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The case was brought by Vashti McCollum, the mother of a student enrolled in the Champaign public school district. In 1940, interested members of the Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish faiths formed an association named the Champaign Council on Religious Education. This association obtained permission from the Champaign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
McCollum, an atheist, objected to the existing religious classes, stating that her son James was ostracized for not attending them. After complaints to school officials to stop offering these classes went unheeded, McCollum sued the school board in July 1945, stating that the religious instruction in the public schools... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
The principal elements of the McCollum complaint were that: In actual practice, certain Protestant groups exercised an advantage over other Protestant denominations. The school district's calling the classes "voluntary" was in name only because school officials often coerced or forced students' participation. The power... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
McCollum sought review from the U. S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case, taking oral arguments in December 1947. A number of religious groups including the American Unitarian Association, the Synagogue Council of America, the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and the Baptist Joint Committee of Rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
Pupils compelled by law to go to school for secular education are released ... in part from their legal duty upon the condition that they attend the religious classes. To hold that a state cannot, consistently with the First and Fourteenth Amendments, utilize its public school system to aid any or all religious faiths ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
The lone dissenting justice, Stanley Forman Reed, objected to the breadth of the majority's interpretation of the Establishment Clause and stated that an incidental support of religion should have been permissible with a more narrow reading of the First Amendment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
The Supreme Court's ruling remanded the case to the Illinois high court for relief consistent with the federal ruling. The high court revisited the issue of religious instruction in Zorach v. Clauson in 1952. The 6 to 3 ruling in the later case held that a New York program allowing religious education during the school... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education |
Cross tuning or cross-tuning (aka scordatura) is an alternative tuning used for the open strings of a string instrument. The term refers to the practice of retuning the strings; it also refers to the various tunings commonly used, or in some contexts it may refer to the AEAE fiddle tuning. In folk music traditions, cro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tuning |
Cross tuning is commonly used on the fiddle in folk music of Appalachia, the southern United States and Scandinavia. The fiddle may be re-tuned in any number of ways in these musical idioms, but there are two common re-tunings. While the standard tuning for open strings of the violin is GDAE—with the G being the tuning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tuning |
Even more frequently used is a cross tuning of AEAE for music played in the key of A major. Among fiddlers this is referred to as "cross-tuning." Both of these tunings facilitate a drone on an open string next to the string on which the melody is being played. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tuning |
Relatively well-known American folk tunes that are often played in cross-tuning include "Breaking Up Christmas," "Cluck Old Hen," "Hangman's Reel," "Horse and Buggy," and "Ways of the World." GDAE is known in some North American Old-Timey fiddling circles as "that Italian tuning," the implication being that it is only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tuning |
Kartchner his daughter specifically uses "the Italian tuning" to mean a cross-tuning which is not GDAE. "Frontier Fiddler - the Life of a Northern Arizona Pioneer" Univ of Arizona Press, 1990). Other tunings include: FCGD = Cajun Tuning (one whole step down from GDAE) GDGB = Open G Tuning GDGD = Sawmill Tuning or "Cros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_tuning |
The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) represents colleges and schools of veterinary medicine in the United States, Canada, and internationally. It advocates for issues related to veterinary medical education, oversees the accreditation process for veterinary medical schools and colleges along ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AAVMC was founded as an independent, non-profit corporation in Illinois in 1966 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2016. Deans of the 18 United States veterinary colleges and the three Canadian veterinary colleges at the time were made representatives of the organization to represent founding institutions. In 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
W. Max Decker became the first formal AAVMC employee in 1977 when he became a part-time director and treasurer of the organization. The organization began to receive corporate support in 1965, when Merck Chemical Division made a donation of $10,000. The three-Council structure of AAVMC was eliminated in 1984, and the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
Billy Hooper, former associate dean for academic affairs at Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, became the full-time executive director and helped create a permanent office in Washington D.C. in 1986. This allowed for a partnership to form between the Pew National Veterinary Education Program and AAVMC, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
AAVMC continues to partner with many national and international organizations. In 1995, the national common application service for applicants to veterinary school, the VMCAS, was launched and has been in operation since.The mission of the AAVMC is to promote excellence in academic veterinary medicine as well as provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The current Chief Executive Officer is Andrew Maccabe, who holds a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from The Ohio State University, a Master of Public Health degree from Harvard University, and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arizona. He was a former public health officer for the U.S. Air Force and ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AAVMC has multiple key advocacy priorities. They work to ensure support for the Veterinary Services Grant Program. This program, funded by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) via the Farm Bill, provides financial support for the expansion of rural veterinary practices, mobile veterinary practices, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
In addition, the AAVMC supports increased funding for research programs that target antimicrobial resistance. The AAVMC also supports the Global Health Security Agenda as outlined by the CDC and other national and international health organizations. To advocate for these issues in Washington D.C., the AAVMC regularly w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AAVMC also conducts legislative briefings, has an active Advocacy Committee, works with the Veterinary Medicine Caucus in the United States House of Representatives, participates in the National Coalition for Food and Agricultural Research, and organizes visits to Capitol Hill for member institution representatives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
Colleges and schools of veterinary medicine that are accredited or have gained reasonable assurance from the COE that are within the United States include Auburn University, Colorado State University, Cornell University, Iowa State University, Kansas State University, Lincoln Memorial University, Long Island University... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AAVMC administers the VMCAS, which is a centralized application system that prospective veterinary students use to submit their application materials. All required application materials are processed, verified, and then sent to the veterinary medical schools that the applicant designates, such that applicants only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AAVMC has spear-headed a working group to develop a competency-based learning framework for veterinary medical education, which would standardize learning milestones and establish core activities that would be required for veterinary students across institutions. The domains of competence include clinical reasoning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
Colleges and schools of veterinary medicine in the United States, Canada, and across the globe that wish to become a member institution of the AAVMC must be accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education (COE). The COE is recognized by the United States Department of Education and is re-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The AVMA also appoints and funds eight members. The remaining members represent Canada and are appointed by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association. All appointed members serve six year terms and are full-time, permanent faculty members at either the associate professor or professor level at an AAVMC-member institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The COE publishes a Policies and Procedures manual, which outlines the current standards for accreditation. These standards include organization, finances, physical facilities and equipment, clinical resources, library and information resources, students, admission, faculty, curriculum, research programs, and outcomes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
The Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (JVME) is a peer-reviewed, internationally distributed journal published by AAVMC. The journal publishes on topics relating to veterinary educational methods, recruiting veterinary students, clinical instruction, higher education policy, and other topics related to veterinary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Veterinary_Medical_Colleges |
A functional symptom is a medical symptom with no known physical cause. In other words, there is no structural or pathologically defined disease to explain the symptom. The use of the term 'functional symptom' does not assume psychogenesis, only that the body is not functioning as expected. Functional symptoms are incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
It is well established that psychosomatic symptoms are a real phenomenon, so this potential explanation is often plausible, however the commonality of a range of psychological symptoms and functional weakness does not imply that one causes the other. For example, symptoms associated with migraine, epilepsy, schizophren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
However, one type of apparently functional constipation, anismus, may have a neurological (physical) basis. Whilst misdiagnosis of functional symptoms does occur, in neurology, for example, this appears to occur no more frequently than of other neurological or psychiatric syndromes. However, in order to be quantified, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
Functional weakness is weakness of an arm or leg without evidence of damage or a disease of the nervous system. Patients with functional weakness experience symptoms of limb weakness which can be disabling and frightening such as problems walking or a 'heaviness' down one side, dropping things or a feeling that a limb ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
To the patient and the doctor it often looks as if there has been a stroke or have symptoms of multiple sclerosis. However, unlike these conditions, with functional weakness there is no permanent damage to the nervous system which means that it can get better or even go away completely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
The diagnosis should usually be made by a consultant neurologist so that other neurological causes can be excluded. The diagnosis should be made on the basis of positive features in the history and the examination (such as Hoover's sign). It is dangerous to make the diagnosis simply because tests are normal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
Neurologists usually diagnose wrongly about 5% of the time (which is the same for many other conditions.) The most effective treatment is physiotherapy, however it is also helpful for patients to understand the diagnosis, and some may find CBT helps them to cope with the emotions associated with being unwell. For those... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
Giveway weakness (also "give-away weakness", "collapsing weakness", etc.) refers to a symptom where a patient's arm, leg, can initially provide resistance against an examiner's touch, but then suddenly "gives way" and provides no further muscular resistance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_symptom |
"Never again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the lessons of the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never again shall Masada fall!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
The exact meaning of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used as a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether it is a universalist injunction to prevent all forms of genocide. The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and it also appears on many Holocaust memoria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
The slogan "Never again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 epic poem, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan. The poem is about the siege of Masada, in which a group of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out against Roman armies and, according to legend, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
Considered one of the most significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity among Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto. In postwar Israel, the behavior of Je... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
The Nazi attempt to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took place during World War II in Europe. The first use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in various languages on handmade si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades as the Holocaust was universalised. According to the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
According to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Again' would be an enormous task. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its non-imperative form as a speech act, orders someone to resolve that something shall not happen for a second time. The someone, in the first instance, is a Jew; the some... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
(In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat). It is also closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:9: "You shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the land of Egypt. "The initial meaning of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
It is still a matter of debate whether "Never again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again can we allow Jews to be victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal meaning ("Never again shall the world allow genocide to take place anywhere against any group"). However, most politicians use it in the latter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
The phrase is used commonly in postwar German politics, but it has different meanings. According to one interpretation, because Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political thought and an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should be rejected. Other politicians argue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
Meir Kahane, a far-right rabbi, and his Jewish Defense League made use of the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies. The Jewish Defense League song included the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed up in the moral philosophy of 'Never Again.'" What this meant was that the Jews would not allow themselves to be victimized. The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more than a slogan: It's a prayer, a promise, a vow ... never again the glorification of base, ugly, dark violence." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused. Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, not never again but "time and again" or "again and again" after World War II. In 2020, several critics of the Chinese government used the phrase to refer to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
On 1 March 2022, after the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center was hit by Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never again" means not being silent about Russia's aggression, lest history repeat itself.Multiple United States presidents, including Jimm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in annual commemorations of the 1976 Argentine coup, to emphasize continued opposition to military coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to democracy and human rights.In Brazil, "never again" has been used as a motif by groups that opposed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again |
In the Hebrew Bible and Jewish religious law, a mamzer (Hebrew: ממזר, lit., "estranged person"; plural mamzerim) is a person who is born as the result of certain forbidden relationships or incest (as it is defined by the Bible), or the descendant of such a person. Mamzer status (ממזרות, mamzerut) is not synonymous with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Some have explained the word mamzer as the masculine noun form derived from the root m-z-r, having a meaning of spoilt/corrupt.According to Strong's Concordance: "from an unused root meaning 'to alienate'; a mongrel, i. e., born of a Jewish father and a heathen mother".The Talmud explains the term homiletically as cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The term occurs twice in the Hebrew Bible. The first time is Deuteronomy 23:3 (23:2 in non-Hebrew versions). The Septuagint translates the term mamzer as son "of a prostitute" (Greek: ek pornes), and the Latin Vulgate translates it as de scorto natus ("born of a prostitute"). In English, it is translated as "bastard". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
In the Talmud, the term mamzer is applied to the descendants of specific illicit unions. According to the Mishnah, a mamzer is the offspring of a biblically forbidden union for which his progenitors are liable to extirpation at the hands of heaven. An exception to this rule is when a Jewish man cohabits with a menstrua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
According to the Shulchan Aruch, a new line of mamzerim can only be produced by two Jews but the product of a non-Jew and a mamzeret (female mamzer) is a mamzer.There are two categories of mamzerim. A child born of incest, as defined by the Bible, is a mamzer. Note, however, that an incestuous relationship between one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
A child born of a married Jewish woman's adultery is a mamzer. The child of a single woman and a man she could lawfully have married is not a mamzer. It is irrelevant if the man is married or not. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
If one of the parents is not Jewish, the child is not a mamzer. Any child born to a married woman, even if she is known to have been unfaithful, is presumed to be her husband's, unless she is so promiscuous that such a presumption becomes unsupportable, or if she enters a public relationship with another man.A child bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Modern assisted reproductive technology has complicated the issue. Rabbi Moshe Feinstein ruled that if a married woman is inseminated by sperm from another man, the child is not a mamzer, since it did not result from an act of adultery; Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum (2005) disagreed, and ruled that, since the child is known to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
However, if the unknown parents could have supported the child, it was regarded as potentially being a mamzer. A child whose mother is known, but not the father, was known as "silent one" (Hebrew: shetuki), and fell into the same category as a foundling; this status, however, could be changed if the mother knew and rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The biblical rule against certain people becoming part of the "congregation of the Lord" was interpreted in the Talmud as a prohibition against ordinary Jews marrying such people. Although the biblical passage includes in this up to the tenth generation of the descendants of a mamzer, classical rabbis interpreted this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Although in many historical societies, illegitimacy of birth was a quality which could make a person somewhat of an outcast, this was not the official attitude of Judaism; apart from the marriage restrictions, a mamzer is not officially considered a second-class citizen, and is supposed to be treated with as much respe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The principal approach in Orthodox Judaism is to require strict evidentiary standards for mamzer status, sufficiently strict that proof of the existence of mamzer status is hard to develop and generally does not arise. Typically, it is impossible to prove either that a prior marriage ever existed, or that a child was b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
An example is a contemporary responsum by Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, establishing the impossibility to prove mamzer status in a case where the evidence might appear to be clear-cut. The case involved the daughter of an aguna who had been married by a Haredi rabbi to a husband who subsequently converted to Christianity and ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The daughter, who had been raised as an Orthodox Jew and attended a Haredi day school, brought up the question of her status herself prior to an impending marriage. Rabbi Yosef proceeded systematically to disqualify evidence that a prior marriage had ever taken place. The mother's evidence was immediately disqualified ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The ketubah (Jewish marriage contract/certificate) was never found. The rabbi who performed the marriage was contacted, but Rabbi Yosef wrote that his testimony could not be accepted without the ketubah, and in any event required corroboration by a second witness. Attempts to contact the husband were abandoned after an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Thus, Rabbi Yosef concluded there was insufficient evidence that a valid prior marriage had ever taken place. Rabbi Yosef then proceeded to establish the possibility that the former husband might be the daughter's father. The mother testified that her former husband occasionally brought alimony payments and came for vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Applying an ancient rule that when a husband and wife are known to be alone together behind a closed door, the law presumes sexual intercourse may well have taken place, Rabbi Yosef concluded that it was possible that the former husband was the daughter's father, and hence, Jewish law, which very strongly construes all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Nonetheless, Orthodox authorities hold that while contemporary rabbis have authority to refine procedural rules such as rules of evidence, they do not have the authority to abolish biblically mandated categories or procedures entirely. Israeli law tries to prevent the conferring of mamzer status by refusing to allow me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
The Committee on Jewish Law and Standards (CJLS) of the Rabbinical Assembly of Conservative Judaism has declared that Conservative Rabbis should not inquire into or accept evidence of mamzer status under any circumstances, rendering the category inoperative. In doing so, the CJLS distinguished the Conservative approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
In Zechariah 9:6, "mamzer" is referenced similar to that of the nations of Ammon, Moab, Edom, Egypt, Tyre, Zidon, Ashkelon, Gaza, Philistia, etc. From such, Karaites have come to consider the most logical understanding of the Hebrew to actually refer to a nation of people. Karaites believe that such an understanding fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
In the modern State of Israel, the law concerning matters of marriage, divorce, and personal status, is partially under the jurisdiction of religious courts. For example, there is no civil marriage in Israel. The Jewish religious regulations concerning mamzerim are thus also the national laws imposed on Jews living in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Because of the severe impediments to marriage which mamzer status accords in Jewish law, Israeli civil law has taken the position that the paternity of a child born within a marriage cannot legally be challenged in civil courts, in order to avoid creating a body of evidence that might be used to declare the child a mam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Professor Shifman and ACRI advocate ending the religious monopoly over marriage in Israel, and cite the existence and difficulties of mamzer status as an argument against the use of religious law in marriage cases.Israeli religious courts resolve mamzer status by generally ruling that the child was born within the marr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
A persistent etymology of the surname Manser is connected to Hebrew mamzer. Supposedly Ebalus of Aquitaine (Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine, c. 870 – 935) had the nickname "Manzer" or "Manser". As he is known to have been a bastard and reputed to have had a Jewish mother, this nickname is considered to be derived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
A similar explanation is offered also for the same nickname as used by another prince from Occitania: Arnaud Manzer, a 10th-century count of Angoulême who also was a bastard. William the Conqueror may have been referred to as Bastardus and Mamzer. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzer |
Dye destruction or dye bleach is a photographic printing process, in which dyes embedded in the paper are bleached (destroyed) in processing. Because the dyes are fully formed in the paper prior to processing, they may be formulated with few constraints, compared to the complex dye couplers that must react in chromogen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_destruction |
Ilfochrome (originally Cibachrome) is currently the only widely available dye destruction process, and is known for its intense colors and archival qualities. Older dye destruction processes included Utocolor (early 1900s) and Gasparcolor (1930s). Plastic base supports have a "high gloss surface sheen". == References =... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_destruction |
The serpent, or snake, is one of the oldest and most widespread mythological symbols. The word is derived from Latin serpens, a crawling animal or snake. Snakes have been associated with some of the oldest rituals known to humankind and represent dual expression of good and evil.In some cultures, snakes were fertility ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
During the dance, live snakes were handled, and at the end of the dance the snakes were released into the fields to guarantee good crops. "The snake dance is a prayer to the spirits of the clouds, the thunder and the lightning, that the rain may fall on the growing crops." To the Hopi, snakes symbolized the umbilical c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
The anthropologist Lynne Isbell has argued that, as primates, the serpent as a symbol of death is built into our unconscious minds because of our evolutionary history. Isbell argues that for millions of years snakes were the only significant predators of primates, and that this explains why fear of snakes is one of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Historically, serpents and snakes represent fertility or a creative life force. As snakes shed their skin through sloughing, they are symbols of rebirth, transformation, immortality, and healing. The ouroboros is a symbol of eternity and continual renewal of life. In some Abrahamic traditions, the serpent represents se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Serpents are represented as potent guardians of temples and other sacred spaces. This connection may be grounded in the observation that when threatened, some snakes (such as rattlesnakes or cobras) frequently hold and defend their ground, first resorting to threatening display and then fighting, rather than retreat. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
A favorite motif of Angkorean sculptors from approximately the 12th century CE onward was that of the Buddha, sitting in the position of meditation, his weight supported by the coils of a multi-headed nāga that also uses its flared hood to shield him from above. This motif recalls the story of the Buddha and the serpen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Below the image of the snake is the legend, "Don't tread on me." The snake symbolized the dangerousness of colonists willing to fight for their rights and homeland, and was also symbolic of their separation from Europe, as it was an animal unique to America. The motif is repeated in the First Navy Jack of the US Navy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Serpents are connected with venom and medicine. The snake's venom is associated with the chemicals of plants and fungi that have the power to either heal or provide expanded consciousness (and even the elixir of life and immortality) through divine intoxication. Because of its herbal knowledge and entheogenic associati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Its divine aspect combined with its habitat in the earth between the roots of plants made it an animal with chthonic properties connected to the afterlife and immortality. The deified Greek physician Asclepius, as god of medicine and healing, carried a staff with one serpent wrapped around it, which has become the symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
In many myths, the chthonic serpent (sometimes a pair) lives in or is coiled around a Tree of Life situated in a divine garden. In the Genesis story of the Torah and biblical Old Testament, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is situated in the Garden of Eden together with the tree of life and the serpent. In Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Under yet another tree (the Bodhi Tree of Enlightenment), the Buddha sat in ecstatic meditation. When a storm arose, the mighty serpent king Mucalinda rose up from his place beneath the earth and enveloped the Buddha in seven coils for seven days, so as not to break his ecstatic state. The Vision Serpent was a symbol o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
"It is in the center axis atop the World Tree. Essentially the World Tree and the Vision Serpent, representing the king, created the center axis which communicates between the spiritual and the earthly worlds or planes. It is through ritual that the king could bring the center axis into existence in the temples and cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
"Sometimes the Tree of Life is represented (in a combination with similar concepts such as the World Tree and Axis mundi or "World Axis") by a staff such as those used by shamans. Examples of such staffs featuring coiled snakes in mythology are the caduceus of Hermes, the Rod of Asclepius, the Staff of Moses, and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
It is the companion of Dumuzi (Tammuz), with whom it stood at the gate of heaven. In the Louvre, there is a famous green steatite vase carved for King Gudea of Lagash (dated variously 2200–2025 BCE) with an inscription dedicated to Ningizzida. Ningizzida was the ancestor of Gilgamesh, who, according to the epic, dived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
But while he rested from his labor, a serpent came and ate the plant. The snake became immortal, and Gilgamesh was destined to die. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
Ningizzida has been popularized in the 20th century by Raku Kei (Reiki, a.k.a. "The Way of the Fire Dragon"), where "Nin Giz Zida" is believed to be a fire serpent of Tibetan rather than Sumerian origin. "Nin Giz Zida" is another name for the ancient Hindu concept Kundalini, a Sanskrit word meaning either "coiled up" o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
"Kundalini" refers to the mothering intelligence behind yogic awakening and spiritual maturation leading to altered states of consciousness. There are a number of other translations of the term, usually emphasizing a more serpentine nature to the word—e.g. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
"serpent power". It has been suggested by Joseph Campbell that the symbol of snakes coiled around a staff is an ancient representation of Kundalini physiology. The staff represents the spinal column, with the snake(s) being energy channels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
In the case of two coiled snakes, they usually cross each other seven times, a possible reference to the seven energy centers called chakras. In Ancient Egypt, where the earliest written cultural records exist, the serpent appears from the beginning to the end of their mythology. Ra and Atum ("he who completes or perfe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
He is often seen as the son of the snake goddess Renenutet. She often was confused with (and later was absorbed by) their primal snake goddess Wadjet, the Egyptian cobra, who from the earliest of records was the patron and protector of the country, all other deities, and the pharaohs. Hers is the first known oracle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
She was depicted as the crown of Egypt, entwined around the staff of papyrus and the pole that indicated the status of all other deities, as well as having the all-seeing eye of wisdom and vengeance. She never lost her position in the Egyptian pantheon. The image of the serpent as the embodiment of the wisdom transmitt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_symbolism |
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