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In 1990, contemporary avant-garde poet Sergei Biriukov has founded an association of poets called the "Academy of Zaum" in Tambov. The use of Zaum peaked from 1916 to 1920 during World War I. At this time, Zaumism took root as a movement primarily involved in visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum |
Coined by Kruchenykh in 1913, the word zaum is made up of the Russian prefix за "beyond, behind" and noun ум "the mind, nous" and has been translated as "transreason", "transration" or "beyonsense." According to scholar Gerald Janecek, zaum can be defined as experimental poetic language characterized by indeterminacy i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum |
Velimir Khlebnikov Aleksei Kruchenykh Ilia Zdanevich Igor Terentev Aleksandr Tufanov Kazimir Malevich Olga Razanova Varvara Stepanova | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaum |
A Wickelphone is a sequence of three letters or symbols, which occur together in a word. For example, the word strip may be decomposed into a set of trigrams such as rip and str — these are Wickelphones. The term was devised by James McClelland and David Rumelhart in reference to the work of Wayne Wickelgren in 1969. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickelphone |
Rumelhart and McClelland then extended the idea by expressing the triples in phonetic terms as Wickelfeatures. For example, the Wickelphone tri would correspond to a Wickelfeature of "stop, lateral, vowel". == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickelphone |
In economics, a backward-bending supply curve of labour, or backward-bending labour supply curve, is a graphical device showing a situation in which as real (inflation-corrected) wages increase beyond a certain level, people will substitute time previously devoted for paid work for leisure (non-paid time) and so higher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
As wages increase above the subsistence level (discussed below), there are two considerations affecting a worker's choice of how many hours to work per unit of time (usually day, week, or month). The first is the substitution or incentive effect. With wages rising, the tradeoff between working an additional hour for pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
The second and countervailing effect is that the hours worked at the old wage rate now all gain more income than before, creating an income effect, which encourages more leisure to be chosen because it is more affordable. Most economists assume that unpaid time (or "leisure") is a normal good and so people want more of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
The graph shows that if real wages were to increase from W1 to W2, the substitution effect for an individual worker outweighs the income effect; therefore, the worker would be willing to increase hours worked for pay from L1 to L2. However, if the real wage increased from W2 to W3, the number of hours offered to work f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
The additional labour supplied by workers working in other sectors (or unemployed), who are now more attracted to the jobs in the sector because it is paying higher wages, was not considered. Thus, for a given market, the wage at which the labour supply curve bends backward may be higher than the wage at which a given ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
It is essential to understand that with the supply curve of labour, there must be assumptions set which takes the curve's inevitable backward bending form. The assumptions for the theory of labour supply are listed as follows: Workers choose whether they will work, and how many hours they will work. This is important t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
If the workers choose not to work, that is essentially working leisure, in terms of time. There are no contractual obligations to work a certain number of hours. This is important to understand because contractual obligations will involve the labour supply curve to be set, and not on the basis of time worked. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
Workers are utility-maximising agents. In terms of the economy, workers always want to achieve the most money or output they can receive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
Work provides a disutility, which must be compensated for by paying wages. Unpaid leisure time is a "normal" good. The labour market is competitive, and both firms and workers are price-takers. Wage received is a form of a reservation wage, as workers will have a certain required amount of wage that can take them away ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
Higher pay for overtime hours can reduce or negate the effect of a backward bending labour supply curve, by increasing wages only for hours worked beyond a certain amount. Overtime maintains the substitution effect at a high labour supply. However, the income effect from the wages increasing on all the previous hours w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
Thus, higher hourly overtime pay can cause workers to work more hours than if the higher rate is paid on all hours. Workers must have a willingness to want to work. Workers have a certain required amount of wage that can take them away from leisure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
This is known as the reservation wage. This sets an opportunity cost-minimizing situation for the worker, as the worker will always want to receive the most output they can. If not enough wage is offered to clear the reservation wage boundary, the worker will not work and instead consume their utility with leisure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
At very low wage levels, near the subsistence level, the supply curve may also be curved backwards for a completely different reason. That effect creates an "inverted S" or "backward S" shape: a tail is added at the bottom of the labour-supply curve shown in the graph above with the quantity of labour-time supplied fal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_bending_supply_curve_of_labour |
The meridian 139° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 139th meridian west forms a great circle with the 41st meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/139th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 139th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/139th_meridian_west |
Disjecta membra, also written disiecta membra, is Latin for "scattered fragments" (also scattered limbs, members, or remains) and is used to refer to surviving fragments of ancient poetry, manuscripts, and other literary or cultural objects, including even fragments of ancient pottery. It is derived from disiecti membr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjecta_membra |
Fragments of ancient writing, especially ancient Latin poetry found in other works, are commonly referred to as disjecta membra. The terms disiecta membra and disjecta membra are paraphrased from the Roman lyric poet Horace (65 BC – 8 BC), who wrote of disiecti membra poetae in his Satires, 1.4.62, referring to the "li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjecta_membra |
In this sense, in the study of literature, disjecta membra is often used to describe the piecing together of ancient fragments of an identifiable literary source. Similarly, isolated leaves or parts of leaves from ancient or medieval manuscripts may also be termed disjecta membra. Scholars have been able to identify fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjecta_membra |
Scholars have long referred to sherds of ancient Greek pottery as disjecta membra. They have studied fragments of ancient Greek pottery in institutional collections, and have attributed many such pieces to the artists who made them. In a number of instances, they have been able to identify fragments now in different co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjecta_membra |
Parody generators are computer programs which generate text that is syntactically correct, but usually meaningless, often in the style of a technical paper or a particular writer. They are also called travesty generators and random text generators. Their purpose is often satirical, intending to show that there is littl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_generator |
Many work by using techniques such as Markov chains to reprocess real text examples; alternatively, they may be hand-coded. Generated texts can vary from essay length to paragraphs and tweets. (The term "quote generator" can also be used for software that randomly selects real quotations.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_generator |
Dissociated press, an implementation of a Markov chaining algorithm Postmodernism Generator, generates essays in the style of post-structuralism SCIgen, generates nonsensical computer science research papers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_generator |
A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. Some of the stateless nations have a history of statehood, some were always a stateless nation, dominated by another nation. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar posit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
It was later adopted and popularized by Scottish scholars such as David McCrone, Michael Keating and T. M. Devine.Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Banglades... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The rest are distributed in one or more states. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. Some nations have been victims of "carve-outs" thst left their homeland divided among severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
This results in situations in which people who speak the same language or people who have the same culture are divided by national borders, for example, New Guinea is split into the regions of West Papua (a former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (a former Australian colony). During decolonization, the colonial power... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
People with a common origin, history, language, culture, customs or religion can turn into a nation by awakening of national consciousness. A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Citizenship is not always the nationality of a person. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
In a multinational state different national identities can coexist or compete: for example, in Britain English nationalism, Scottish nationalism and Welsh nationalism exist and are held together by British nationalism. Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its inde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War.Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence, however o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_nation |
Overurbanization is a thesis originally developed by scholars of demography, geography, ecology, economics, political science, and sociology in thrergence of International Nongovernmental Organizations Amid Declining States. The term is intentionally comparative and has been used to differentiate between developed and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The concept of overurbanization first emerged in the mid-20th century to describe cities whose rate of industrialization was growing more slowly than their rate of urbanization. According to sociologist Josef Gugler, the concept was "widely accepted in the 1950s and into the 1960s" and was split into two approaches, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Davis and Golden used data on "the percentage of economically active males not engaged in agriculture and the percentage of the population in cities of 100,000 or above in a large number of the countries in the world," in order to define the normal relationship between industrialization and urbanization. They then dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
A few countries in particular that Davis and Golden measured as having higher levels of urbanization than expected were Egypt, Greece, and South Korea. Davis and Golden did not see overurbanization as a necessarily negative phenomenon, but rather a statistical reality that could have its challenges but would ultimately... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Sovani was one of the first to discount Davis and Golden's argument, as he found that the connection between urbanization and industrialization was more significant in underdeveloped countries than developed ones, suggesting that Davis and Golden's measure of a "normal" relationship between urbanization and industriali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
This historical approach was applied to Asia in the report, which argued that because a smaller percentage of the labor force was engaged in non-agricultural activities than certain Western developed countries had at similar levels of urbanization, Asia was overurbanized. However, this method has been criticized by sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Sovani argued that the evidence offered is not consistent with the development trajectories of developed countries, pointing out specific examples of developed countries such as Switzerland where high levels of industrialization did not correspond with high levels of urbanization. Sociologists John D. Kasarda and Edwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
His debunking of the formerly accepted definitions of overurbanization encouraged further scholarly analysis and attempts to redefine the term. Sovani suggested that claims of overurbanization in underdeveloped countries stemmed from the perception that rapid urbanization had negative consequences. However, he claimed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Economist David R. Kamerschen found that there was little statistical evidence to support that "rapid urbanization in underdeveloped countries hampers economic growth," suggesting that the phenomenon of overurbanization is questionable.Following Sovani's work, several scholars offered alternative definitions, many of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Economists Philip Graves and Robert Sexton argue that the definition of overurbanization must "involve the presence of negative net external effects for the city size in question," suggesting that as long as "positive external social benefits" from rapid urbanization dominate negative externalities, overurbanization is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Davis and Golden considered a country to be underdeveloped if over half its economically active males were employed in agriculture. The UNESCO report frequently used the terms "developed" and "Western" in conjunction. Gugler and others use the terms "third world" and "first world" in their discussion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Sociologist John Shandra states that arguments about the causes of overurbanization fall into five groups: The rural-push and urban-pull perspective; The economic modernization perspective; The political modernization perspective; The neo-Malthusian perspective; The dependency perspective.Shandra's analysis of several ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The biggest cause of overurbanization emphasized by scholars is rural-urban migration and the "push" factors associated with it, including "increased population, diminished size of holdings, and absentee landlord exactions." Specifically, lower death rates as a result of demographic transition lead to less available la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Pull factors towards urban areas include expansion of economic opportunity and the infrastructure of cities as administrative centers Shandra recognizes the relationship between push and pull factors, arguing that rural conditions, specifically environmental scarcity, cause decreasing income, decreased stability, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
A study done by sociologist Glenn Firebaugh showed that agricultural density, a strong indicator of land constraint, and the presence plantation agriculture both have significant effects on overurbanization. These findings were later reversed by sociologist Bruce London, who emphasized that urban migration was not the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
They argue that if the benefits do indeed outweigh the costs for society as a whole, then the term "overurbanization" is not appropriate to describe the phenomenon. Gugler argues that while the benefits outweigh the costs for an individual migrating to an urban area, greater costs such as resource scarcity and widespre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The economic modernization perspective on the causes of overurbanization is based on modernization theory, which argues that a hierarchical progression exists from pre-modern to modern society. An explanation of overurbanization from this perspective was given by sociologist Jeffrey Kentor, who wrote that under moderni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Shandra's take on the political modernization perspective asserts that environmental degradation causes overurbanization, because the destruction of natural resources in rural areas lowers production and increases poverty and health risks. Supporters of the political modernization perspective suggest that a strong civi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
INGOs can reduce overurbanization by stimulating alternative employment outside of agriculture, supporting grassroots movements, and improving rural conditions, such as by providing clean water. Considering the role of political protest, Shandra offers the example of the Chipko movement in India, where local women prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The neo-Malthusian perspective is closely related to rural-push and urban-pull factors, but it suggests that the cause behind these factors is population growth, which leads to ecological problems, decreasing agricultural activity, and increased rural poverty. These factors then push rural residents to the city. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The dependency perspective on the causes of overurbanization is based on dependency theory, which argued that economic and political systems rendered less developed countries dependent on developed countries, which used developing countries for resources, labor, and markets. Proponents of the dependency perspective arg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Michael Kentor found that dependence on foreign investment had a lagged effect on urbanization, meaning that urbanization rates increased a few years after foreign companies began profiting in developing countries. Jeffrey Timberlake and Michael Kentor found in their analysis of 69 less developed countries that there w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Davis and Golden did not see overurbanization as an inherently negative phenomenon, but as a statistical fact that would likely correct itself, as "urbanization will fall off sharply or industrialization will gain a new impetus." Expanding on the latter, they suggest that overurbanization could spur industrial growth, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
However, Firebaugh argues that great efficiency is often a result of an increasingly capital-intensive system, which creates inequality between large and small landowners, such as in the Latin American latifundia system. Furthermore, Timberlake and Kentor found in their analysis of economic growth and overurbanization ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The UNESCO report emphasized the negative effects of overurbanization, detailing "low levels of living" as "inadequate housing, the almost complete absence of mass sanitary facilities, the presence of filth, squalor, repugnant odours, disease and high mortality" and "large urban groups who have little or no access to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Despite arguing the potential for economic growth, the UNESCO report also states that overurbanization prevents urban areas and countries from utilizing their "potential human and physical resources" due to unemployment, under-employment, and misemployment. The idea that rural-push factors are stronger than urban-pull ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Underemployment is defined as the "underutilization of labor," or when available laborers are not working at their full capacity due to seasonal variation in production or excess employment of laborers for the amount of work that needs to be done. Misemployment is defined as unproductive labor, meaning that efforts are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
A UNESCO report that discussed overurbanization in Asia suggested initial proposals that addressed rural-push factors such as lack of economic opportunity and low productivity by improving agricultural technology and supporting rural industries. Furthermore, rural misery could be reduced by bringing industrialization i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Gugler suggested channeling more resources to rural areas and fighting the tendency to neglect rural areas with what economist Michael Lipton deemed "urban bias," the tendency to allocate funds and public works to cities, where the elite and middle classes reside. For example, monetary policies that create artificially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Sociologists York Bradshaw and Mark Schafer studied the relationship between INGOs and overurbanization and found that state expenditures towards development were less effective than the role of INGOs. While INGOs were shown statistically to decrease overurbanization, the presence of INGOS did not decrease the effects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Davis and Golden offered the example of Egypt as a country that significantly deviated from the normal relationship between urbanization and economic development. They argue that population growth in rural areas created congestion, poverty, and unemployment. They point out that only 10 percent of economically active ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Egypt had similar levels of urbanization in the late 1940s to Sweden, Switzerland, and France, but significantly lower levels of industrialization. Based on the normal relationship Davis and Golden found between urbanization and industrialization, Egypt had higher levels of urbanization than expected. Dyckman gives an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
Both the UNESCO report and Davis and Golden identify South Korea as an example of an overurbanized country. Davis and Golden discussed how following the removal of the Japanese after World War II, urbanization continued, but economic growth stagnated. Population growth and urbanization were driven by migration from ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overurbanization |
The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory was founded in 1895-96 at Clark Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
In July 1895, President Horace Bumstead of Atlanta University proposed a plan to the board of trustees to conduct yearly studies on the transition of Negroes from their time in slavery to their transition into freedom. The findings and research was to be presented at conferences that were to be held yearly entitled Atl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
According to president Bumstead,“We are simply to study human life under certain conditions- conditions which, if repeated with any other race, would have practically the same result”.He considered that the employments of city Negroes are different from those of their rural brethren, agriculture being replaced by trade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
5). He wanted to know how Negroes were able to establish themselves in cities on their own and thought it was good that graduates were a part of that. Once the proposal was approved it was decided that the first study was the Mortality among Negroes in Cities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Bumstead and trustee George Bradford were in charge of the studies. During this study Bumstead and Bradford wanted to study not just the African Americans but the country as a whole including Whites.His findings indicated that there was an alarming increase in the death of the Negro population of cities and large towns... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
It was intended to find out how and why the mortality rates of Negroes were so high. Statistical research was found and the study was executed by three colored graduate students. The findings indicate that conditions of Negroes needed to improve in order for the Negroes to have a stable life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
In 1896, William Edward Burghardt DuBois, was offered a position to teach history and political science at Atlanta University. DuBois had intentions when he accepted the position at Atlanta University; for example, he wanted to expand the boundaries of sociological analysis, document the Negroes, and assist in training... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
W.E.B DuBois accepted the position and started in 1897. DuBois was considered for the position because of his own independent studies of Negroes in the US. Before he arrived, two studies were already conducted under the direction of Bumstead and Bradford. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
DuBois thought that the way in which the studies were conducted had room to improve. DuBois officially arrived in 1897 and immediately wanted to take charge of the studies of Negroes as well. He wanted to take charge of the studies because he felt that they were not gathering and using the data correctly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
He indicated that, “as a scientific accomplish the first conference was not important. Soon after taking charge, he developed a new plan and indicated, “When I took charge of the Atlanta Conference, I did not pause to consider how far my developed plans agreed or disagreed with the ideas of the already launched project... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
DuBois planned to create a program that lasted for 100 (look at to get specifics on how he planned studies) years worth of studies in 10-year increments. DuBois began conducting studies and presented them yearly at the Atlanta Conferences. DuBois believe that social problems among Negroes would be better understood by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Methods in which were used to collect the data was the systematic method triangulation (social science). Methodical triangulation (social science) was the method executed to create more precise social facts by using multiple forms and sources of data. DuBois, students and colleagues used participant observation, survey... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
As time went on, DuBois made sure he increased the awareness of the conditions in which Negroes endured. He also noticed that his findings of Negro studies was starting to impact the nation in a positive way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
According to DuBois, “. . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
. the kindergarten system of the city of Atlanta, white as well as black; the Negro Business League, and various projects to better health and combat crime” were all inspired by DuBois's work.DuBois continued to work with the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory for 13 years and resigned in 1910, but remained a director of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1924 was the last year of the Atlanta Conferences. DuBois reasons for resigning included lack of advertising on his behalf, “Either I myself or someone for me should have called public attention to what had been done or otherwise it would quickly forgotten. Indeed the philosophy then current and afterwards triumphant w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
DuBois faced great adversary while conducting the Negro studies that lead to his resignation, for example funding became an issue because of there was a lack of support that came from the state of Georgia to Atlanta University. There became a lack of support for Negro studies because Atlanta University was refusing to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
“According to DuBois, had Atlanta University accepted funding from the state of Georgia it would have been forced to succumb to the racial intolerance that contradicted the original charter of the university, but the school would not have experienced the level of financial crisis it was later troubled by. Because of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Work’s contributions to the Atlanta University Publications include reports on religion and crime that were published in the 1903 and 1904 monographs and a 1917 offering on economic cooperation”.Lucy Craft Laney graduated from Atlanta University in 1873. After Laney graduated from Atlanta University, she became a teach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Laney, thought like DuBois and thought Blacks should obtain a liberal arts degree and not get technical or vocational degree like Booker T. Washington theory for Negroes. Laney was known to have participated in at least five Atlanta Conferences. Quotes by DuBois include “So far as the American world of science and lett... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1. 1896, Mortality Among Negroes in Cities 2. 1897, Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities 3. 1898, Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment 4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1899, The Negro in Business Archived 2018-04-13 at the Wayback Machine 5. 1900, The College-Bred Negro 6. 1901, The Negro Common School 7. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1902, The Negro Artisan 8. 1903, The Negro Church 9. 1904, Notes on Negro Crime 10. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1905, A Select Bibliography of the American Negro 11. 1906, The Health and Physique of the American Negro 12. 1907, The Economic Co-operation among Negro Americans Archived 2016-12-27 at the Wayback Machine 13. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1908, The Negro American Family 14. 1909, Efforts for Social Betterment among Negro Americans 15. 1910, The College-Bred Negro American 16. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1911, The Common School and the Negro American 17. 1912, The Negro American Artisan 18. 1914, The Morals and Manners among Negro Americans 19. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1916, Select Discussions of Race Problems 20. 1917 Economic Co-operation among the Negroes of Georgia 21. 1941, The First Phylon Institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Wright II, Earl. 2002. “The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory 1896-1924: A Historical Account of the First American School of Sociology.” Western Journal of Black Studies 26(3): 165–174. Wright. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
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