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Yahya Khan was designated its first Chairman, when he was a Lieutenant General. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
Act as Regulatory Authority Building Code Standards. Environment Standards. Public Safety Standards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
Maintenance Local Roads Maintenance and Repair Work. Public Infrastructure Maintenance. Garbage Collection Dog Shooting Developer and Planner Further expansion of Islamabad, Future planning Township | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
The Capital Development Authority developed the CDA Model School in Islamabad in 1970. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
Since 2014, the CDA has been targeting and demolishing illegal slums who are largely occupied by Christians in Islamabad. The Supreme Court put on hold the demolitions and ordered from the CDA a written justification to it. The CDA's replied that "Most of these katchi abadis are under the occupation of the Christian c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
"It seems this pace of occupation of land by Christian community may increase. Removal of katchi abadies is very urgent to provide better environment to the citizen of Islamabad and to protect the beauty of Islamabad." Various human rights activists condemned the response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Development_Authority_(Islamabad) |
The civilization of ancient Egypt was indebted to the Nile River and its dependable seasonal flooding. The river's predictability and fertile soil allowed the Egyptians to build an empire on the basis of great agricultural wealth. Egyptians are credited as being one of the first groups of people to practice agriculture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
To the west of Nile valley, eastern Sahara was the home of several Neolithic cultures. During the African humid period, this was the area with rich vegetation, and the human population in the Sahara had increased considerably by about 8000 years BC. They lived by hunting and fishing in the local lakes, and by gathering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Well before that time, the migrating herders were going to other parts of Africa, but also coming west to the Nile delta, where there were relatively few indications of agriculture prior to that. Dakhleh Oasis, in particular, has been the subject of considerable recent research, and it supplies important evidence for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Dakhleh Oasis is located in Western Desert (Egypt). It lies 350 km (220 mi.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
from the Nile between the oases of Farafra and Kharga. In Dakhleh, the Bashendi culture people were mobile herder-foragers during the African humid period. They lived in slab-built settlement sites, and in open-air sites consisting of clusters of hearth mounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Elsewhere in the Western Desert of Egypt, Bashendi-like groups have also inhabited the Farafra Oasis, and Nabta Playa, to the south. The Bashendi used sandstone grinders to grind local wild millet and sorghum.At Farafra Oasis, goat dated around 6100 BC (8100 cal BP) was found in the Hidden Valley village. At Nabta Play... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Yet goats and cattle are almost the only Neolithic elements from the Near East that were accepted by the oasis dwellers. Other cultural developments, such as the lithic industry, originated locally, or at least from within Northeastern Africa.Faiyum Oasis of Egypt also provides evidence for agriculture from about the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Sheep at the site of Qasr El-Sagha is dated at 5350 BC (7350 cal BP), and sheep, goats, and cattle at 5150 BC (7150 cal BP).As for crops, emmer wheat and barley are found in the Faiyum at the sites of Kom K and Kom W, dated ca. 4500-4200 BC. Plentiful pottery is found at these sites, but there is little evidence of per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
The Merimde culture is dated from around 4800 to 4300 BC. These peoples came to develop a fully agricultural economy. Also the site called Merimde Beni Salama, about 15 miles northwest from Cairo, is believed to be the earliest permanently occupied town in Egypt.Merimde culture overlapped in time with the Faiyum A cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Scholars believe that donkey (Equus asinus) was domesticated on the African continent, possibly in the Nile valley. The predynastic site of El Omari has the earliest domesticated donkey in Egypt dated 4800–4500 BC (6800–6500 years BP). The site of Maadi comes next (4500-4000 BC).At Abydos, Egypt, in the Nile Valley, ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
The civilization of ancient Egypt developed in the arid climate of northern Africa. This region is distinguished by the Arabian and Libyan deserts, and the River Nile. The Nile is the longest river in the world, flowing northward from Lake Victoria and eventually emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has two ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
While the White Nile is considered to be longer and easier to traverse, the Blue Nile actually carries about two-thirds of the water volume of the river. The names of the tributaries derive from the color of the water that they carry. The tributaries come together in Khartoum and branches again when it reaches Egypt, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Because this flooding happened fairly predictably, the Egyptians were able to develop their agricultural practices around it. The water levels of the river would rise in August and September, leaving the floodplain and delta submerged by 1.5 meters of water at the peak of the flooding. This yearly flooding of the river... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
As the floodwaters receded in October, farmers were left with well-watered and fertile soil in which to plant their crops. The soil left behind by the flooding is known as silt and was brought from Ethiopian Highlands by the Nile. Planting took place in October once the flooding was over, and crops were left to grow wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
While the flooding of the Nile was much more predictable and calm than other rivers, such as the Tigris and Euphrates, it was not always perfect. High floodwaters were destructive and could destroy canals that were made for irrigation. Lack of flooding created a potentially greater issue because it left Egyptians suffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
To make the best use of the waters of the Nile river, the Egyptians developed systems of irrigation. Irrigation allowed the Egyptians to use the Nile's waters for a variety of purposes. Notably, irrigation granted them greater control over their agricultural practices. Floodwaters were diverted away from certain areas,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Irrigation was also used to provide drinking water to Egyptians. Despite the fact that irrigation was crucial to their agricultural success, there were no statewide regulations on water control. Rather, irrigation was the responsibility of local farmers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
However, the earliest and most famous reference to irrigation in Egyptian archaeology has been found on the mace head of the Scorpion King, which has been roughly dated to about 3100 BC. The mace head depicts the king cutting into a ditch that is part of a grid of basin irrigation. The association of the high-ranking k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Egyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that the river would flood. When the floods came, the wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Orchards and gardens were also developed in addition to field planting in the floodplains. This horticulture generally took place further from the floodplain of the Nile, and as a result, they required much more work. The perennial irrigation required by gardens forced growers to manually carry water from either a well... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
The Egyptians grew a variety of crops for consumption, including grains, vegetables and fruits. However, their diets revolved around several staple crops, especially cereals and barley. Other major grains grown included einkorn wheat and emmer wheat, grown to make bread. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Other staples for the majority of the population included beans, lentils, and later chickpeas and fava beans. Root crops, such as onions, garlic and radishes were grown, along with salad crops, such as lettuce and parsley.Fruits were a common motif of Egyptian artwork, suggesting that their growth was also a major focu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
While the first fruits cultivated by the Egyptians were likely indigenous, such as the palm date and sorghum, more fruits were introduced as other cultural influences were introduced. Grapes and watermelon were found throughout predynastic Egyptian sites, as were the sycamore fig, dom palm and Christ's thorn. The carob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Egyptians relied on agriculture for more than just the production of food. They were creative in their use of plants, using them for medicine, as part of their religious practices, and in the production of clothing. Herbs perhaps had the most varied purposes; they were used in cooking, medicine, as cosmetics and in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Papyrus was an extremely versatile crop that grew wild and was also cultivated. The roots of the plant were eaten as food, but it was primarily used as an industrial crop. The stem of the plant was used to make boats, mats, and paper. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Flax was another important industrial crop that had several uses. Its primary use was in the production of rope, and for linen which was the Egyptians' principal material for making their clothing. Henna was grown for the production of dye. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Ancient Egyptian cattle were of four principal different types: long-horned, short-horned, polled and zebuine. The earliest evidence for cattle in Egypt is from the Faiyum region, dating back to the fifth millennium BC. In the New Kingdom, hump-backed zebuine cattle from Syria were introduced to Egypt, and seem to have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Manmade incubators, called Egyptian egg ovens, date back to the 4th century BC and were used to mass produce chickens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
In ancient Egypt, religion was a highly important aspect of daily life. Many of the Egyptians' religious observances were centered on their observations of the environment, the Nile, and agriculture. They used religion as a way to explain natural phenomena, such as the cyclical flooding of the Nile and agricultural yie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
The Egyptians personified the inundation with the creation of the god called Hapi. Despite the fact that inundation was crucial to their survival, Hapi was not considered to be a major god. He was depicted as an overweight figure who ironically made offerings of water and other products of abundance to pharaohs. A temp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture |
Civic Voice is the national charity for the civic movement in England. It was set up in 2010 following the demise of the Civic Trust. It is based in Birmingham at the Coffin Works. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Voice |
Its executive director and joint founder is Ian Harvey. The president of Civic Voice is Griff Rhys Jones. Civic Voice's vice presidents are Laura Sandys, Baroness Andrews, Sir Terry Farrell and Freddie Gick. The chair of Civic Voice is Joan Humble. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Voice |
Civic Voice works to make the places where everyone lives more attractive, enjoyable and distinctive. It speaks up for civic societies and local communities across England and promotes civic pride. It aims to build stronger, more active, and more engaged communities through its work and aspires to have a nation of acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Voice |
Campaigns led by Civic Voice include: Putting community led design at the heart of placemaking Big Conservation Conversation England's favourite Conservation Area. Civic Day High Streets Local Heritage List Rebalancing the planning system: Giving communities a meaningful voice Street clutter campaign. War memorials | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Voice |
The Youth Innovation Fund is a national program that seeds youth activism, service learning, youth-led media through civic engagement programs in eight cities across the United States. Based in Washington, D.C., the Fund operates in Ypsilanti, Michigan, San Francisco, California, Portland, Oregon, Portland, Maine, Nash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Innovation_Fund |
In 2003 the Youth Innovation Fund was funded by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation to help the National Service-Learning Partnership, at the Academy for Educational Development, establish a new development source for "youth-directed civic action". The Youth Innovation Fund's primary purpose is to support youth, working in pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Innovation_Fund |
Blackamoor is a type of figure/visual trope in European decorative art, typically found in works from the Early Modern period, depicting a man of sub-Saharan African descent, usually in clothing that suggests high status. Common examples of items and objects decorated in the blackamoor style include sculpture, jeweller... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
The term "blackamoor" or "black moor" was once a general term for black people in English, "formerly without depreciatory force" as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it. The style is now viewed by some as racist and culturally insensitive. However, blackamoor pieces are still produced, mainly in Venice, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
In jewelry, blackamoor figures usually appear in antique Venetian earrings, bracelets, cuff links, and brooches (Moretto Veneziano). Blackamoor jewelry is also traditionally produced, based on legend found in Fiume, such as earrings and brooches under the name Morčić or Moretto Fiumano. Some contemporary craftspeople c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
Sculptures are typically carved from ebony, or painted black to contrast with the bright colors of the embellishments. Depictions may only represent the head, or head and shoulders, facing the viewer in a symmetrical pose. In decorative sculpture, the full body is depicted, either to hold trays as a servant figure, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
They may be incorporated into small stands, tables, or andirons, and are often portrayed in pairs. Often, blackamoor figures are depicted in acrobatic positions that would be physically impossible to hold for any extended length of time. Notable sculptors of blackamoor figures include Andrea Brustolon (1662–1732), who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
One example of a blackamoor in the arts is the Mohr mit Smaragdstufe ("Moor with Emerald Cluster"), in the collection of the Grünes Gewölbe in Dresden, Germany, created by Balthasar Permoser in 1724. The statue is richly decorated with jewels and is 63.8 cm (25.1 in) high. One example of a blackamoor in the architectur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
1735. It was cast after a model by John Nost I for William III of England's Privy Garden at Hampton Court Palace. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
In June 2020, the National Trust removed the Grade II-listed statue from the forecourt of Dunham Massey Hall.Aleksandr Pushkin had a blackamoor figurine on his desk to remind him of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, his great-grandfather. This figure can be seen in his former St. Petersburg apartment, now turned into a museum.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
I’m told it’s not in good taste to wear blackamoors anymore, but I think I’ll revive them.” Civil-Rights Activist and pop star Anita Pointer of the Pointer Sisters has some blackamoor pieces in her extensive collection of black memorabilia that she started in the 1970s. As a child, she witnessed extreme racial oppressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
In heraldry, a blackamoor may be a charge in the blazon, or description of a coat of arms. The isolated head of a moor is blazoned "a Maure" or a "moor's head". The reasons for the inclusion of a blackamoor head vary. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
The Moor's head on the crest that appears on the arms of Lord Kirkcudbright, and in consequence the modern crest badge used by Clan MacLellan is supposed to derive from the killing of a moorish bandit known as Black Morrow. The blazon is a naked arm supporting on the point of a sword, a moor's head. Other examples appe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
Blackamoor figures were also used in larger sculptures, such as on Blackamoor Bridge in Ulriksdal Palace, Sweden. Fred Wilson, an African-American sculptor, displayed an installation at the 2003 Venice Biennale that incorporated blackamoors. Wilson placed wooden blackamoors carrying acetylene torches and fire extinguis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
Wilson noted that such figures are so common in Venice, few people notice them. He said, "They are in hotels everywhere in Venice ... which is great, because all of a sudden you see them everywhere. I wanted it to be visible, this whole world which sort of just blew up for me." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
Blackamoors have a long history in decorative art, stretching all the way back to 17th century Italy and the famous sculptor Andrea Brustolon (1662–1732). They are often recognized for depictions of slaves and the ornamental pieces that they inspired. In modern times, the blackamoor is considered to have racist connota... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
The term is ultimately derived from the name of the Moors, a historic people in the western Mediterranean. Other similarly derived words include Kammermohr, Matamoros, Maure, Mohr im Hemd, Moresca, Moresche, Moresque, Moreška, Morianbron, Morisco, Moros y cristianos, and Morris dance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackamoor_(decorative_arts) |
In neuroscience and psychology, the term language center refers collectively to the areas of the brain which serve a particular function for speech processing and production. Language is a core system that gives humans the capacity to solve difficult problems and provides them with a unique type of social interaction. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Finally, speech is the mechanism by which language is orally expressed. Information is exchanged in a larger system, including language-related regions. These regions are connected by white matter fiber tracts that make possible the transmission of information between regions. The white matter fiber bunches were recogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Broca's Area was first suggested to play a role in speech function by the French neurologist and anthropologist Paul Broca in 1861. The basis for this discovery was analyzing speech problems resulting from injuries to this brain region, located in the inferior frontal gyrus. Paul Broca had a patient called Leborgne who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
It has been known of since Paul Broca associated speech production with an area in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus, which he called "Broca's area". Although this area is in charge of speech production, the specific details of its role in the language system is unknown. However, it is involved in phonological, sema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
The anterior region of Broca's area is involved in semantic processing, while the posterior region involves phonological processing (Bohsali, 2015). The whole of Broca's area has been shown to have a higher activation while doing reading tasks than other types of tasks.In a simple explanation of speech production, this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
This area, although it synchronizes the transformation of information within cortical systems involved in spoken word production, does not contribute to the production of single words. The inferior frontal lobe is the one in charge of word production.Furthermore, Broca's area is structurally related to the thalamus, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Wernicke's area was named for German doctor Carl Wernicke, who discovered it in 1874 in the course of his research into aphasias (loss of ability to speak). This area of the brain is involved in language comprehension. Therefore, Wernicke's area is for understanding oral language. Besides Wernicke's area, the left post... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Therefore, language comprehension is not located in a specific area. Contrarily, it involves large regions of the inferior parietal lobe and left temporal.While the finale of speech production is a sequence of muscle movements, activating knowledge about the sequence of phonemes (consonants and vowel speech sounds) tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
All speech production tasks (e.g. word retrieval, repetition, and reading aloud) require phonological retrieval. The phonological retrieval system involved in speech repetition is the auditory phoneme perception system, and the visual letter perception system is the one that serves for reading aloud. Communicative spee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
The angular gyrus is important in processing concrete and abstract concepts. It also has a role in verbal working memory during retrieval of verbal information and in visual memory when turning written language into spoken language. The left AG is activated in semantic processing that requires concept retrieval and con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
The insula is implicated in speech and language, taking part in functional and structural connections with motor neurons, linguistic, sensory, and limbic brain areas. The knowledge about the function of the insula in speech production comes from different studies with patients having speech apraxia. These studies have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Many different sources state that the study of the brain, and therefore, language disorders, originated in the 19th century, and linguistic analysis of those disorders began in the 20th century. Studying language impairments in the brain after injuries aids in comprehending how the brain works and changes after an inju... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Lesions to Broca's Area results primarily in disruptions to speech production; damage to Wernicke's Area, which is located in the lower part of the temporal lobe, leads mainly to disruptions in speech reception. There are numerous distinctive ways in which language can be affected. Phonemic paraphasia, an attribute of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Instead, it requires speech production damage, where the desired phonemes are selected erroneously or in an incorrect sequence. Therefore, although Wernicke's aphasia, a combination of phonological retrieval and semantic systems impairment, affects speech comprehension, it also involves speech production damage. Phonem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
This type of lesion is located in the superior pre-central gyrus of the insula, and is more likely to occur in patients with Broca's aphasia. Dominant ventral anterior (VA) nucleus, another type of lesion, is the result of word-finding and semantic paraphasia's difficulties engaging in language processing. Also, indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
It involves learning difficulties in reading, writing, word recognition, phonological recording, numeracy, and spelling. Even with access to appropriate intervention during childhood, these difficulties continue throughout the lifespan. Children are diagnosed with dyslexia when more than one factor affecting learning (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
When children diagnosed with dyslexia have difficulties in concrete cognitive functioning, this is called an assumption of specificity, and it aids in the diagnosis of dyslexia.Some characteristics that distinguish dyslexics include errors in phonological processing, causing misreading of unfamiliar words, affecting co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Dysarthria can be caused by a mechanical difficulty in the vocal cords, or neurological disease, and produces abnormal articulation of phonemes, such as using "b" in place of "p". Apraxic dysarthria is a type of dyspraxia that involves distortions of words. This type is related to facial apraxia and motor aphasia if Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Improvements in computer technology in the late 20th century has allowed a better understanding of the correlation between brain and language, in the disorders that this entails. This improvement has permitted better visualization of the brain structure in high-resolution three-dimensional images. It has also allowed o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) localizes specific brain functions to particular brain regions by observing blood flow in different areas. This technique shows the location and magnitude of neural activity variations, influenced by external stimulation and fluctuation at rest. MRI is a technique that was d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is a technique used for tracking white matter bundles in vivo, and gives information on the internal fibrous structure via measuring water diffusion. This diffusion tensor is used for inferring white matter connectivity.In the past, resea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
It is now known that a whole series of relatively large brain areas are involved in speech processing. In more recent research, subcortical regions (those lying below the cerebral cortex such as the putamen and the caudate nucleus), as well as the pre-motor areas (BA 6), have received increased attention. It is now gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
It is now accepted that the right hemisphere plays an important role in the processing of suprasegmental acoustic features like prosody, which is "the rhythmic and melodic variations in speech". There are two types of prosodic information: emotional prosody (right hemisphere), which is the emotional content of the spee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Computerized tomographic (CT) scans are a technique dating to the 1970s, and produce low spatial resolution, but are capable of providing the location of injuries in vivo. Also, Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping (VLSM) and Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) techniques have contributed to the understanding that specific bra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
The differentiation of speech production into only two large sections of the brain (i.e. Broca's and Wernicke's areas), which was accepted long before medical imaging techniques, is now considered outdated. Broca's area was first suggested to play a role in speech function by the French neurologist and anthropologist P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Damage to Wernicke's Area, located in the lower part of the temporal lobe, mainly leads to speech reception disruptions. This area was named for German doctor Carl Wernicke, who discovered it in 1874 in the course of his research into aphasias (loss of ability to speak). Broca's Area is today still considered an import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_center |
Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms. In a frequently cited paper in the journal Science and a later book, Eugene S. Ferguson, a mechanical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_reasoning |
That is, with a significant non-verbal component. Ferguson argues that non-verbal reasoning does not get much attention in areas like history of technology and philosophy of science because the people involved are verbal rather than visual thinkers. Those who use visual reasoning, notably architects, designers, enginee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_reasoning |
Martti Olavi Siirala (24 November 1922 – 18 August 2008) was a Finnish psychiatrist, psychoanalyst and philosopher. He was inspired by psychoanalysis, the anthropological medicine of Viktor von Weizsäcker and the existential philosophy of Martin Heidegger. The outcome was a unique synthesis theory that Siirala called s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
There he met also colleague and lifetime friend Gaetano Benedetti. Siirala was also the founding member of Finnish Therapeia-foundation, an alternative psychoanalytic training institute established 1958. Especially in the early years Siirala was actually the principal of the foundation, both at a theoretical and practi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
In the tradition of philosophical anthropology man is seen as a unity. No sharp distinction is to be seen between body and soul. Also man is seen as member of his society, believing that one needs contacts to others for his own welfare. Siirala accepted these theses, mostly under the influence of von Weiszäcker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Siirala saw human illness as meaningful reactions to the patient's life situations, both present and past. Also Siirala considered bodily and mental illnesses as alternative reactions. Mentally ill people he described as placeless, meaning that they have no real place among other men, their acceptance or respect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
The origins of problems of this kind Siirala saw as mostly social. Handling children with problems in speech development in Medicine in Metamorphosis, Siirala's attitude comes clear. Here we can think about the symptom of stuttering. From traditional point of view there is child who tries to speak, but some, probably n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
In modern psychiatry there is a tradition of returning patient's illness back to one specific reason. Sometimes this cause is to be found in genetics, sometimes elsewhere. From Siirala's point of view there is not a single cause but rather a net of causes: hence his opposition to what he called 'the delusion that we ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Freud thought psychological symptoms to be overdeterminded. It can be said that Siirala took the idea but expanded it to social field. For some patient we may think maybe of genetic fault or traumatic childhood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
But we must think also patients parents childhood, the phenomena of transgenerational transmission, the teachers and social workers who have ignored the problem and so on. Siirala distinguishes two major factors in this collective pathology. The first is the delusional possession of reality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
By that Siirala means an attitude where one's own assumptions are considered the only one, a position where things are already known - so there seems to be no real need to orient towards the subject. Thus for Siirala 'a central feature of the delusions of the healthy seems to be the unconscious assumption that they pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Some decades ago it was already known that schizophrenia is an incurable state or condition. Therefore no real therapeutic actions were done, and patients stayed ill: a Self-fulfilling prophecy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Siirala wrote here about transfer, a social pathological formation of non-articulated life. When there is no room to people to react to problems they encounter, it has effects that harm the whole society. However, these transfers or burdens are not delivered equally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
On the contrary, they often fall on the shoulders of this or that particular person, who then becomes ill. Here, Siirala maintains, the mentally or physically ill one - the Identified patient - gets ill for his society. In Siirala's view, then, 'many symptoms of schizophrenia may be precipitated by...the people around ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
This, as with many of Siirala's writings, is disturbing and provocative... can never be healthily ignored'. The corollary is that the real subject of illness is not therefore the particular individual who is driven into isolation - "placelessness" - but the society that has driven him there. Siirala has accordingly bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Siirala calls therapy the new, sharing transfer of social burden. The so-called transference of psychoanalysis is seen not only as projecting feelings to the therapist, but also as the sharing of this burden. Thus 'in order to be creative, the therapist must identify himself with the patient, share his sufferings so th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
Epistemologically Siirala stresses that therapist must keep all possibilities open, and not hang on to some preconceived theory like the oedipal theory of psychoanalysis. In many points Siirala comes close to Ronald David Laing, a famous anti-psychiatrist from the 1960s. Indeed the work, 'Medicine in Metamorphosis' was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala |
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