text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
As Chicano and Puerto Rican Studies programs stemmed largely (but not exclusively) from the east and west coasts, institutions in the American Midwest pioneered some of the first academic departments with a multinational or transnational Latino Studies focus. These programs included the Center for Chicano-Boricua Studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The location of Latino Studies within institutions of higher education—in terms of disciplinary boundaries, but also with regard to the field's perceived legitimacy as an academic discipline and field of scholarship—is contested. In Decolonizing American Spanish, Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera argues that US higher education "be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
While Latino Studies is sometimes encompassed under the umbrella of ethnic studies, it is important to note that the discipline's course of development in different areas of the United States has been shaped by regional demographics, including the demographic composition of a college campus' student body. In the case o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Among scholars and administrators in support of Latino Studies and other ethnic studies programs, opinions are divided on the positioning, status and definition of Latino Studies within institutions of higher education. These debates arise from theoretical and epistemological inquiry but also from concerns surrounding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Also, programs which emphasize the inclusive Hispanic approach are more likely to gain research and support funds more easily. Because immigration has been a major area of study for Chicano Studies and because the immigrant groups are now more diverse among numerous Latino groups, there is an intellectual challenge to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Studies at SUNY Albany), and Juan Flores (former Professor of Social and Cultural Analysis and Director of Latino Studies at New York University)—argued in support of an interdisciplinary Latino Studies field of scholarship with a transnational focus. In his 1999 essay "New Concepts, New Contexts," Juan Flores—a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Early Chicano Studies and Puerto Rican Studies programs developed in a parallel fashion: both emerged from activist struggles, developed within nation-bound analytical frameworks and drew influences from economic liberation, antiracism, and critical consciousness theories.However, Pedro Cabán argues that the two school... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The Hispanic Outlook in Higher Education (founded 1990) El Andar: A National Magazine for Latino Discourse (founded 1998) Journal of Hispanic Higher Education (founded 2002) Journal of Latinos and Education (founded 2002) Latino Studies (founded 2003) Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies, formerly Latino Studies Jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The following is a working list of programs throughout the United States associated with "Latino Studies" in chronological order of establishment. In cases of name changes, the order reflects the date of establishment of the program's first iteration. Programs with no date of establishment listed on their homepage are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The name was quickly changed to "La Raza Studies" followed by "Raza Studies" in 1999, finally gaining its present title in 2011. Department of Latino and Hispanic Caribbean Studies at Rutgers University, originally established as the Program in Puerto Rican Studies in 1970 in response to student demands, which soon bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The department offers an undergraduate major and minor. Department of Latin American and Latino Studies, University of California - Santa Cruz, originally established in 1971 as the Program in Latin American Studies. In 1994, the program name changed to its current title, and in 2001, the program gained departmental st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The department offers an undergraduate major and minor, in addition to a Ph.D. program (see following section). Department of Chicano and Latino Studies at the University of Minnesota, originally established as the Department of Chicano Studies in 1971/1972. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Adopting its current title in 2012, the department offers an undergraduate major and minor. The Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies at Wayne State University, established in 1972 as the Center for Chicano-Boriqueño Studies. The program offers an undergraduate two-year core curriculum program and a co-major. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Studies Program at Indiana University, originally established as the Chicano-Boriqueño Studies Program in 1976. The program became the Latino Studies Program in 1999, offering an undergraduate minor and a Ph.D. minor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latina/Latino Studies Program at the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, established in 1984. The program offers an undergraduate major and minor, as well as a graduate certificate. Department of Latin American, Caribbean and U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY, established in 1984. The department offers an undergraduate major and minor, as well as a MA, Ph.D. and certificate graduate programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Studies Program at Cornell University, established in 1987. The program offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate minor. El Instituto: Institute of Latina/o, Caribbean and Latin American Studies at the University of Connecticut, originally established in 1994 as the Institute of Puerto Rican and Latino Studie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
In 2012, El Instituto was inaugurated, merging the former Institute of Puerto Rican Studies with the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. El Instituto offers undergraduate BA and graduate MA concentrations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Department of Latina/Latino Studies at University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign, established in 1996. The department offers an undergraduate minor and major, as well as a graduate minor. Institute for Latino Studies at the University of Notre Dame, established in 1999. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The Institute offers an undergraduate supplementary major and minor. Latino Studies at Millersville University, established in 2003. The program offers an undergraduate minor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latina/o Studies Program at Northwestern University, established in 2008. The program offers an undergraduate major and minor. Program in Latino Studies at Princeton University, established in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The program offers an undergraduate certificate. Latino/Latina/Latin American Studies at Rochester Institute of Technology. The program offers an undergraduate minor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Department of Chicano/Latino Studies at the University of California, Irvine. The department offers an undergraduate major, minor and certificate, as well as a graduate emphasis. Department of Latin American and Latina/o Studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice (at CUNY). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The Department offers an undergraduate major and minor. Latino/a Studies Program at Williams College. The program offers an undergraduate concentration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Studies Program at New York University. Located in the Department of Social and Cultural Analysis, the program offers an undergraduate major and minor. Latin American and Latino Studies Program at the University of Pennsylvania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
The program offers an undergraduate major and minor. Mexican American and Latina/o Studies at the University of Texas, Austin. The program offers an undergraduate major, minor, and certificate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Ph.D. in Latin American and Latino Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz Ph.D. in Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Cultural Studies at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Albany Ph.D. in Chicano/Latino Studies at Michigan State University Ph.D. Program in Mexican American and Latina/o Stu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS) at the University of Texas at Arlington, founded in 1993. Center for Latino Policy Research at the University of California - Berkeley, established in 1988. Hispanic Research Center at Arizona State University, established in 1989. Center for Latino Initiatives at the Smithson... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Center for Latin American and Latino Studies at American University, established in 2010. New England Consortium of Latina/o Studies Center for Puerto Rican Studies, established in 1973. Latino Research Institute at University of Texas, Austin, established 2015Also see: Programs and Departments in Chicana/o Studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Frederick Luis Aldama (1969),The Ohio State University Latino scholar, distinguished professor of English and Latino studies. Gloria E. Anzaldúa (1942–2004), Chicana Studies scholar, writer and activist. Frances Aparicio (born 1955), Professor of Latina/Latino Studies at Northwestern University. Juan Bruce-Novoa (1944–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Arlene Davila (born 1965), Professor of Anthropology and Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University. Juan Flores (1943-2014), Professor of Africana and Puerto Rican–Latino Studies at CUNY (City University of New York) Hunter College, and Professor of Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center. Former director of CU... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Jorge Majfud (born 1969) Professor of Latin American Studies at Jacksonville University, Florida, Jorge Majfud visits WCU Silvia Mazzula (born 1974), Associate Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Founding Executive Director of Latina Researchers Network. Suzanne Oboler, Professor of Lati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Américo Paredes (1915-1999), Formerly Dickson, Allen, and Anderson Centennial Professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Gustavo Pérez Firmat (born 1949), David Feinson Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University. George I. Sánchez (1906–1972), formerly Professor of History at the University of Texas and Pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
José David Saldívar, Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University. Silvio Torres-Saillant, Professor of English at Syracuse University and founder of the Dominican Studies Institute, City College, City University of New York (CUNY). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Ilan Stavans (born 1961), Lewis-Sebring Professor in Latin American and Latino Culture at Amherst College. Luz Maria Umpierre (born 1947), Puerto Rican studies scholar, writer and advocate. Enrique Zone Andrews, Professor of Ministry and Hispanic Protestant Leadership at Azusa Pacific Graduate School of Theology, Azusa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Allatson, Paul. Latino Dreams: Transcultural Traffic and the U.S. National Imaginary, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi Press, 2002. Allatson, Paul. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies, Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Press, 2007. Aparicio, Frances. Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures CT: Wesleyan, 1998. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Chávez Candelaria, Cordelia, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, 2 vols. Westport, CT, and London: Greenwood Press, 2004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Dalleo, Raphael, and Elena Machado Sáez. The Latino/a Canon and the Emergence of Post-Sixties Literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Caminero-Santangelo, Marta. On Latinidad: U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latino Literature and the Construction of Ethnicity. FL: University Press of Florida, 2007. Davila, Arlene. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Latinos, Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People, Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 2001. Flores, Juan.From Bomba to Hip-Hop, NY: Columbia University Press, 2000. Flores, Juan, and Renato Rosaldo, ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
A Companion to Latina/o Studies, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. Gonzalez, Juan. Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America, NY: Penguin, 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. Decolonizing American Spanish: Eurocentrism and Foreignness in the Imperial Ecosystem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022. Negron-Muntaner, Frances. Boricua Pop. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
New York: NYU Press, 2004. Oboler, Suzanne. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re)Presentation in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. Oboler, Suzanne, and Deena J. González, eds. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Perez-Firmat, Gustavo. Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. TX: University of Texas Press, 1994. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Stavans, Ilan. The Hispanic Condition: The Power of a People. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
NY: Harper Perennial, 1995. Suarez-Orozco, Marcelo, and Mariela Páez. Latinos: Remaking America. CA: University of California Press, 2002. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_studies |
Menopause in incarceration is a social and policy campaigning issue in which people work to raise awareness of the gender specific impact menopause symptoms can have on people in prison. Although women are a minority of those incarcerated, the age of women in the prison system is increasing across the world. As this ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
Menopausal women experience a range of medical and health issues whether or not they are in prison. Particular aspects of incarceration, however, may exacerbate the experience of menopause and these are the responsibility of organisations making health policy. In the US, a third of older women prisoners say they are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
Incarceration brings a complex combination of inequality factors for women's needs in terms of menstruation, pregnancy, contraception, post-natal health, mental health and menopause. In countries where prisons are privatized, women's heatlh needs may be seen as low priority.In prisons access to hygiene and medical supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
Many facilities do not provide access to locally controlled air conditioning or fans which are needed to regulate and relieve hot flashes, which are a common symptom of menopause. Additional layers of clothing may be needed for increased comfort during hot flashes and night sweating. The symptoms of menopause may also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
In the UK, 65% of women in prison suffer from depression. Shame and embarrassment results from physical changes but also from societal norms in which menopause continues to be a 'taboo subject'. Women inmates in prisons report that their concerns were often dismissed.There are additional physical complications as menop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
In the USA the fastest-growing segment of the prison population is women but health systems which have been designed for men fail to meet their needs. The National Commission on Correctional Health Care recognize the need for standards in care in jails and prisons.The UK Government has set standards for care of women i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
The World Health Organisation considers that prison health services contribute to the social well-being of all of society and suggests that prisons should have written policies showing the practices that are sensitive to women. The United Nations 2010 Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menopause_in_incarceration |
Categorization is the ability and activity of conceptually discerning between features or characteristics of conscious experience of the world, such as objects, events, or ideas. It involves the abstraction and differentiation of aspects of experience by assorting and distinguishing between their groupings, such as cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Categorization and classification allow humans to organize things, objects, and ideas that exist around them and simplify their understanding of the world. Categorization is something that humans and other organisms do: "doing the right thing with the right kind of thing." The activity of categorizing things can be non... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
For humans, both concrete objects and abstract ideas are recognized, differentiated, and understood through categorization. Objects are usually categorized for some adaptive or pragmatic purposes. Categorization is grounded in the features that distinguish the category's members from nonmembers. Categorization is impor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Categories are distinct collections of concrete or abstract instances (category members) that are considered equivalent by the cognitive system. Using category knowledge requires one to access mental representations that define the core features of category members (cognitive psychologists refer to these category-speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The three levels of abstraction are as follows: Superordinate level, Genus (e.g., Flower) - The highest and most inclusive level of abstraction. Exhibits the highest degree of generality and the lowest degree of within-category similarity. Basic Level, Species (e.g., Rose) - The middle level of abstraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Rosch and colleagues (1976) suggest the basic level to be the most cognitively efficient. Basic level categories exhibit high within-category similarities and high between-category dissimilarities. Furthermore, the basic level is the most inclusive level at which category exemplars share a generalized identifiable shap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Adults most-often use basic level object names, and children learn basic object names first. Subordinate level (e.g., Dog Rose) - The lowest level of abstraction. Exhibits the highest degree of specificity and within-category similarity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The classical theory of categorization, is a term used in cognitive linguistics to denote the approach to categorization that appears in Plato and Aristotle and that has been highly influential and dominant in Western culture, particularly in philosophy, linguistics and psychology. Aristotle's categorical method of ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
In the classical view, categories need to be clearly defined, mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive; this way, any entity in the given classification universe belongs unequivocally to one, and only one, of the proposed categories.The classical view of categories first appeared in the context of Western Philoso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
", "How many feet does it have? ", "Does it have fur or feathers? ", "Can it fly?"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
), establishing this way the basis for natural taxonomy. Examples of the use of the classical view of categories can be found in the western philosophical works of Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Spinoza and John Locke, and in the 20th century in Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, the logical positivists. It has been a cornerston... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The pioneering research by psychologist Eleanor Rosch and colleagues since 1973, introduced the prototype theory, according to which categorization can also be viewed as the process of grouping things based on prototypes. This approach has been highly influential, particularly for cognitive linguistics. It was in part ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The prototype theory is an example of a similarity-based approach to categorization, in which a stored category representation is used to assess the similarity of candidate category members. Under the prototype theory, this stored representation consists of a summary representation of the category's members. This proto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
It might be a central tendency that represents the category's average member, a modal stimulus representing either the most frequent instance or a stimulus composed of the most common category features, or, lastly, the "ideal" category member, or a caricature that emphasizes the distinct features of the category. An im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Another instance of the similarity-based approach to categorization, the exemplar theory likewise compares the similarity of candidate category members to stored memory representations. Under the exemplar theory, all known instances of a category are stored in memory as exemplars. When evaluating an unfamiliar entity's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Conceptual clustering is a machine learning paradigm for unsupervised classification that was defined by Ryszard S. Michalski in 1980. It is a modern variation of the classical approach of categorization, and derives from attempts to explain how knowledge is represented. In this approach, classes (clusters or entities)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Conceptual clustering is closely related to fuzzy set theory, in which objects may belong to one or more groups, in varying degrees of fitness. A cognitive approach accepts that natural categories are graded (they tend to be fuzzy at their boundaries) and inconsistent in the status of their constituent members. The ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
While an exhaustive discussion of category learning is beyond the scope of this article, a brief overview of category learning and its associated theories is useful in understanding formal models of categorization. If categorization research investigates how categories are maintained and used, the field of category lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Classification learning tasks participants with predicting category labels for a stimulus based on its provided features. Classification learning is centered around learning between-category information and the diagnostic features of categories. In contrast, inference learning tasks participants with inferring the pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Inference learning is centered on learning within-category information and the category's prototypical features.Category learning tasks can generally be divided into two categories, supervised and unsupervised learning. Supervised learning tasks provide learners with category labels. Learners then use information extra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Unsupervised learning tasks do not provide learners with category labels. Learners must therefore recognize inherent structures in a data set and group stimuli together by similarity into classes. Unsupervised learning is thus a process of generating a classification structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Tasks used to study category learning take various forms: Rule-based tasks present categories that participants can learn through explicit reasoning processes. In these kinds of tasks, classification of stimuli is accomplished via the use of an acquired rule (i.e., if stimulus is large on dimension x, respond A). Infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Unlike rule-based tasks, information-integration tasks do not afford rules that are easily articulable. Reading an X-ray and trying to determine if a tumor is present can be thought of as a real-world instantiation of an information-integration task. Prototype distortion tasks require learners to generate a prototype f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Category learning researchers have proposed various theories for how humans learn categories. Prevailing theories of category learning include the prototype theory, the exemplar theory, and the decision bound theory.The prototype theory suggests that to learn a category, one must learn the category's prototype. Subsequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Computational models of categorization have been developed to test theories about how humans represent and use category information. To accomplish this, categorization models can be fit to experimental data to see how well the predictions afforded by the model line up with human performance. Based on the model's succes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
First, the model must make some kind of assumption about the internal representation of the stimulus (e.g., representing the perception of a stimulus as a point in a multi-dimensional space). Second, the model must make an assumption about the specific information that needs to be accessed in order to formulate a respo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The internal knowledge structures of various categorization models reflect the specific representation(s) they use to perform these transformations. Typical representations employed by models include exemplars, prototypes, and rules. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Exemplar models store all distinct instances of stimuli with their corresponding category labels in memory. Categorization of subsequent stimuli is determined by the stimulus' collective similarity to all known exemplars. Prototype models store a summary representation of all instances in a category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Categorization of subsequent stimuli is determined by selecting the category whose prototype is most similar to the stimulus. Rule-based models define categories by storing summary lists of the necessary and sufficient features required for category membership. Boundary models can be considered as atypical rule models,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Weighted Features Prototype Model An early instantiation of the prototype model was produced by Reed in the early 1970s. Reed (1972) conducted a series of experiments to compare the performance of 18 models on explaining data from a categorization task that required participants to sort faces into one of two categories... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Unlike traditional average distance models, however, this model differentially weighted the most distinguishing features of the two categories. Given this model's performance, Reed (1972) concluded that the strategy participants used during the face categorization task was to construct prototype representations for eac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Generalized Context Model Medin and Schaffer's (1978) context model was expanded upon by Nosofsky (1986) in the mid-1980's, resulting in the production of the Generalized Context Model (GCM). The GCM is an exemplar model that stores exemplars of stimuli as exhaustive combinations of the features associated with each ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
First, the GCM computes the psychological distance between the exemplar and the stimulus. This is accomplished by summing the absolute values of the dimensional difference between the exemplar and the stimulus. For example, suppose an exemplar has a value of 18 on dimension X and the stimulus has a value of 42 on dimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Once psychological distance has been evaluated, an exponential decay function determines the similarity of the exemplar and the stimulus, where a distance of 0 results in a similarity of 1 (which begins to decrease exponentially as distance increases). Categorical responses are then generated by evaluating the similari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
RULEX (Rule-Plus-Exception) Model While simple logical rules are ineffective at learning poorly defined category structures, some proponents of the rule-based theory of categorization suggest that an imperfect rule can be used to learn such category structures if exceptions to that rule are also stored and considered. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The RULEX model searches for rules in the following ways: Exact Search for a rule that uses a single attribute to discriminate between classes without error. Imperfect Search for a rule that uses a single attribute to discriminate between classes with few errors Conjunctive Search for a rule that uses multiple attribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
If successful, then RULEX will continuously apply that rule until misclassification occurs. If the exact search fails to identify a rule, either an imperfect or conjunctive search will begin. A sufficient, though imperfect, rule acquired during one of these search phases will become permanently implemented and the RULE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
If no rule is acquired, then the model will attempt the search it did not perform in the previous phase. If successful, RULEX will permanently implement the rule and then begin an exception search. If none of the previous search methods are successful RULEX will default to only searching for exceptions, despite lacking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
SUSTAIN (Supervised and Unsupervised Stratified Adaptive Incremental Network) It is often the case that learned category representations vary depending on the learner's goals, as well as how categories are used during learning. Thus, some categorization researchers suggest that a proper model of categorization needs to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The representational space that encompasses these dimensions is then distorted (e.g., stretched or shrunk) to reflect the importance of each feature based on inputs from an attentional mechanism. A set of clusters (specific instances grouped by similarity) associated with distinct categories then compete to respond to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
The flexibility of the SUSTAIN model is realized through its ability to employ both supervised and unsupervised learning at the cluster level. If SUSTAIN incorrectly predicts a stimulus as belonging to a particular cluster, corrective feedback (i.e., supervised learning) would signal sustain to recruit an additional cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
SUSTAIN will also employ unsupervised learning to recruit an additional cluster if the similarity between the stimulus and the closest cluster does not exceed a threshold, as the model recognizes the weak predictive utility that would result from such a cluster assignment. SUSTAIN also exhibits flexibility in how it so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Social categorization consists of putting human beings into groups in order to identify them based on different criteria. Categorization is a process studied by scholars in cognitive science but can also be studied as a social activity. Social categorization is different from the categorization of other things because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.