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Suppose the bond had a lifetime of ten years and coupon payments were made yearly. This means that the investor would receive $10,000 every year for ten years, and then finally their $200,000 back at the end of the ten years. From the investor's point of view, their investment of $200,000 would be regained at the end o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
This is the amount that compensates the investor for taking the risk of investing in the company (since, if it happens that the project fails completely and the company goes bankrupt, there is a chance that the investor does not get their money back). This net gain of $100,000 was paid by the company to the investor as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
It was the cost of raising $200,000 of new capital. So to raise $200,000 the company had to pay $100,000 out of their profits; thus we say that the cost of debt in this case was 50%. Theoretically, if the company were to raise further capital by issuing more of the same bonds, the new investors would also expect a 50% ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
When companies borrow funds from outside lenders, the interest paid on these funds is called the cost of debt. The cost of debt is computed by taking the rate on a risk-free bond whose duration matches the term structure of the corporate debt, then adding a default premium. This default premium will rise as the amount ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The cost of equity is inferred by comparing the investment to other investments (comparable) with similar risk profiles. It is commonly computed using the capital asset pricing model formula: Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Premium expected for risk Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Beta × (market... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The expected return (or required rate of return for investors) can be calculated with the "dividend capitalization model", which is K c s = Dividend Payment/Share ( 1 + Growth ) Price Market + Growth rate {\displaystyle K_{cs}={\frac {{\text{Dividend}}_{\text{Payment/Share}}(1+{\text{Growth}})}{{\text{Price}}_{\text{Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The models state that investors will expect a return that is the risk-free return plus the security's sensitivity to market risk (β) times the market risk premium. The risk premium varies over time and place, but in some developed countries during the twentieth century it has averaged around 5% whereas in the emerging ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The dividends have increased the total "real" return on average equity to the double, about 3.2%. The sensitivity to market risk (β) is unique for each firm and depends on everything from management to its business and capital structure. This value cannot be known "ex ante" (beforehand), but can be estimated from ex po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
Note that retained earnings are a component of equity, and, therefore, the cost of retained earnings (internal equity) is equal to the cost of equity as explained above. Dividends (earnings that are paid to investors and not retained) are a component of the return on capital to equity holders, and influence the cost of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The weighted cost of capital (WACC) is used in finance to measure a firm's cost of capital. WACC is not dictated by management. Rather, it represents the minimum return that a company must earn on an existing asset base to satisfy its creditors, owners, and other providers of capital, or they will invest elsewhere.The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
Notice that the "equity" in the debt to equity ratio is the market value of all equity, not the shareholders' equity on the balance sheet. To calculate the firm's weighted cost of capital, we must first calculate the costs of the individual financing sources: Cost of Debt, Cost of Preference Capital, and Cost of Equity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
Below are a list of factors that might affect the cost of capital. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
Because of tax advantages on debt issuance, it will be cheaper to issue debt rather than new equity (this is only true for profitable firms, tax breaks are available only to profitable firms). At some point, however, the cost of issuing new debt will be greater than the cost of issuing new equity. This is because addin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
By utilizing too much debt in its capital structure, this increased default risk can also drive up the costs for other sources (such as retained earnings and preferred stock) as well. Management must identify the "optimal mix" of financing – the capital structure where the cost of capital is minimized so that the firm'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
Lambert, Leuz and Verrecchia (2007) have found that the quality of accounting information can affect a firm's cost of capital, both directly and indirectly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
If there were no tax advantages for issuing debt, and equity could be freely issued, Miller and Modigliani showed that, under certain assumptions (no tax, no possibility of bankruptcy), the value of a levered firm and the value of an unlevered firm should be the same. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital |
The great horse manure crisis of 1894 refers to the idea that the greatest obstacle to urban development at the turn of the century was the difficulty of removing horse manure from the streets. More broadly, it is an analogy for supposedly insuperable extrapolated problems being rendered moot by the introduction of new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_horse_manure_crisis_of_1894 |
The reasoning was that more horses are needed to remove the manure, and these horses produce more manure. An urban planning conference in 1898 supposedly broke up before its scheduled end due to a failure to find an answer to this problem. No such statement in the Times, nor conference result, is known, but in 1893 Lon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_horse_manure_crisis_of_1894 |
Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System (abbreviated as PSH from the Czech Polytematický Strukturovaný Heslář) is a bilingual Czech–English controlled vocabulary of subject headings developed and maintained by the National Technical Library (the former State Technical Library) in Prague. It was designed for desc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
Because of its release in SKOS, PSH can be used not only for describing documents in a library, but also for indexing web pages. Everyone can use PSH for free. PSH is a part of the Linked Open Data cloud diagram (LOD cloud diagram). The image of the LOD cloud diagram shows datasets that have been published in Linked Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
The PSH preparation project started in 1993, supported by several grants from the Czech Ministry of Culture and Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport. Since 1995, PSH has been used for indexing the State Technical Library's documents. Starting 1997, PSH has been distributed to other libraries and companies, orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
In 2000, the State Technical Library received a grant from the Ministry of Culture to translate PSH into English. The next milestone in its development was its releasing in the SKOS format, in 2009.The vast majority of new subject headings is suggested and approved by the indexing experts from the National Technical Li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
The main decisions about the development and the future of PSH are done by the Committee for Coordination of Polythematic Structured Subject Heading System. The Committee consists of specialists from the National Technical Library and cooperating institutions, and representatives from the libraries and companies which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
PSH Browser was released in June 2009. It serves for browsing the PSH system and its distribution in SKOS format. This tool navigates users through PSH from general to specific terms. Users can also use the Search field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
PSH manager tool was released in 2012. It serves as an indexing tool especially to catalogers. Catalogers can easy orient in its clear structure. All the terms in PSH manager contain link to the catalogue of NTK. There can be also viewed the record in MARC21 format. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
In 2012 was released beta version of autoindexing application. It is accessible on Autoindexing. Users enter chosen text into indexing field and activate indexing. In few seconds the terms describing content are displayed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
PSH is a tree structure with 44 thematic sections. Subject headings are included in a hierarchy of six (or seven) levels according to their semantic content and specificity. There are hierarchical, associative ("see also") and equivalence ("see") relations in PSH. Hierarchical relations are represented by broader and n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
Equivalence relations link subject headings with their nonpreferred versions (e.g. electrocardiography and ECG). Moreover, associative relations are used to link related subject headings from different parts of PSH, regardless their affiliation to a section, (e.g. electrocardiography: see also cardiology). Every subjec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
The main format for storage, maintenance and sharing PSH is the MARC 21 Format for Authority Data, which is implemented in library automated systems. PSH is also available in SKOS, using RDF/XML syntax, which is a version suitable for web distribution. Single headings can be accessed on the PSH website through URI link... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
New subject headings are primarily obtained through the log analysis in the National Technical Library's on-line catalogue of documents, which are the terms used by end-users when searching various documents. Google Analytics service is now used for gaining search queries used by users. Within the data analysis, users ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
PSH/SKOS has been available under the Creative Commons License CC BY 3.0 CZ (Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Czech Republic)since 2011. Users are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and make derivative works, but they must give the original author credit and if they alter, transform, or build upon this wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polythematic_Structured_Subject_Heading_System |
Skell refers to a person who is homeless, vagrant or derelict. It is often used to connote such a person who is habitually engaged in small-time criminal activity, especially by one working as a con artist or panhandler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
In its modern form, the use of skell as a slang term in the United States appears to date from the 1960s, most especially from New York City. The word has sometimes been used by the police officer characters on the TV shows NYPD Blue, Third Watch, Gotham, Law and Order: SVU, and Blue Bloods. The term has been used so o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
Possible origins for the word include: The 17th century English slang word skelder, a noun and verb which referred to a professional beggar, especially one who falsely pretended to be a wounded former soldier to gain sympathy; more generally, it could be used for a swindler or cheat. An early recorded use is by Ben Jon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
), the supposed derivation of the street name Skeldergate in the city of York. The Dutch schelm, a word meaning 'villain' or 'rogue'. The Latin scelus, meaning 'wicked deed' or 'wickedness'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
The term is used several times in the film Miller's Crossing, especially in regard to the character Bernie Bernbaum. Crow T. Robot refers to Michael J. Nelson as a skell in a sketch performed in episode 905 of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Ed Burns (Mickey) refers to Mike McGlone (Francis) as a skell in the movie She's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
Police Officer Smitty refers to Bender as a skell when he and his partner, URL, are undercover in Little Bitaly in the second-season episode of Futurama entitled Bender Gets Made. Within the Law & Order extended universe, the term has been casually used by leading characters such as Det. Lennie Briscoe, Lt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
Anita Van Buren, Det. Elliot Stabler and Det. Mike Logan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
In the Third Watch television series, the term has been frequently used in casual conversation between the leading NYPD characters such as John "Sully" Sullivan, Maurice "Bosco" Boscorelli and others. Starting in Season 2 (Rise of the Villains) of Gotham, Michael Chiklis (Captain Nathanial Barnes) often refers to misce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
The term is mentioned in Type O Negative song "Der Untermensch", in the line "Skells like you allowed to live/ Get off society's back". The term is used frequently in the Public Morals television series written by Ed Burns and set in 1960s New York City.While cleaning up after a vagrant's vomit due to hallucinations an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
In "Magic Man", the first episode of the fifth season of Better Call Saul, Bob Odenkirk (Jimmy McGill) uses the term when referring to his potential clients. Later in the episode, Nacho Varga tells Lalo Salamanca that "skells complain, it's what they do." In Breaking Bad, Season 5 Episode 5, "Dead Freight", Mike Ermant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skell |
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (see below). For the social psychologist, the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation. As such, social psychologists emphasize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Theories of deindividuation propose that it is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation and decreased evaluation apprehension causing antinormative and disinhibited behavior. Deindividuation theory seeks to provide an explanation for a variety of antinormative collective behavior, such as violent crowds, lync... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
In contemporary social psychology, deindividuation refers to a diminishing of one's sense of individuality that occurs with behavior disjointed from personal or social standards of conduct. For example, someone who is an anonymous member of a mob will be more likely to act violently toward a police officer than a known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Gustave Le Bon was an early explorer of this phenomenon as a function of crowds. Le Bon introduced his crowd psychology theory in his 1895 publication The Crowd: A study of the Popular Mind. The French psychologist characterized his posited effect of crowd mentality, whereby individual personalities become dominated by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
He theorized that a loss of personal responsibility in crowds leads to an inclination to behave primitively and hedonistically by the entire group. This resulting mentality, according to Le Bon, belongs more to the collective than any individual, so that individual traits are submerged. Already, Le Bon was tending towa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Le Bon's group-level explanation of behavioral phenomena in crowds inspired further theories regarding collective psychology from Freud, McDougall, Blumer, and Allport. Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcomb revisited Le Bon's ideas in 1952, coining the term deindividuation to describe what happens when persons within a grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
According to these theorists, whatever attracts each member to a particular group causes them to put more emphasis on the group than on individuals. This unaccountability inside a group has the effect of "reducing inner restraints and increasing behavior that is usually inhibited." Festinger et al. agreed with Le Bon's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
However, these relatively modern theorists distinguished deindividuation from crowd theory by reforming the idea that the loss of individuality within a crowd is replaced by the group's mindset. Instead, Festinger et al. argued that the loss of individuality leads to loss of control over internal or moral constraints.A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
G. Zimbardo (1969) suggested "the expression of normally inhibited behavior" may have both positive and negative consequences. He expanded the proposed realm of factors that contribute to deindividuation, beyond anonymity and loss of personal responsibility, to include: "arousal, sensory overload, a lack of contextual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Consequently, individuals reduce their compliance with good and bad sanctions held by influences outside the group.Zimbardo was consistent with Festinger et al. in his suggestion that loss of individuality leads to a loss of control, causing affected persons to behave intensely and impulsively, having let go of interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
In the late seventies, Ed Diener began to express dissatisfaction with the current deindividuation hypothesis, which he deemed invalid without specific focus on the psychological processes that yield a deindividuated state. Not only was Zimbardo's model deficient in that respect, but the role of his input variables in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
In 1980, he argued that paying attention to one's personal values through self-awareness increases the ability of that person to self-regulate. In a group context, when attention is distributed outward (in line with this model) away from the self, the individual loses the ability to plan his actions rationally and subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Diener proposed that the strict focus on anonymity as the primary factor of deindividuation had created an empirical obstacle, calling for a redirection of empirical research on the topic.While Diener was able to take the focus away from anonymity in the theoretical evolution of deindividuation, he was unable to empiri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Such factors, according to these theorists, cause members of a crowd to lose a sense of consequences for their actions; thus, they worry less about being evaluated and do not anticipate punishment. Private self-awareness (where attention is shifted away from the self), however, was reduced by "attentional cues", e.g., ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The most recent model of deindividuation, the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE), was developed by Russell Spears and Martin Lea in 1995. The SIDE model argues that deindividuation manipulations can have the effect of decreasing attention to individual characteristics and interpersonal differences ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Therefore, deindividuation is the increased salience of a group identity that can result from the manipulation of such factors. The SIDE model contrasts other deindividuation explanations which involve the reduced impact of the self. Further explanations by Reicher et al. state that deindividuation manipulations affect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Stanley Milgram's study is a classic study of blind obedience, however, many aspects of this study explicitly illustrate characteristics of situations in which deindividuation is likely to occur. Participants were taken into a room and sat in front of a board of fake controls. They were then told by the experimenter th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
If the confederate got the match wrong, they were to administer a shock (which was not real, unbeknownst to the participant) from the fake control panel they were sitting in front of. After each wrong answer, the intensity of the shock increased. The participant was instructed by the experimenter to continue to adminis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
As the voltage increased, the confederate began to complain of pain, yelled out discomfort, and eventually screamed the pain was too much and sometimes they even began to bang on the wall. At the greatest amount of voltage administered, the confederate stopped speaking at all. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The results of the study showed that 65 percent of experiment participants administered the experiment's final, and most severe, 450-volt shock. Only 1 participant refused to administer shocks past the 300- volt level. The participants, covered by a veil of anonymity, were able to be more aggressive in this situation t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
This study prompted Zimbardo to write his initial theory and model of deindividuation based on the results of his research. In one study, participants in the experimental condition were made to be anonymous by being issued large coats and hoods which largely concealed their identity. These New York University women wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Each participant was brought into a room and given the task of "shocking" a confederate in another room at different levels of severity ranging from mild to dangerous (similar to Stanley Milgram's study in 1963). Zimbardo noted that participants who were in the anonymous condition "shocked" the confederates longer, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
When the soldiers were identifiable, they shocked longer than the unidentifiable soldiers. Zimbardo proposed that as a result of anonymity, the soldiers may have felt isolated from their fellow soldiers. These studies motivated Zimbardo to examine this deindividuation and aggression in a prison setting, which is discus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Now a more widely recognized study since the publication of his book, The Lucifer Effect, the Stanford Prison Experiment is infamous for its blatant display of aggression in deindividuated situations. Zimbardo created a mock prison environment in the basement of Stanford University's psychology building in which he ran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Zimbardo attributed this behavior to deindividuation due to immersion within the group and creation of a strong group dynamic. Several elements added to the deindividuation of both guards and prisoners. Prisoners were made to dress alike, wearing stocking caps and hospital dressing gowns, and also were identified only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Guards were also given uniforms and reflective glasses which hid their faces. The dress of guards and prisoners led to a type of anonymity on both sides because the individual identifying characteristics of the men were taken out of the equation. Additionally, the guards had the added element of diffusion of responsibi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
In this classic study, Diener et al. had a woman place a bowl of candy in her living room for trick-or-treaters. An observer was placed out of sight from the children in order to record the behaviors of the trick-or-treaters. In one condition, the woman asked the children identification questions such as where they liv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
In each condition, the woman invited the children in, claimed she had something in the kitchen she had to tend to so she had to leave the room, and then instructed each child to take only one piece of candy. The anonymous group condition far outnumbered the other conditions in terms of how many times they took more tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
This study by Nadler, Goldberg, and Jaffe measured the effects that deindividuating conditions (anonymity vs. identifiable) had on two subject conditions (self-differentiated vs. undifferentiated individuals). The self-differentiated individual is said to have definite boundaries between inner characteristics identifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Subjects who were preselected as being self-differentiated or undifferentiated were observed under conditions of high or low anonymity. Each subject was exposed to transgressions and donations made by confederates, and then their own transgressive and prosocial actions were measured. Also, measures of verbal aggression... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Major findings of the study: Within the undifferentiated groups, a greater frequency of subsequent subject transgressive behavior occurred in the anonymity more than in the identifiability conditions. Undifferentiated individuals are affected by deindividuating circumstances and they tend to transgress more after obser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Dodd's experiment evaluates the association between deindividuation and anonymity. Dodd measured his subjects by asking them what they would do (within the realm of reality) if their identity were kept anonymous and they would receive no repercussions. The responses were grouped into four categories: prosocial, antisoc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The most frequent responses recorded were criminal acts. This study on deindividuation exhibits the importance of situational factors, in this case anonymity, when reporting antisocial behavior. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that personal traits and characteristics are not much of predictor when predicting the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Following the social models of identity proposed by deindividuation, the study conducted by Reicher, Levine and Gordijn expresses the strategic effects of visibility on the in-group. The experimenters suggest that increasing visibility amongst the in-group members subsequently increases their ability to support each ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The participants involved thirty male and female students of the mean age of 17 years in the first year of their A-level psychology course located in a rural town in South West England. The study involved two separate sessions where the participants completed a pre-test and were assigned to the pro- or anti- hunting gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The pro-hunting group was taken to another room and did not take further part in the study. For the in-group low-visibility condition, part of the anti-hunting participants were taken to individual booths where they were not visible to others in the experiment. The remaining anti-hunting participants who were categoriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
At this point both groups were shown a video. After watching the video the participants were handed a questionnaire. They were asked to write their names on the front so that the out-group spokesperson would be able to identify the authors of the questionnaire before discussing the comments individually. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
To the experimenters' surprise the experiment demonstrated the inverse of their hypothesis. The study showed that more participants were more likely to express normative behaviors that are punishable by powerful out-group when they are visible to fellow members of the same in-group. Experimenters also found that in-gro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
This study conducted by Lee investigates the effects of deindividuation on group polarization. Group polarization refers to the finding that following group discussion, individuals tend to endorse a more extreme position in the direction already favored by the group. In Lee's study subjects were either assigned to a de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
They were then shown their partners' decisions and the subjects were asked to indicate how convincing and valid the overall arguments were. In analyzing her results, Lee came to several conclusions: Group identification was positively correlated with group polarization. Lee confirmed her hypothesis that the subjects wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Lee found that the more the participants identified with their partners, the more positive their evaluations of the partners' arguments were, manifesting in-group favoritism. Lee's findings suggest that both higher group identification and deindividuated subjects reported a significantly higher level of public-self-awa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Deindividuation is the perceived loss of individuality and personal responsibility that can occur when someone participates as part of a group. It can cause a person to be more likely to donate a large amount of money to charity, but also cause them to be more likely to engage in mob violence. There are many real-world... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Although they may seem very different on the surface, these groups share many traits that make them conducive to, and even contingent on, deindividuation. All of the examples share the strong drive towards group cohesiveness. Police officers, soldiers, and sports teams all wear uniforms that create a distinct in-group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Men in the military are even required to shave their heads in order to better unify their appearance. Although gangs, cults, and fraternities and sororities do not require the same degree of physical uniformity, they also display this tendency towards unifying the exterior in order to unify their group. For example, ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Members of fraternities and sororities often wear clothing marked with their "letters" so that they can quickly be identified as part of their specific group. By reducing individual differences, these various groups become more cohesive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The cohesiveness of a group can make its members lose their sense of self in the overwhelming identity of the group. For example, a young man in the military might identify himself through a variety of individual constructs, however while in uniform with a shaved head and dog tags around his neck, he might suddenly onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Physically normalized to the standards of their respective groups, these various group members are all at risk to feel deindividuized. They may begin to think of themselves as a mere part of the group, and lose the awareness that they are an individual with the capacity to think and act completely separately from their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Due to reduced feelings of accountability, and increased feelings of group cohesion and conformity, these group members could act in a manner of non-normative ways. Deindividuation often occurs without face-to-face interaction and is a prevalent feature of the internet. The loosening of normal constraints on behavior c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Furthermore, deindividuation which occurs online has been thought to be responsible for a widespread willingness to illegally download software. One researcher tested the hypothesis that "persons who prefer the anonymity and pseudonymity associated with interaction on the Internet are more likely to pirate software", b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Questions have been raised about the external validity of deindividuation research. As deindividuation has evolved as a theory, some researchers feel that the theory has lost sight of the dynamic group intergroup context of collective behavior that it attempts to model. Some propose that deindividuation effects may act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
Certain experiments, such as Milgram's obedience studies (1974), demonstrate conformity to the experimenter's demands; however the research paradigm in this experiment is very similar to some employed in deindividuation studies, except the role of the experimenter is usually not taken into account in such instances.A l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
They explained these results as a product of contextual cues, namely the costumes. This explanation runs counter to Zimbardo's initial theory of deindividuation which states that deindividuation increases antinormative behavior regardless of external cues. Researchers who examine deindividuation effects within the cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deindividuation |
The meridian 101° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 101st meridian east forms a great circle with the 79th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 101st meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_meridian_east |
Joan Barrington born Joan Cromwell aka Joan Williams (c.1558 – 1641) was an English matriarch and patron of clergy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Barrington |
She was born in about 1668 and her parents were Joan and Sir Henry Williams (later Cromwell). She was the aunt to the future Parliamentarian leaders Oliver Cromwell and John Hampden. and her sister Frances married the politician Richard Whalley.She married Sir Francis Barrington and they lived at Barrington Hall until ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Barrington |
They used their wealth to support protestant clergy including Arthur Hildersham, Bishop Leonard Mawe, John Preston, Ezekiel Rogers, and Roger Williams.They had nine surviving children, including four sons, Thomas (c.1585-1644), Robert (?-1642), Francis (?-before 1628) and John (?-1631), who died in the Netherlands duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Barrington |
Willow water is a traditional method to extract the rooting hormone indolebutyric acid from willow (Salix) trees, which is believed to be present in sufficient quantities to stimulate root growth. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_water |
McCollum v. Board of Education, 333 U.S. 203 (1948), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case related to the power of a state to use its tax-supported public school system to aid religious instruction. The case was a test of the separation of church and state with respect to education. The case tested the princi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
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