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2010. “Beyond W.E.B. Du Bois: A Note on Some of The Lesser Known Members of the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory, “ Sociological Spectrum 29(6):700-717 Du Bois, W. E. B. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1968. The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. New York: International Publishers Reed Jr., Adolph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
1997. “W.E.B. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Du Bois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line.” P.44-45. Chase, Thomas N. 1896. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Mortality Among Negroes in Cities: The Atlanta University Publications, No. 1. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press. Wright II, Earl, and Edward Wallace. "Black Sociology: Continuing the Agenda." The Ashgate Research Companion to Black Sociology, 2015, 3-14. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Sociological_Laboratory |
Lincoln Park is a 1.8-acre (0.73 ha) urban park in downtown Portland, Maine. Created in 1866 following the 1866 Great Fire which burned down most of the buildings of Portland, it was named in honor of former President Abraham Lincoln. It is bounded by Congress, Pearl, Federal and Market streets. The park was added to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Portland,_Maine) |
Lincoln Park is located near the geographic center of peninsular Portland, at the southern corner of Congress and Franklin Streets. It is shaped roughly like a parallelogram, and is a relatively flat open grassy area, dotted with trees. A network of walking paths radiate away from a fountain located near the center of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Portland,_Maine) |
(The fountain was originally at the park's center, but its eastern boundary was reduced in order to widen Franklin Street, a major city artery.) The park is encircled by iron fencing. Entrances, each of which is flanked by dressed granite posts, are located at the four corners, and at the center of the Federal Street s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Portland,_Maine) |
The park, the city's first public park, was acquired in the aftermath of Portland devastating 1866 fire, in which more than 1,800 building were destroyed, devastating the city's downtown and port areas. The land was purchased for just over $81,000 at 75 cents a square foot. Its layout and design are credited to city en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Portland,_Maine) |
In 2011, the Occupy Maine encampment, part of the larger "Occupy" protests, began "occupying" in Lincoln Park as part of an arrangement with the city authorities. At 4am on October 25, a chemical bomb was thrown into the park at the encampment. On December 8, Portland City Council voted 8-1 in favor of denying Occupy M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Portland,_Maine) |
The Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) is an international authority file. It is a joint project of several national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
Discussion about having a common international authority started in the late 1990s. After a series of failed attempts to come up with a unique common authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities. This would present all the benefits of a common file without requiring a large investment of time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
on 6 August 2003, and by September it had its own page at the OCLC website. The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) joined the project on 5 October 2007. The project transitioned to being a service of the OCLC on 4 April 2012.The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German Name Authority File) to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together. A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary "see" and "see also" records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data is made available online and are available for research and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol. The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata.Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with the International Standard Name Identifier and ORCID systems, descr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File |
Grandmaster Chess is a 1992 chess video game for DOS and Macintosh developed by IntraCorp and its subsidiary Capstone that was focused on neural network technology and an artificial intelligence (AI) able to learn from mistakes.Capable of using VGA and SVGA modes, features multiple skill levels, different sets of piece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Chess |
Computer Gaming World stated that Grandmaster Chess "falls short of the current competition in terms of overall options". The magazine criticized the game's weak strategic analysis reporting, the absence of an advertised teaching mode, and a weak opening book. In a 1995 comparison between 11 chess programs, Computer Ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_Chess |
The Elliott wave principle, or Elliott wave theory, is a form of technical analysis that finance traders use to analyze financial market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology and price levels, such as highs and lows, by looking for patterns in prices. Ralph Nelson Elliott (187... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
The Elliott wave principle posits that collective trader psychology, a form of crowd psychology, moves between optimism and pessimism in repeating sequences of intensity and duration. These mood swings create patterns in the price movements of markets at every degree of trend or time scale. In Elliott's theory, market ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Corrective waves subdivide into three smaller-degree waves starting with a five-wave counter-trend impulse, a retrace, and another impulse. In a bear market the dominant trend is downward, and the pattern is reversed—five waves down and three up. Motive waves always move with the trend, while corrective waves move agai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
The Elliott wave principle states that markets grow from small price movements by linking Elliot wave patterns to form larger five-wave and three-wave structures that exhibit self-similarity, applicable on all timescales. Each level of such timescales is called the degree of the wave, or price pattern. Each degree of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
The majority of motive waves assure forward progress in the direction of the prevailing trend, in bull or bear markets, but yielding an overall principle of growth of a market. The overall movement of a wave one degree higher is upward in a bullish trend. After the initial five waves forward and three waves of correcti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
The completed motive pattern comprises 89 waves, followed by a completed corrective pattern of 55 waves.Each degree of a pattern in a financial market has a name. Practitioners use symbols for each wave to indicate both function and degree. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Numbers are used for motive waves, and letters for corrective waves (shown in the highest of the three idealized series of wave structures or degrees). Degrees are not strictly defined by absolute size or duration, but by form. Waves of the same degree may be of very different size or duration.While exact time spans ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Elliott wave analysts (or Elliotticians) hold that each individual wave has its own signature or characteristic, which typically reflects the psychology of the moment. Understanding those personalities is key to the application of the Wave Principle; they are defined below. (Definitions assume a bull market in equities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Elliott's market model relies heavily on looking at price charts. Practitioners study developing trends to distinguish the waves and wave structures, and discern what prices may do next; thus the application of the Wave Principle is a form of pattern recognition. The structures Elliott described meet the common definit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
A correct Elliott wave count must observe three rules: Wave 2 never retraces more than 100% of wave 1. Wave 3 cannot be the shortest of the three impulse waves, namely waves 1, 3 and 5. Wave 4 never enters the price territory of wave 1A common guideline called "alternation" observes that in a five-wave pattern, waves 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Elliott observed that alternate waves of the same degree must be distinctive and unique in price, time, severity, and construction. All formations can guide influences on market action. The time period covered by each formation, however, is the major deciding factor in the full manifestation of the Rule of Alternation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
A sharp counter-trend correction in wave 2 covers a short distance in horizontal units. This should produce a sideways counter-trend correction in wave 4, covering a longer distance in horizontal units, and vice versa. Alternation provides analysts a notice of what not to expect when analyzing wave formations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Corrective wave patterns unfold in forms known as zigzags, flats, or triangles. In turn these corrective patterns can come together to form more complex corrections. Similarly, a triangular corrective pattern is formed usually in wave 4, but very rarely in wave 2, and is the indication of the end of a correction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
R. N. Elliott's analysis of the mathematical properties of waves and patterns eventually led him to conclude that "The Fibonacci Summation Series is the basis of The Wave Principle". Numbers from the Fibonacci sequence surface repeatedly in Elliott wave structures, including motive waves (1, 3, 5), a single full cycle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
"When I discovered The Wave Principle action of market trends, I had never heard of either the Fibonacci Series or the Pythagorean Diagram".The Fibonacci sequence is also closely connected to the Golden ratio (1.618). Practitioners commonly use this ratio and related ratios to establish support and resistance levels fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Finance professor Roy Batchelor and researcher Richard Ramyar, a former Director of the United Kingdom Society of Technical Analysts and formerly Global Head of Research at Lipper and Thomson Reuters Wealth Management, studied whether Fibonacci ratios appear non-randomly in the stock market, as Elliott's model predicts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Following Elliott's death in 1948, other market technicians and financial professionals continued to use the Wave Principle and provide forecasts to investors. Charles Collins, who had published Elliott's "Wave Principle" and helped introduce Elliott's theory to Wall Street, ranked Elliott's contributions to technical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Bolton introduced the wave principle to A.J. Frost (1908-1999), who provided weekly financial commentary on the Financial News Network in the 1980s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Over the course of his lifetime Frost's contributions to the field were of great significance and today the Canadian Society of Technical Analysts awards the A.J. Frost Memorial Award to someone each year who has also made a significant contribution to the field of technical analysis. The first A.J. Frost Memorial Awar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Robert Prechter found Elliott's work while working as a market technician at Merrill Lynch. His prominence as a forecaster during the bull market of the 1980s brought wide exposure to Elliott's work. Prechter remains the most widely known Elliott analyst.Among market technicians, wave analysis is widely accepted as a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Robin Wilkin, Ex-Global Head of FX and Commodity Technical Strategy at JPMorgan Chase said, "the Elliott wave principle ... provides a probability framework as to when to enter a particular market and where to get out, whether for a profit or a loss. "Jordan Kotick, Global Head of Technical Strategy at Barclays Capital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
One such academic is the physicist Didier Sornette, professor at ETH Zurich. In a paper he co-authored in 1996 ("Stock Market Crashes, Precursors and Replicas") Sornette stated, It is intriguing that the log-periodic structures documented here bear some similarity with the "Elliott waves" of technical analysis ... A lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
We speculate that the "Elliott waves", so strongly rooted in the financial analysts' folklore, could be a signature of an underlying critical structure of the stock market. Technical Analysis of Stock Trends and The Elliott Wave Theorist both give very specific and systematic ways to approach developing great reward/ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Benoit Mandelbrot, who developed mathematical models of market pricing based on fractal geometry, expressed caution about the validity of wave models: But Wave prediction is a very uncertain business. It is an art to which the subjective judgment of the chartists matters more than the objective, replicable verdict of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
Critics warn the Wave Principle is too vague to be useful since practitioners cannot consistently identify the beginning or end of waves, resulting in forecasts prone to subjective revisions. Technical analyst David Aronson wrote: The Elliott wave principle, as popularly practiced, is not a legitimate theory, but a sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
I contend this is made possible by the method's loosely defined rules and the ability to postulate a large number of nested waves of varying magnitude. This gives the Elliott analyst the same freedom and flexibility that allowed pre-Copernican astronomers to explain all observed planet movements even though their under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
But, as technologies, governments, economies, and social systems have changed, the behavior of people has also. These changes have affected the wave patterns R.N. Elliott discovered. Consequently, strict application of orthodox Elliott wave concepts to current day markets skews forecasting accuracy. Markets have evolve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_wave_principle |
The State Barrier Fence of Western Australia, formerly known as the Rabbit-Proof Fence, the State Vermin Fence, and the Emu Fence, is a pest-exclusion fence constructed between 1901 and 1907 to keep rabbits, and other agricultural pests from the east, out of Western Australian pastoral areas.There are three fences in W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
Rabbits were introduced to Australia by the First Fleet in 1788, but they became a problem after October 1859, when Thomas Austin released 24 wild rabbits from England for hunting purposes, believing "The introduction of a few rabbits could do little harm and might provide a touch of home, in addition to a spot of hunt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
The fence posts are placed 12 ft (3.7 m) apart and have a minimum diameter of 4 in (100 mm). There were initially three wires of 12+1⁄2 gauge, strung 4 in (102 mm), 1 ft 8 in (0.5 m), and 3 ft (0.9 m) above ground, with a barbed wire added later at 3 ft 4 in (1.02 m) and a plain wire at 3 ft 7 in (1.1 m), to make the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
At first, fence posts were made from salmon gum and gimlet, but they attracted termites (locally known as white ants) and had to be replaced. Split white gum was one of the best types of wood used in the fence. Other timbers used were mulga, wodjil, native pine, and tea-tree, depending on what could be found close to w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
Iron posts were used where there was no wood. Most materials had to be hauled hundreds of kilometres from rail heads and ports by bullock, mule and camel teams.From 1901, the fence was constructed by private contractors, but in 1904, the project became the responsibility of the Public Works Department of Western Austra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
Alexander Crawford took over the maintenance of the fence from Anketell as each section was finished and remained in charge until he retired in 1922. The area inside the fence to the west became known as "Crawford's Paddock". The fence was maintained at first by boundary riders riding bicycles and later by riders astri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
In 1910, a car was bought for fence inspection, but it was subject to punctured tyres. It was found the best way to inspect the fence was using buckboard buggies, pulled by two camels. The camels were used as pack animals, especially in the north, while in the east, camels were used to pull drays with supplies for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
Camels were ideal for this as they could go for a long time without water, and it has been suggested that the fence could not have been built or maintained without the use of camels.In addition to Crawford, there were four sub-inspectors, each responsible for about 500 miles (800 km) of fence, and 25 boundary riders wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
By 1902, rabbits had already been found west of the fence line that had been initially constructed. The Number 2 Rabbit Proof Fence was built in 1905 in order to stem their advance. It held back the rabbits for many years, to such an extent that the Government Scheme for supplying rabbit netting, by extending long term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
No. 1 Fence intersected railway lines at: Eastern Railway near Burracoppin Wyalkatchem: Southern Cross railway at Campion Sandstone Branch Railway: just west of Anketell Meekatharra – Wiluna railway: at ParooNo. 2 Fence intersected with most of the Wheatbelt railway lines of Western Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
The Darling Downs-Moreton Rabbit Board fence is a rabbit fence that extends along part of the Queensland-New South Wales border. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
In 1907, Arthur Upfield, an Australian writer who had previously worked on the construction of No. 1 Fence, began writing a fictional story which involved a way of disposing of a body in the desert. Before the book was published, stockman Snowy Rowles, an acquaintance of the writer's, carried out at least two murders a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
The incident is now referred to as the Murchison Murders. Doris Pilkington Garimara's book, Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence (1996), describes the use of the fence in the 1930s by three Indigenous Australian girls to guide their route back home to Jigalong. The girls, taken from their parents in Western Australia as part ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
The dramatic film Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002) is based on the book. In 2016, Englishwoman Lindsey Cole walked the fence from Moore River Settlement, 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) through to Jigalong. She was met by Doris's daughter at the end of the walk in September 2016. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit-proof_fence |
The Aubad is a 50,000-square-metre (12-acre) man-made lake in Tulln on the Danube, Austria. It is the centerpiece of a recreational park (Erholungspark) that includes facilities for swimming, as well as a 10-hectare (25-acre) area for sport and leisure activities—such as soccer, volleyball, baseball and basketball—and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubad |
A cultural icon is a person or an artifact that is identified by members of a culture as representative of that culture. The process of identification is subjective, and "icons" are judged by the extent to which they can be seen as an authentic symbol of that culture. When individuals perceive a cultural icon, they rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_icon |
According to the Canadian Journal of Communication, academic literature has described all of the following as "cultural icons": "Shakespeare, Oprah, Batman, Anne of Green Gables, the Cowboy, the 1960s female pop singer, the horse, Las Vegas, the library, the Barbie doll, DNA, and the New York Yankees. "A web-based surv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_icon |
In the former Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle symbol and statues of Vladimir Lenin instead represented the country's most prominent cultural icons. The values, norms, and ideals represented by a cultural icon vary among people who subscribe to it and more widely among others who may interpret cultural icons as symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_icon |
Describing something as iconic or as an icon has become very common in the popular media. This has drawn criticism from some. For example, a writer in Liverpool Daily Post calls "iconic" "a word that makes my flesh creep", a word "pressed into service to describe almost anything." Mark Larson of the Christian Examiner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_icon |
The Caerphilly Heart Disease Study, also known as the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS), is an epidemiological prospective cohort, set up in 1979 in a representative population sample drawn from Caerphilly, a typical small town in South Wales, UK.The initial aim was to examine relationships between a wide range of so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
In 1948, an MRC epidemiological unit was set up in Cardiff, South Wales, under Professor Archie Cochrane. Peter Elwood joined Cochrane in 1963 and together they promoted long-term studies of representative population samples. They also conducted randomised controlled trials to test a variety of clinical hypotheses. Und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Reported in the British Medical Journal in 1974, this was the first study to demonstrate a protective role for aspirin in the reduction of death and reinfarction. The British Medical Journal recognised this article as one of the 50 most frequently cited papers published between 1945 and 1989.Following this trial, Elwoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
In 1979, all men aged between 45 and 59 years, who were on the electoral registers and/or general practice lists for Caerphilly and the adjoining villages of Abertridwr, Senghenydd, Trethomas, Bedwas and Machen were invited to co-operate in a long-term health study. 2,512 subjects (89% of the total eligible population)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Thus, while the initial aims of the study focused upon vascular disease, the wealth of data collected has enabled the testing of a large number of hypotheses relevant to other diseases too. From the start of the study, the term 'Collaborative' was usually added to the title, paying tribute to the many physicians, labor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Initially, the study was funded by the Medical Research Council and led by Peter Elwood. Following Elwood's retirement in 1995 the study continued under the leadership of Dr John Gallacher (Cardiff University) and Professor Yoav Ben-Shlomo (Bristol University), together with Dr John Yarnell (Queen's University) and Pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
The Caerphilly Study's research strategy was to identify factors showing an association with vascular disease (and other diseases), and then to test these associations in randomised controlled trials and statistical analysis. The Framingham Heart Study, a much earlier cohort study in the US, had already shown that chol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
The randomised controlled trial of aspirin had shown that blood platelets play a key role in vascular disease. The Caerphilly Study focused on this by developing a large data-bank of platelet testing during the early phases of the study. Platelet collection and analysis was undertaken in close collaboration with Dr Joh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
The work was done in a specially equipped mobile platelet laboratory, lent to the Caerphilly team by Serge Renaud, and towed by him from INSERM in Lyon, France, to the Miners' Hospital.Detailed work was also completed on thrombosis and haemostatic factors with the active involvement of John O'Brien and in collaboration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
The Caerphilly Study gave opportunity to study the relationship between lifestyle choices and health in a representative population sample drawn from a typical small town in the UK. The participants were asked detailed questions at baseline and at subsequent examinations about lifestyle behaviours, enabling the men to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Comparisons with data collected in the 2009 Welsh Health Survey indicate that while the pattern of behaviours has changed, the proportions of subjects following four or five of the healthy behaviours has scarcely altered over the past 30 years.The Caerphilly Study estimated the likely effect of increased healthy living... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Participants were asked to obtain from a close female relative the details of their own birth weight and how they had been fed as infants. Over half of the men obtained these details, and results showed that having been breast fed conferred some protection against the loss of cognitive function later in life, particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
The main objective of the work on platelets was to identify an aspect of platelet morphology or activity with predictive power for incident vascular disease, which could be developed as a screening test to identify subjects at high risk of a vascular event. In addition to number and size of the platelets, three tests o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Detailed analyses of the dietary data identified a number of food items related to vascular disease risk. The consumption of fatty fish was associated with lower levels of blood lipids, and a reduction in vascular disease mortality was confirmed in a randomised trial.Milk consumption was found to be associated with a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
A detailed questionnaire of sleep pattern was included in one of the re-examinations of the men. In addition to the association with cognitive function already mentioned, there was evidence of an increase in ischaemic stroke in men whose sleep is frequently disturbed, and an association between daytime sleepiness and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Many analyses of foods and dietary factors were conducted, as well as an examination of Helicobacter pylori and other infections, and vascular disease risk. A reduction in vascular disease mortality was found in those subjects most sexually active. Relationships between vascular disease and psychiatric symptoms, noise ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_Heart_Disease_Study |
Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, but scientific study began in the Early modern period and developed in the 19th century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
300–286 BC; Theophrastus, father of botany, wrote and studied diseases of trees, cereals and legumes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
1665; Robert Hooke illustrates a plant-pathogenic fungal disease, rose rust 1675; Antony van Leeuwenhoek invents the compound microscope, in 1683 describes bacteria seen with the microscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
1729; Pier Antonio Micheli observes fungal spores, conducts germination experiments 1755; Mathieu Tillet reports on treatment of seeds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
1802; Lime sulfur first used to control plant disease 1845–1849; Potato late blight epidemic in Ireland 1853; Heinrich Anton de Bary, father of modern mycology, establishes that fungi are the cause, not the result, of plant diseases, publishes "Untersuchungen uber die Brandpilze" 1858; Julius Kühn publishes "Die Krankh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
1902; First chair of plant pathology established, in Copenhagen 1904; Mendelian inheritance of cereal rust resistance demonstrated 1907; First academic department of plant pathology established at Cornell University 1908; American Phytopathological Society founded 1910; Panama disease reaches Western Hemisphere 1911; S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology |
Corporate law (also known as business law, company law or enterprise law) is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses. The term refers to the legal practice of law relating to corporations, or to the theory of corporations. Corporate law often desc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
While the minute nature of corporate governance as personified by share ownership, capital market, and business culture rules differ, similar legal characteristics and legal problems exist across many jurisdictions. Corporate law regulates how corporations, investors, shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Academics identify four legal characteristics universal to business enterprises. These are: Separate legal personality of the corporation (access to tort and contract law in a manner similar to a person) Limited liability of the shareholders (a shareholder's personal liability is limited to the value of their shares in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
In the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymous with "firm" or "business." According to Black's Law Dictionary, in America a company means "a corporation — or, less commonly, an association, partnership or union — that carries on industrial enterprise." Other type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Corporate law deals with companies that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a sovereign state or their sub-national states. The defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the shareholders that own it. Under corporate law, corporations of all sizes have separate leg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Shareholders control the company through a board of directors which, in turn, typically delegates control of the corporation's day-to-day operations to a full-time executive. Shareholders' losses, in the event of liquidation, are limited to their stake in the corporation, and they are not liable for any remaining debts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
This rule is called limited liability, and it is why the names of corporations end with "Ltd." or some variant such as "Inc." or "plc." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Under almost all legal systems corporations have much the same legal rights and obligations as individuals. In some jurisdictions, this extends to allow corporations to exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, and they may be responsible for human rights violations. Just as they are "born" into exi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece, the closest recognizable ancestors of the modern company did not appear until the 16th century. With increasing international trade, Royal charters were granted in Europe (notably in England and Holland) to merchant adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
The development of company law in Europe was hampered by two notorious "bubbles" (the South Sea Bubble in England and the Tulip Bulb Bubble in the Dutch Republic) in the 17th century, which set the development of companies in the two leading jurisdictions back by over a century in popular estimation. Companies returned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
In England there was a lively trade in the charters of defunct companies. It was not until the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 that the first equivalent of modern companies, formed by registration, appeared. Soon after came the Limited Liability Act 1855, which in the event of a company's bankruptcy limited the liabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
The beginning of modern company law came when the two pieces of legislation were codified under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Mr Robert Lowe. That legislation shortly gave way to the railway boom, and from there the numbers of companies formed soared.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
Much strong academic, legislative and judicial opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses. The last significant development in the history of companies was the decision of the House of Lords in Salomon v. Salomon & Co. where the House of Lords... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England, and has evolved significantly in the 20th century. In common law countries today, the most commonly addressed forms are: Corporation Limited company Unlimited company Limited liability partnership Limited partnership Not-for-profit cor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_law |
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