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But this issue becomes more problematic in cases where the interests of the individual and society conflict with each other. This poses the question of whether individual autonomy should take precedence over communal welfare. According to comprehensive liberals, for example, education should emphasize the self-directed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
On this view, it is up to the student to choose their own path in life. The role of education is to provide them with the necessary resources but it does not direct the student with respect to what constitutes an ethically good path in life. This position is usually rejected by communitarians, who stress the importance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
An important and controversial issue in the philosophy of education concerns the contents of the curriculum, i.e. the question of what should be taught to students. This includes both the selection of subjects to be taught and the consideration of arguments for and against the inclusion of a particular topic. This issu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Disagreements in this area concern which aspects are taught and in which detail as well as to which age groups these teachings should be directed. Debates on religious education include questions like whether religion should be taught as a distinct subject and, if so, whether it should be compulsory. Other questions in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
This field is sometimes referred to as "educational ethics". Disagreements in this field concern which moral beliefs and values should be taught to the students. This way, many of the disagreements in moral philosophy are reflected in the field of moral education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Some theorists in the Kantian tradition emphasize the importance of moral reasoning and enabling children to become morally autonomous agents who can tell right from wrong. Theorists in the Aristotelian tradition, on the other hand, focus more on moral habituation through the development of virtues that concern both pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
It has been argued that the creativity learned in these areas can be applied to various other fields and may thereby benefit the student in various ways. It has been argued that aesthetic education also has indirect effects on various other issues, such as shaping the student's sensibilities in the fields of morality a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
They use this claim to argue against universal forms of education, which they see as hiding particular worldviews, beliefs, and interests under a false cover. This is sometimes utilized to advance an approach focused on more diversity, for example, by giving more prominence in education to the great variety of cultures... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The problem of power is another issue in the philosophy of education. Of specific interest on this topic is that the modern states compel children to attend school, so-called compulsory education. The children and their parents usually have few to no ways of opting out or changing the established curriculum. An importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
For example, various liberationist movements belonging to the fields of deschooling and unschooling reject this power and argue that the children's welfare is best served in the absence of compulsory schooling in general. This is sometimes based on the idea that the best form of learning does not happen while studying ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
While some objections focus on compulsory education in general, a less radical and more common criticism concerns specific compulsory topics in the curriculum, for example, in relation to sexuality or religion. Another contemporary debate in the United States concerns the practice of standardized testing: it has been a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A recurrent demand on public education is that all students should be treated equally and in a fair manner. One reason for this demand is that education plays a central role for the child's path and prospects in life, which should not be limited by unfair or arbitrary external circumstances. But there are various disag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In the field of education, it is often understood as equality of opportunity. In this sense, the demand for equality implies that education should open the same opportunities to everyone. This means, among other things, that students from higher social classes should not enjoy a competitive advantage over others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
One difficulty with this demand, when understood in a wide sense, is that there are many sources of educational inequality and it is not always in the best interest to eliminate all of them. For example, parents who are concerned with their young children's education may read them bedtime stories early on and thereby p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A weaker position on this issue does not demand full equality but holds instead that educational policies should ensure that certain factors, like race, native language, and disabilities, do not pose obstacles to the equality of opportunity.A closely related topic is whether all students, both high and low performers, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
It concerns the question of whether all students should follow the same curriculum or to what extent they should specialize early on in specific fields according to their interests and skills.Marxist critiques of the school systems in capitalist societies often focus on the inequality they cause by sorting students for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
They usually point to alleged biases and forms of discrimination present in current practices that should be eliminated. Feminists often hold that traditional education is overly man-oriented and thereby oppresses women in some form. This bias was present to severe degrees in earlier forms of education and a lot of pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Nonetheless, feminists often contend that certain problems still persist in contemporary education. Some argue, for example, that this manifests itself in the prominence given to cognitive development in education, which is said to be associated primarily with masculinity in contrast to a more feminine approach based o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The philosophy of education is also interested in the epistemology of education. This term is often used to talk about the epistemic aims of education, i.e. questions like whether educators should aim at transmitting justified true beliefs rather than merely true beliefs or should additionally foster other epistemic vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
It is also quite influential in regard to educational policy and practice. Epistemological questions in this field concern the objectivity of its insights.An important methodological divide in this area, often referred to as the "paradigm wars", is between the quantitative or statistical approach in contrast to the qua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
It has been criticized based on the claim that its method, which is inspired by the natural sciences, is inappropriate for understanding the complex cultural and motivational patterns investigated by the social sciences. The qualitative approach, on the other hand, gives more weight to particular case studies for reach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
One question concerns how the learners are to be conceptualized. John Locke sees the mind as a blank slate or a tabula rasa that passively absorbs information and is filled with contents through experience. This view contrasts with a more pragmatist perspective, which in its emphasis on practice sees students not as pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
But testing also plays various critical roles, such as providing feedback on the learning progress both to the student, their parents, and their teachers. Concrete discussions on the role of testing often focus less on whether it should be done at all and more on how much importance should be ascribed to the test resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The existentialist sees the world as one's personal subjectivity, where goodness, truth, and reality are individually defined. Reality is a world of existing, truth subjectively chosen, and goodness a matter of freedom. The subject matter of existentialist classrooms should be a matter of personal choice. Teachers view... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Character development emphasizes individual responsibility for decisions. Real answers come from within the individual, not from outside authority. Examining life through authentic thinking involves students in genuine learning experiences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Existentialists are opposed to thinking about students as objects to be measured, tracked, or standardized. Such educators want the educational experience to focus on creating opportunities for self-direction and self-actualization. They start with the student, rather than on curriculum content. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Since details of fact change constantly, these cannot be the most important. Therefore, one should teach principles, not facts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Since people are human, one should teach first about humans, not machines or techniques. Since people are people first, and workers second if at all, one should teach liberal topics first, not vocational topics. The focus is primarily on teaching reasoning and wisdom rather than facts, the liberal arts rather than voca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The Classical education movement advocates a form of education based in the traditions of Western culture, with a particular focus on education as understood and taught in the Middle Ages. The term "classical education" has been used in English for several centuries, with each era modifying the definition and adding it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects and that these should be learned thoroughly and rigorously. This is based on the view that there are essentials that men should know for being educated and are expected to learn the ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Critical pedagogy is an "educational movement, guided by passion and principle, to help students develop consciousness of freedom, recognize authoritarian tendencies, and connect knowledge to power and the ability to take constructive action." Based in Marxist theory, critical pedagogy draws on radical democracy, anarc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Democratic education is a theory of learning and school governance in which students and staff participate freely and equally in a school democracy. In a democratic school, there is typically shared decision-making among students and staff on matters concerning living, working, and learning together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Educational progressivism is the belief that education must be based on the principle that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. Progressivists, like proponents of most educational theories, claim to rely on the best available scientific theories of learning. Most progressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
3) Propose hypotheses to solve it. 4) Evaluate the consequences of the hypotheses from one's past experience. 5) Test the likeliest solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Unschooling is a range of educational philosophies and practices centered on allowing children to learn through their natural life experiences, including child directed play, game play, household responsibilities, work experience, and social interaction, rather than through a more traditional school curriculum. Unschoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Contemplative education focuses on bringing introspective practices such as mindfulness and yoga into curricular and pedagogical processes for diverse aims grounded in secular, spiritual, religious and post-secular perspectives. Contemplative approaches may be used in the classroom, especially in tertiary or (often in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Contemplative methods may also be used by teachers in their preparation; Waldorf education was one of the pioneers of the latter approach. In this case, inspiration for enriching the content, format, or teaching methods may be sought through various practices, such as consciously reviewing the previous day's activities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Plato's educational philosophy was grounded in a vision of an ideal Republic wherein the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society due to a shift in emphasis that departed from his predecessors. The mind and body were to be considered separate entities. In the dialogues of Phaedo, written in hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
and which to the mortal? Does not the divine appear ... to be that which naturally orders and rules, and the mortal to be that which is subject and servant?On this premise, Plato advocated removing children from their mothers' care and raising them as wards of the state, with great care being taken to differentiate chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Plato believed that talent was distributed non-genetically and thus must be found in children born in any social class. He built on this by insisting that those suitably gifted were to be trained by the state so that they might be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. What this established was essentially a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Plato's writings contain some of the following ideas: Elementary education would be confined to the guardian class till the age of 18, followed by two years of compulsory military training and then by higher education for those who qualified. While elementary education made the soul responsive to the environment, highe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Both boys and girls receive the same kind of education. Elementary education consisted of music and gymnastics, designed to train and blend gentle and fierce qualities in the individual and create a harmonious person.At the age of 20, a selection was made. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The best students would take an advanced course in mathematics, geometry, astronomy and harmonics. The first course in the scheme of higher education would last for ten years. It would be for those who had a flair for science. At the age of 30 there would be another selection; those who qualified would study dialectics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Only fragments of Aristotle's treatise On Education are still in existence. We thus know of his philosophy of education primarily through brief passages in other works. Aristotle considered human nature, habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education. Thus, for example, he considered repe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The teacher was to lead the student systematically; this differs, for example, from Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas (though the comparison is perhaps incongruous since Socrates was dealing with adults). Aristotle placed great emphasis on balancing the theoretical and practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He also mentioned the importance of play. One of education's primary missions for Aristotle, perhaps its most important, was to produce good and virtuous citizens for the polis. All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madrasahs (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to a mosque. In the 11th century, Ibn Sina (known as Avicenna in the West), wrote a chapter dealing with the maktab e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Ibn Sina described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.Ibn Sina wrote that children should be sent to a maktab school from the age of 6 and be taught primary education until they reach the age of 14. During which time, he wrote that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He wrote that this was a transitional stage and that there needs to be flexibility regarding the age in which pupils graduate, as the student's emotional development and chosen subjects need to be taken into account.The empiricist theory of 'tabula rasa' was also developed by Ibn Sina. He argued that the "human intelle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In the 12th century, the Andalusian-Arabian philosopher and novelist Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) demonstrated the empiricist theory of 'tabula rasa' as a thought experiment through his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqzan, in which he depicted the development of the mind of a fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Child education was among the psychological topics that Michel de Montaigne wrote about. His essays On the Education of Children, On Pedantry, and On Experience explain the views he had on child education. : 61: 62: 70 Some of his views on child education are still relevant today.Montaigne's views on the education of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
: 62 Much of the education during Montaigne's time was focused on the reading of the classics and learning through books. : 67 Montaigne disagreed with learning strictly through books. He believed it was necessary to educate children in a variety of ways. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He also disagreed with the way information was being presented to students. It was being presented in a way that encouraged students to take the information that was taught to them as absolute truth. Students were denied the chance to question the information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Therefore, students could not truly learn. Montaigne believed that, to learn truly, a student had to take the information and make it their own. At the foundation Montaigne believed that the selection of a good tutor was important for the student to become well educated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
: 66 Education by a tutor was to be conducted at the pace of the student. : 67 He believed that a tutor should be in dialogue with the student, letting the student speak first. The tutor also should allow for discussions and debates to be had. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Such a dialogue was intended to create an environment in which students would teach themselves. They would be able to realize their mistakes and make corrections to them as necessary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Individualized learning was integral to his theory of child education. He argued that the student combines information already known with what is learned and forms a unique perspective on the newly learned information. : 356 Montaigne also thought that tutors should encourage the natural curiosity of students and allow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
: 68 He postulated that successful students were those who were encouraged to question new information and study it for themselves, rather than simply accepting what they had heard from the authorities on any given topic. Montaigne believed that a child's curiosity could serve as an important teaching tool when the chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Tutors needed to teach students through experience rather than through the mere memorization of information often practised in book learning. : 62: 67 He argued that students would become passive adults, blindly obeying and lacking the ability to think on their own. : 354 Nothing of importance would be retained and no ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
: 62 He believed that learning through experience was superior to learning through the use of books. For this reason he encouraged tutors to educate their students through practice, travel, and human interaction. In doing so, he argued that students would become active learners, who could claim knowledge for themselves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Montaigne's views on child education continue to have an influence in the present. Variations of Montaigne's ideas on education are incorporated into modern learning in some ways. He argued against the popular way of teaching in his day, encouraging individualized learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He believed in the importance of experience, over book learning and memorization. Ultimately, Montaigne postulated that the point of education was to teach a student how to have a successful life by practicing an active and socially interactive lifestyle. : 355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Of the Conduct of the Understanding John Locke composed an outline on how to educate this mind in order to increase its powers and activity: "The business of education is not, as I think, to make them perfect in any one of the sciences, but so to open and dispose their minds as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Locke expressed the belief that education maketh the man, or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an "empty cabinet", with the statement, "I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education. "Locke also wrote that "the little and alm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In his Essay, in which is introduced both of these concepts, Locke warns against, for example, letting "a foolish maid" convince a child that "goblins and sprites" are associated with the night for "darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, though he paid his respects to Plato's philosophy, rejected it as impractical due to the decayed state of society. Rousseau also had a different theory of human development; where Plato held that people are born with skills appropriate to different castes (though he did not regard these skills as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Rousseau wrote in his book Emile that all children are perfectly designed organisms, ready to learn from their surroundings so as to grow into virtuous adults, but due to the malign influence of corrupt society, they often fail to do so. Rousseau advocated an educational method which consisted of removing the child fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He advocated that adults always be truthful with children, and in particular that they never hide the fact that the basis for their authority in teaching was purely one of physical coercion: "I'm bigger than you." Once children reached the age of reason, at about 12, they would be engaged as free individuals in the ong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
When he experiences the consequences of his own acts, he advises himself. "Rousseau divides development into five stages (a book is devoted to each). Education in the first two stages seeks to the senses: only when Émile is about 12 does the tutor begin to work to develop his mind. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Later, in Book 5, Rousseau examines the education of Sophie (whom Émile is to marry). Here he sets out what he sees as the essential differences that flow from sex. 'The man should be strong and active; the woman should be weak and passive' (Everyman edn: 322). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
From this difference comes a contrasting education. They are not to be brought up in ignorance and kept to housework: Nature means them to think, to will, to love to cultivate their minds as well as their persons; she puts these weapons in their hands to make up for their lack of strength and to enable them to direct t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
They should learn many things, but only such things as suitable' (Everyman edn. : 327)." Émile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Immanuel Kant believed that education differs from training in that the former involves thinking whereas the latter does not. In addition to educating reason, of central importance to him was the development of character and teaching of moral maxims. Kant was a proponent of public education and of learning by doing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Charlotte Mason was a British educator who invested her life in improving the quality of children's education. Her ideas led to a method used by some homeschoolers. Mason's philosophy of education is probably best summarized by the principles given at the beginning of each of her books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Two key mottos taken from those principles are "Education is an atmosphere, a discipline, a life" and "Education is the science of relations." She believed that children were born persons and should be respected as such; they should also be taught the Way of the Will and the Way of Reason. Her motto for students was "I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Charlotte Mason believed that children should be introduced to subjects through living books, not through the use of "compendiums, abstracts, or selections." She used abridged books only when the content was deemed inappropriate for children. She preferred that parents or teachers read aloud those texts (such as Plutar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Waldorf education (also known as Steiner or Steiner-Waldorf education) is a humanistic approach to pedagogy based upon the educational philosophy of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Now known as Waldorf or Steiner education, his pedagogy emphasizes a balanced development of cogniti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Early childhood education occurs through imitation; teachers provide practical activities and a healthy environment. Steiner believed that young children should meet only goodness. Elementary education is strongly arts-based, centered on the teacher's creative authority; the elementary school-age child should meet beau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Secondary education seeks to develop the judgment, intellect, and practical idealism; the adolescent should meet truth. Learning is interdisciplinary, integrating practical, artistic, and conceptual elements. The approach emphasizes the role of the imagination in learning, developing thinking that includes a creative a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education, John Dewey stated that education, in its broadest sense, is the means of the "social continuity of life" given the "primary ineluctable facts of the birth and death of each one of the constituent members in a social group". Education is therefo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
As the unified head of the departments of Philosophy, Psychology and Pedagogy, John Dewey articulated a desire to organize an educational experience where children could be more creative than the best of progressive models of his day. Transactionalism as a pragmatic philosophy grew out of the work he did in the Laborat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Dewey wrote of the dualisms that plagued educational philosophy in the latter book: "Instead of seeing the educative process steadily and as a whole, we see conflicting terms. We get the case of the child vs. the curriculum; of the individual nature vs. social culture." Dewey found that the preoccupation with facts as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
The Montessori method arose from Dr. Maria Montessori's discovery of what she referred to as "the child's true normal nature" in 1907, which happened in the process of her experimental observation of young children given freedom in an environment prepared with materials designed for their self-directed learning activit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
William Heard Kilpatrick was a US American philosopher of education and a colleague and a successor of John Dewey. He was a major figure in the progressive education movement of the early 20th century. Kilpatrick developed the Project Method for early childhood education, which was a form of Progressive Education organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
William Chandler Bagley taught in elementary schools before becoming a professor of education at the University of Illinois, where he served as the Director of the School of Education from 1908 until 1917. He was a professor of education at Teachers College, Columbia, from 1917 to 1940. An opponent of pragmatism and pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A. S. Neill founded Summerhill School, the oldest existing democratic school in Suffolk, England, in 1921. He wrote a number of books that now define much of contemporary democratic education philosophy. Neill believed that the happiness of the child should be the paramount consideration in decisions about the child's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Martin Heidegger's philosophizing about education was primarily related to higher education. He believed that teaching and research in the university should be unified and aim towards testing and interrogating the "ontological assumptions presuppositions which implicitly guide research in each domain of knowledge." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology". Piaget placed great importance on the education of children. As the Director of the International Bureau of Edu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Piaget created the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva in 1955 and directed it until 1980. According to Ernst von Glasersfeld, Jean Piaget is "the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing. "Jean Piaget described himself as an epistemologist, interested in the process of the qualitative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Mortimer Jerome Adler was an American philosopher, educator, and popular author. As a philosopher he worked within the Aristotelian and Thomistic traditions. He lived for the longest stretches in New York City, Chicago, San Francisco, and San Mateo, California. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He worked for Columbia University, the University of Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, and Adler's own Institute for Philosophical Research. Adler was married twice and had four children. Adler was a proponent of educational perennialism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Harry S. Broudy's philosophical views were based on the tradition of classical realism, dealing with truth, goodness, and beauty. However he was also influenced by the modern philosophy existentialism and instrumentalism. In his textbook Building a Philosophy of Education he has two major ideas that are the main points... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Another important contributor to the inquiry method in education is Jerome Bruner. His books The Process of Education and Toward a Theory of Instruction are landmarks in conceptualizing learning and curriculum development. He argued that any subject can be taught in some intellectually honest form to any child at any s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
He emphasized intuition as a neglected but essential feature of productive thinking. He felt that interest in the material being learned was the best stimulus for learning rather than external motivation such as grades. Bruner developed the concept of discovery learning which promoted learning as a process of construct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
A Brazilian philosopher and educator committed to the cause of educating the impoverished peasants of his nation and collaborating with them in the pursuit of their liberation from what he regarded as "oppression", Paulo Freire is best known for his attack on what he called the "banking concept of education", in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Freire's emphasis on what he describes as "emancipation" through interactive participation has been used as a rationale for the participatory focus of development, as it is held that 'participation' in any form can lead to empowerment of poor or marginalised groups. Freire was a proponent of critical pedagogy. "He part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
In 1964 John Holt published his first book, How Children Fail, asserting that the academic failure of schoolchildren was not despite the efforts of the schools, but actually because of the schools. How Children Fail ignited a firestorm of controversy. Holt was catapulted into the American national consciousness to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Nel Noddings' first sole-authored book Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (1984) followed close on the 1982 publication of Carol Gilligan's ground-breaking work in the ethics of care In a Different Voice. While her work on ethics continued, with the publication of Women and Evil (1989) and later ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Noddings' contribution to education philosophy centers around the ethic of care. Her belief was that a caring teacher-student relationship will result in the teacher designing a differentiated curriculum for each student, and that this curriculum would be based around the students' particular interests and needs. The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_education |
Elazığ Culture Park (Turkish: Elazığ Kültür Park) is a public park in Elazığ, a city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The park is counted as one of the largest parks in the region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazığ_Culture_Park |
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