocks more advanced medical, police and fire department buildings. The user interface, which was inspired by Google Maps an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
For instance, opening up the water tower instantly changes the landscape to a clear world where the density of water is recognizable, and clicking on the sewage tab will immediately show how the waste of the citizens is flowing, and where the system is over capacity. Some of the other visualized data include air pollut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Some are renewable, such as groundwater. Lead gameplay engineer Dan Moskowitz stated, "If you've built up an entire city on the economic basis of extracting a certain resource, when that resource runs out your economy will collapse. "Different from some previous SimCity titles, each type of zone (residential, commercia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Instead, the density of the roads next to them determines the type of buildings that will be created there. This means that there is only one of each zone type, and the density of the buildings is determined by the density of the roads. Roads in SimCity are one of the most fundamental elements of the mechanics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Unlike previous SimCity games, roads carry water, power, and sewage. There are also many new tools for drawing roads. They include a straight line tool, one for making rectangular road squares, one for making sweeping arcs, one for making circles, and one for making free-form roads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
There is also a more diverse range of roads to choose from. Starting at dirt roads and going up to six-lane avenues with streetcar tracks, the density of the roads determines the density of the buildings next to them, so dirt roads will only develop low-density buildings. There are two different categories of roads, st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Streets are 24 meters wide and avenues are 48 meters wide. Since all streets are the same width, a dirt road can be upgraded to a high-density street. In order to upgrade a street to an avenue, one would need to fully demolish the old street and replace it with a larger avenue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
When high and low-capacity roads intersect, the higher density roads have the right-of-way, thus stop lights and stop signs will be automatically placed. In order to space the roads so there will be enough room for buildings to develop, road guides are shown when hovering over an existing road.Players will be able to s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Players have the option to heavily specialize on one or build multiple specializations in any given city for diversity. The game will feature a simulated global economy. Prices of key resources like oil or food will fluctuate depending on the game world's supply and demand. In particular, if players all over the world ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
This version of SimCity is the first to feature full online play since SimCity 2000 Network Edition (1996), allowing for regions to house multiple cities from different players. Regions can alternatively be set to private/invite-only. SimCity requires players to be logged into Electronic Arts (EA)'s Origin gaming servi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Prior to its announcement, the German magazine GameStar leaked concept art. Soon thereafter, a pre-rendered trailer was leaked. The official announcement took place on March 6, 2012, at the Game Developers Conference. Initially, it was revealed that the game would be available for the Windows platform, and a later macO... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Maxis developed the game using a new simulation engine called GlassBox, which takes a different approach from previous simulation games. Those games first simulated high-level statistics and then created graphic animations to represent that data. The GlassBox Engine replaces those statistics with agents, simulation uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
For example, rather than simply displaying a traffic jam animation to represent a simulated traffic flow problem, traffic jams are instead produced dynamically by masses of Sim agents that simulate travel to and from work. A four-part video has been released featuring Dan Moskowitz, the lead gameplay engineer, talking ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
The game's audio is bound to the pulse of the simulation. When a building is running a simulation rule like generating power, for example, its driving music and sound effects that are synchronized to the overall beat of the simulation. The audio is telling the player what the simulation is doing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Audio Director Kent Jolly stated that cars in the game are tracked individually. When a car leaves an intersection, the simulator plays a sound of a car pulling away. The sound also changes based on the speed of the game. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
As cars go faster, the audio is matched to what the player sees, while remaining true to the actual traffic.Chris Tilton is the composer of the game's orchestral score. The music subtly adjusts to the player's experience based on various game states. An example of this is when the view is zoomed out, the player will he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
When zoomed in, certain elements of the tracks are taken away. This is done to help make room for all the activity going on in the player's city. The music tracks are also written with the population in mind, and the game exposes the full playlist as the player's city develops and grows. Tilton sought to reinvent SimCi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
SimCity was released on March 5, 2013, in North America, on March 6 in Europe, Australia, and Japan, and on March 7 in the UK. The game was made available in three editions: the standard edition; the Limited Edition, which includes the Heroes & Villains and Plumbob Park DLC sets; and the Origin-exclusive Digital Deluxe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
EA responded to server issues by adding additional servers and developing a server patch that disables "non-critical gameplay features leaderboards, achievements and region filters." On the evening of March 7, Maxis general manager Lucy Bradshaw issued a statement in response to the launch problems, stating that more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
"Senior producer Kip Katsarelis commented that the game servers were constantly at maximum capacity, partly due to the large number of players connected for extended periods of time, which has made it difficult for new users to connect: "We added more servers to accommodate the launch in ... our plan is to continue to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
"On March 8, 2013, EA suspended some of SimCity's online marketing campaigns because of the game's ongoing technical problems. EA has stated it will not be offering refunds for users.In a blog post on March 8, Bradshaw gave an update on the server situation, reporting that the issues had improved and server space had e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
The short answer is: a lot more people logged on than we expected. More people played and played in ways we never saw in the beta" and called their error "dumb". She reported that server capacity had been increased by 120 percent and that errors had dropped by 80 percent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
She also promised another update during the weekend. She also announced an offer of a free game from the EA catalog, saying "I know that's a little contrived – kind of like buying a present for a friend after you did something crummy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
But we feel bad about what happened. We're hoping you won't stay mad and that we'll be friends again when SimCity is running at 100 percent." Maxis ruled out making the game able to be played offline, saying it would take a significant amount of engineering work for this to happen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Shortly afterwards, it was discovered that a line of code could be commented out, allowing the game to be played offline indefinitely. In addition, an article published by Rock, Paper, Shotgun highlighted ways in which "They could make an entire region single player offline with absolute ease. "The launch failures also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
All Origin users who purchased and registered the game before March 23 were allowed to choose a game for free among a selected list of EA titles, including SimCity 4, Battlefield 3, Dead Space 3, Mass Effect 3 and Need for Speed: Most Wanted. EA maintains a Server Status page in the SimCity website. This allowed player... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Since the initial release, Maxis has distributed patches to the game via the in-game patching utility that automatically runs when the game is launched on a user's computer. These patches have addressed, though not entirely fixed, among many other things, issues such as traffic intelligence, game-save rollbacks, and em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Maxis released a 2.0 patch, purported to make significant improvements to gameplay and curb defects, that was distributed on April 22, 2013. On May 23, 2013, Maxis released patch 4.0, giving players more updates to the game and re-enabling leader boards. Patch 6 was released July 30, 2013, and included the game's secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Patch 7.0, a notable update for users, was released on August 22, 2013. This patch included the addition of a bridge and tunnel tool, letting players create overpasses and underpasses. The update also improved traffic, making it smarter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
All patches that have been released have included patch notes describing the contents of the patch and can be found on EA's forums. An offline mode was released in Update 10. The game can now be saved to the local disk, and cities are static and do not operate while the player is working on an adjacent city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
On November 13, 2014, EA released SimCity: Complete Edition exclusively on Origin. The compilation release contains the Digital Deluxe Edition of SimCity (including the British City, French City, and German City Set), the Cities of Tomorrow expansion pack, plus the Amusement Park and Airships DLC sets. It does not incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
At E3 2012 in June 2012, SimCity won 8 awards out of 24 nominations. On August 23, 2012, SimCity won Gamescom's "Best PC Game" award. The Gamescom jury described the video game as having "fantastic graphics" and "struck the right balance between retaining the trademarks of the old parts and making it interesting for be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
The video games-focused blog Kotaku also voiced concern over the issue, worrying that Electronic Arts could one day shut down their servers, rendering the game unplayable.This prompted a blog response from Bradshaw, in which she defended the always-online component with the comment that "real cities do not exist in a b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Upon release, SimCity was met with mostly mixed reviews, many of which were downgraded after reviewers received reports of server problems. It received mixed to negative reception soon after, with GameRankings and Metacritic assigning scores of 63.82% and 64/100, respectively.The issues surrounding the launch affected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Other critics such as Rock, Paper, Shotgun also noted the launch issues with the always-online nature of the game, servers, and cloud save systems. According to Rock, Paper, Shotgun, because a server connection is required even for single-player games, "the game, by its very design, is hideously broken." Leif Johnson w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
CNET UK reported on March 6 that review aggregator Metacritic accumulated a user score of 2.0/10 and several critics reported that the product on Amazon.com had an average rating of 1/5 stars. Amazon customers and the press reported problems with path-finding and artificial intelligence, broken economic simulation, mul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Maxis has acknowledged that city size is a major complaint, but has stated that they are not currently working on an increase in size. However, they have stated that larger areas may appear in an upcoming release or expansion of the game. In October 2013, Maxis stated that due to player feedback, they attempted to impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
SimCity sold over 1.1 million copies in its first two weeks, 54 percent of which were of the download version of the game. As of July 2013, the game had sold over two million copies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
An expansion pack titled Cities of Tomorrow was announced on September 19, 2013. It was released on November 12, 2013, and is set fifty years in the future. It features new regions, technology, city specializations, and transportation methods.The new features in Cities of Tomorrow are divided into three categories: "Me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Each floor can provide jobs, services, or housing for hundreds of citizens at the same time. The Academy is a futuristic research center that provides a signal called "ControlNet" to power up structures and improvements developed there and the OmegaCo is composed of factories used to produce an elusive commodity only k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
Cities of Tomorrow received mixed reviews from critics. Brett Todd for GameSpot noted that "you're left with a game that hides the same dissatisfying experience under a more attractive surface," calling the expansion "more of the same." Paul Dean for EuroGamer wrote the expansion pack was "heading in the right directio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
The disastrous server issues on launch resulted in wider changes to Maxis and EA in the following years. EA moved away from its near-exclusive focus on always-online titles that had been company policy since 2012. This resulted in major changes to The Sims 4, which was in development at that time as an always-online mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimCity:_Cities_of_Tomorrow |
A Diatype is a manual "typesetter machine" used for the phototypesetting of texts, printing them on a light-sensitive film, that can be used in different environments of the graphic arts industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatype_(machine) |
The light-sensitive film is fitted on a drum and inserted in the machine. The machine must be prepared by fitting the appropriate disk which should contain all the required fonts, these fonts are transparent on black support. Then the character that is wanted to be printed is selected by rotating a crowbar and then exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatype_(machine) |
This way, characters are printed, in a one by one basis, until the start of a new line of text is needed, then to make the film advance, the drum is rotated a few millimeters by means of a crank designed for this purpose, and the procedure continues Once all the composition of a complete text it has been printed, the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatype_(machine) |
Optimism is an attitude reflecting a belief or hope that the outcome of some specific endeavor, or outcomes in general, will be positive, favorable, and desirable. A common idiom used to illustrate optimism versus pessimism is a glass filled with water to the halfway point: an optimist is said to see the glass as half ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
This is usually referred to in psychology as dispositional optimism. It reflects a belief that future conditions will work out for the best. As a trait, it fosters resilience in the face of stress.Theories of optimism include dispositional models and models of explanatory style. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Methods to measure optimism have been developed within both of these theoretical approaches, such as various forms of the Life Orientation Test for the original dispositional definition of optimism and the Attributional Style Questionnaire designed to test optimism in terms of explanatory style. Variation in optimism b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Researchers operationalize the term "optimism" differently depending on their research. As with any trait characteristic, there are several ways to evaluate optimism, such as the Life Orientation Test (LOT), an eight-item scale developed in 1985 by Michael Scheier and Charles Carver.Dispositional optimism and pessimism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Optimistic scores on this scale predict better outcomes in relationships, higher social status, and reduced loss of well-being following adversity. Health-preserving behaviors are associated with optimism while health-damaging behaviors are associated with pessimism.Some have argued that optimism is the opposite end of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Genetic modelling confirms this independence, showing that pessimism and optimism are inherited as independent traits, with the typical correlation between them emerging as a result of a general well-being factor and family environment influences. Patients with high dispositional optimism appear to have stronger immune... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Explanatory style is distinct from dispositional theories of optimism. While related to life-orientation measures of optimism, attributional style theory suggests that dispositional optimism and pessimism are reflections of the ways people explain events, i.e., that attributions cause these dispositions. An optimist wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
In addition, the measures distinguish attributions for positive and negative events. Optimistic people attribute internal, stable, and global explanations to good things. Pessimistic explanations attribute these traits of stability, globality, and internality to negative events, such as relationship difficulty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Models of optimistic and pessimistic attributions show that attributions themselves are a cognitive style – individuals who tend to focus on the global explanations do so for all types of events, and the styles correlate among each other. In addition, individuals vary in how optimistic their attributions are for good e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Some researchers argue that optimism is simply the lay-term for what researchers know as explanatory style. More commonly, it is found that explanatory style is distinct from dispositional optimism, so the two should not be used interchangeably as they are marginally correlated at best. More research is required to "br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
As with all psychological traits, differences in both dispositional optimism and pessimism and in attributional style are heritable. Both optimism and pessimism are strongly influenced by environmental factors, including the family environment. Optimism may be indirectly inherited as a reflection of underlying heritabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Evidence from twin studies shows that the inherited component of the dispositional optimism is about 25 percent, making this trait a stable personality dimension and a predictor of life outcomes. Its genetic origin interacts with environmental influences and other risks, to determine the vulnerability to depression acr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
The Life Orientation Test (LOT) was designed by Scheier and Carver (1985) to assess dispositional optimism – expecting positive or negative outcomes. It is one of the more popular tests of optimism and pessimism. It was often used in early studies examining these dispositions' effects in health-related domains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Scheier and Carver's initial research, which surveyed college students, found that optimistic participants were less likely to show an increase in symptoms like dizziness, muscle soreness, fatigue, blurred vision, and other physical complaints than pessimistic respondents.There are eight items and four filler items in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) consists of six items, each scored on a five-point scale from "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly agree" and four filler items. Half of the coded items are phrased optimistically, the other half in a pessimistic way. Compared with its previous iteration, LOT-R offers good internal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) is based on the explanatory style model of optimism. Subjects read a list of six positive and negative events (e.g. "you have been looking for a job unsuccessfully for some time"), and are asked to record a possible cause for the event. They then rate whether this is internal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Optimism and health are correlated moderately. Optimism explains between 5–10% of the variation in the likelihood of developing some health conditions (correlation coefficients between .20 and .30), notably including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and depression.The relationship between optimism and health has also be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Furthermore, the correlation appears to be attributable to coping style: "That is, optimists seem intent on facing problems head-on, taking active and constructive steps to solve their problems; pessimists are more likely to abandon their effort to attain their goals. "Optimists may respond better to stress: pessimists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
The study showed that optimism was a strong predictor of the rate of recovery. Optimists achieved faster results in "behavioral milestones" such as sitting in bed, walking around, etc. They also were rated by staff as having a more favorable physical recovery. At a six-month follow-up, optimists were quicker to resume ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
A number of studies have been done on optimism and psychological well-being. One 30-year study undertaken by Lee et al. (2019) assessed the overall optimism and longevity of cohorts of men from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study and women from the Nurses' Health Study. The study found a positive correlation bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Over time, the more optimistic students were less stressed, less lonely, and less depressed than their pessimistic counterparts. This study suggests a strong link between optimism and psychological well-being. Low optimism may help explain the association between caregivers' anger and reduced sense of vitality.A meta-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Research to date has demonstrated that optimists are less likely to have certain diseases or develop certain diseases over time. Research has not yet been able to demonstrate the ability to change an individual's level of optimism through psychological interventions, and thereby perhaps alter the course of disease or l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
One of the earliest forms of philosophical optimism was Socrates' theory of moral intellectualism, which formed part of his model of enlightenment through the process of self-improvement. According to the philosopher, it is possible to live a virtuous life by attaining moral perfection through philosophical self-examin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
This view that all of nature—past, present, and future—operates by laws of optimization along the lines of Hamilton's principle in the realm of physics is countered by views such as idealism, realism, and philosophical pessimism. Philosophers often link the concept of optimism with the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
This philosophy would also later emerge in Alexander Pope's Essay on Man. Leibniz proposed that it was not God's power to create a perfect world, but he created the best among possible worlds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
In one of his writings, he responded to Blaise Pascal's philosophy of awe and desperation in the face of the infinite by claiming that infinity should be celebrated. While Pascal advocated for making man's rational aspirations more humble, Leibniz was optimistic about the capacity of human reason to extend itself furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
The phrase "panglossian pessimism" has been used to describe the pessimistic position that, since this is the best of all possible worlds, it is impossible for anything to get any better. Conversely, philosophical pessimism might be associated with an optimistic long-term view because it implies that no change for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
As defined by Nicholas Rescher, philosophical optimalism holds that this universe exists because it is better than the alternatives. While this philosophy does not exclude the possibility of a deity, it also does not require one, and is compatible with atheism. Rescher explained that the concept can stand on its own fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Perfectionists reject the realities and constraints of human ability. They cannot accept failures, delaying any ambitious and productive behavior in fear of failing again. This neuroticism can even lead to clinical depression and low productivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
As an alternative to negative perfectionism, Ben-Shahar suggests the adoption of optimalism. Optimalism allows for failure in pursuit of a goal, and expects that while the trend of activity is towards the positive, it is not necessary always to succeed while striving towards goals. This basis in reality, prevents the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
Ben-Shahar believes that optimalists and perfectionists show distinct motives. Optimalists tend to have more intrinsic, inward desires, with a motivation to learn, while perfectionists are highly motivated by a need to prove themselves worthy consistently.Optimalism has also been classified into two: product optimalism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic |
In machine learning, a neural scaling law is a scaling law relating parameters of a family of neural networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
In general, a neural model can be characterized by 4 parameters: size of the model, size of the training dataset, cost of training, performance after training. Each of these four variables can be precisely defined into a real number, and they are empirically found to be related by simple statistical laws, called "scali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
In most cases, the size of the model is simply the number of parameters. However, one complication arises with the use of sparse models, such as mixture-of-expert models. In sparse models, during every inference, only a fraction of the parameters are used. In comparison, most other kinds of neural networks, such as Tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
The size of the training dataset is usually quantified by the number of data points it contains. Larger training datasets are typically preferred as they provide a richer and more diverse source of information for the model to learn from. This in turn can lead to improved generalization performance when the model is ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
However, increasing the size of the training dataset also increases the computational resources and time required for model training. With the "pretrain, then finetune" method used in most large language models, there are two kinds of training dataset: the pretraining dataset and the finetuning dataset. Their sizes wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
The cost of training is typically measured in terms of time (how long it takes to train the model) and computational resources (how much processing power and memory are required to train the model). It's important to note that the cost of training can be significantly reduced with efficient training algorithms, optimiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
The performance of a neural model is evaluated based on its ability to accurately predict the output given the input data. Common metrics for evaluating model performance include: accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score for classification tasks; mean squared error (MSE) or mean absolute error (MAE) for regression tas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
A 2020 analysis studied statistical relations between C , N , D , L {\displaystyle C,N,D,L} over a wide range of values and found similar scaling laws, over the range of N ∈ {\displaystyle N\in } , C ∈ {\displaystyle C\in } , and over multiple modalities (text, video, image, text to image, etc.).In particular, the sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
When C {\displaystyle C} is the varied variable, α {\displaystyle \alpha } ranges from 0.048 {\displaystyle 0.048} to 0.19 {\displaystyle 0.19} depending on the model modality. This corresponds to the β = 0.28 {\displaystyle \beta =0.28} from the Chinchilla scaling paper. Given fixed computing budget, optimal model par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
The exponent parameter 0.7 {\displaystyle 0.7} varies from 0.64 {\displaystyle 0.64} to 0.75 {\displaystyle 0.75} for different modalities. This exponent corresponds to the ≈ 0.5 {\displaystyle \approx 0.5} from the Chinchilla scaling paper. It's "strongly suggested" (but not statistically checked) that D o p t ( C ) ∝... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
One particular scaling law ("Chinchilla scaling") states that, for a large language model (LLM) autoregressively trained for one epoch, with a cosine learning rate schedule, we have:where the variables are C {\displaystyle C} is the cost of training the model, in FLOPs. N {\displaystyle N} is the number of parameters i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
L 0 {\displaystyle L_{0}} represents the loss of an ideal generative process on the test data A N α {\displaystyle {\frac {A}{N^{\alpha }}}} captures the fact that a Transformer language model with N {\displaystyle N} parameters underperforms the ideal generative process B D β {\displaystyle {\frac {B}{D^{\beta }}}} ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
α = 0.34 , β = 0.28 , A = 406.4 , B = 410.7 , L 0 = 1.69 {\displaystyle \alpha =0.34,\beta =0.28,A=406.4,B=410.7,L_{0}=1.69} .The statistical laws were fitted over experimental data with N ∈ , D ∈ , C ∈ {\displaystyle N\in ,D\in ,C\in } . Since there are 4 variables related by 2 equations, imposing 1 additional cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
This provides us with the optimal D o p t ( C ) , N o p t ( C ) {\displaystyle D_{opt}(C),N_{opt}(C)} for any fixed C {\displaystyle C} :Plugging in the numerical values, we obtain the "Chinchilla efficient" model size and training dataset size, as well as the test loss achievable:Similarly, we may find the optimal tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
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