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Both were interested in social origins of schizophrenia. On the other hand, Siirala never stops considering his patients as ill. Also he sees that they need the right kind of psychiatric treatment to gain again some kind of place among other men.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala
Die Schizophrenie des Einzelnen und Der Allgemenheit. Wanderhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1961. Medicine in metamorphosis. Tavistock, London 1969. From Transfer to Transference. Therapeia-Foundation, Helsinki 1983.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala
On October 21, 2021, at the Bonanza Creek Ranch in Bonanza City, New Mexico, cinematographer Halyna Hutchins was fatally shot and director Joel Souza was injured on the set of the film Rust when a live round was discharged from a revolver used as a prop by actor Alec Baldwin. The incident was extensively investigated b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On January 31, 2023, Baldwin and Gutierrez-Reed were formally charged with two counts of involuntary manslaughter. On February 23, 2023, Baldwin pleaded not guilty and on April 20, 2023, it was reported that prosecutors had informed Baldwin that the charges against him were being dropped. On June 22, 2023, Gutierrez-Re...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Writer and director Joel Souza conceived the story for Rust with actor and producer Alec Baldwin. The Western film was produced on a small budget of $6–7 million and was Baldwin's passion project. Its distribution rights were sold for $2 million during the pre-production phase. The production had a filming schedule of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Filming began on October 6, 2021, at the Bonanza Creek Ranch in Bonanza City, New Mexico, a ghost town located thirteen miles south of Santa Fe.Responsible for overseeing all weapons on set was the production's property key assistant and armorer, Hannah Gutierrez-Reed, daughter of long-time industry armorer Thell Reed....
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
In the aftermath of the incident, former colleagues reported that Halls faced complaints in 2019 about his behavior on two episodes of Into the Dark, in which he disregarded safety protocols by ignoring blocked exits and a fire lane. In the same year, Halls had been fired from working on the film Freedom's Path after a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The beginning of Rust's production came amidst a potential strike by members of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) over working conditions and low pay. On October 4, it was announced that IATSE members voted 98.68% in favor of authorizing a strike, with a voter turnout of 89.66% of eligibl...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
"Some crew members claim firearms safety protocols were not distributed with the call sheets and were not strictly followed on the set. They claim a medic was absent during the construction of the film's sets. Furthermore, crew members grew upset with what they claimed was a lack of adequate hotel rooms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Crew members alleged producers would only allow the local New Mexico crew courtesy room rentals after working 13 hours "on the clock". Some claimed they were only left with six hours to sleep after long drives home. However, a source close to the production said their union contract indicated a hotel would be provided ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The source also claimed that hotels were provided to crew on days they worked 10–12 hours if call time was before 6 a.m. and production wrapped after 7 p.m.It has been reported that some crew members believe they were mocked for wanting to avoid a one-hour drive from Albuquerque. Several crew members also cited that th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
A crew member added, "We cited everything from lack of payment for three weeks, taking our hotels away despite asking for them in our deals, lack of COVID safety, and on top of that, poor gun safety! Poor on-set safety period!" Before the incident occurred, two prop guns had previously fired a total of three times unin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
In the letter, the crew writes that they "believe the public narrative surrounding our workplace tragedy to be inadequate and wish to express a more accurate account of our experience. We do acknowledge that no set is perfect, and like any production, Rust had areas of brilliance and areas that were more challenged," r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The open letter claims that the shoot was not "a chaotic, dangerous, and exploitative workplace". They go on to write that "nfortunately, in the film industry, it is common to work on unprofessional or hectic productions to gain experience and credits. Many of us have worked on those types of productions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Rust was not one of them. Rust was professional.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
"On October 21, seven unionized members of the film's camera crew collected their belongings at approximately 6:30 a.m. MT in a walkout.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
They claim they were told to leave the set, with a producer threatening to call the police, and were replaced. According to a statement given to TheWrap by an anonymous insider, several crew members took a number of prop guns off-set that day, including the firearm involved in the incident, to pass the time shooting at...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On the twelfth day of filming, on October 21, 2021, the cast and crew were rehearsing a gunfight scene taking place inside of a church at the Bonanza Creek Ranch. Firearms and ammunition were retrieved from a locked safe and Gutierrez-Reed placed three guns used as props on a cart. Among them were a plastic gun that co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
That morning a new box of ammunition arrived from an uncertain source.There are conflicting accounts of how Baldwin came into possession of the revolver. According to a search warrant, the guns were briefly checked by armorer Gutierrez-Reed, before assistant director Halls took the weapon from the prop cart and handed ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
According to the affidavit, Halls did not check all cylinder chambers; he recalled seeing three rounds at the time, while the gun was loaded with at least four, one of which was a live round. He "couldn't recall if she spun the drum." In the warrant, it is further stated that Halls announced the term "cold gun", meani...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
B-camera operator Reid Russell was situated on a camera dolly, looking at a monitor with Hutchins and Souza both nearby. The scene involved Baldwin's character removing a gun from its holster and pointing it toward the camera. The trio behind the monitor were two feet (0.6 m) from the muzzle of the firearm and none of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
When he removed it from the holster, the gun was fired a single time. Baldwin denied pulling the trigger of the gun, while ABC News described a later FBI report stating that the gun could only fire if the trigger was pulled. Halls was quoted by his attorney Lisa Torraco as saying that Baldwin did not pull the trigger, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
When the gun fired, the projectile flew towards the three behind the monitor, striking Hutchins in the chest and Souza in the shoulder. Script supervisor Mamie Mitchell called 9-1-1 at 1:46 p.m.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
PT and emergency crews appeared three minutes later. Footage of the incident was not recorded.Hutchins was flown by helicopter to the University of New Mexico Hospital in Albuquerque, where she was pronounced dead. Souza was treated by EMS and transported by ambulance to Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On October 21, the Santa Fe County Sheriff's Office said it was investigating "what type of projectile was discharged" and how the event occurred. Baldwin was questioned and left without charges filed. On October 22, Baldwin sent out a tweet expressing his shock and sadness.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
He also indicated his full cooperation in the ongoing police investigation regarding the incident, which the Sheriff's Office confirmed. On October 22, the Santa Fe County Magistrate issued two search warrants. In an affidavit, the Sheriff's Office said neither Halls nor Baldwin knew the gun was loaded.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On October 27, after issuing another search warrant, the department said they had recovered over 600 items as evidence, including 500 rounds of ammunition which were a mix of blanks, dummy rounds and suspected live rounds. They added that a projectile had been recovered from Souza's shoulder, which they categorized as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On October 26, the film's producers said they had hired a legal team from Jenner & Block to conduct an investigation and interview the cast and crew about the incident. On the same day, women's rights attorney Gloria Allred and her law firm Allred, Maroko & Goldberg were confirmed to be investigating the incident and r...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Attorney Jason Bowles as her lawyer.On November 3, Bowles made the claim that sabotage was involved in the incident. On November 10, Santa Fe County District Attorney Mary Carmack-Altwies said there was no evidence to back up Bowles's claim and added, "The defense attorneys, we don't have the same information that they...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
In December 2021, Gutierrez-Reed's father Thell Reed said there was "a lot of motive" for the incident to be sabotage.On December 2, 2021, ABC television host George Stephanopoulos interviewed Baldwin. On December 6, Baldwin deleted his Twitter account. On December 16, it was reported that Santa Fe police had obtained ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On April 20, 2022, the state of New Mexico's Occupational Health and Safety Bureau fined Rust Movie Productions $136,793 (USD) for firearms safety failures after it was confirmed that David Halls, an assistant director and safety coordinator, handed a large-caliber revolver to Alec Baldwin without consulting with on-se...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Carmack-Altwies said that she would be handling the case in conjunction with Reeb. On March 14, 2023, Reeb announced her resignation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On March 29, after a New Mexico judge denied Carmack-Altwies' request to bring on a new special prosecutor and serve as co-counsel, the Santa Fe district attorney also stepped aside and appointed a pair of veteran New Mexico attorneys Kari Morrissey and Jason Lewis as special prosecutors to take over the high-profile c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Thereafter, Baldwin and Gutierrez-Reed faced a maximum of 18 months in prison if found guilty. On February 23, Baldwin pleaded not guilty. It was also reported that he could still work, but also accepted pre-trial conditions which include a prohibition on consuming alcohol and not having possession of weapons, includin...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
In a statement, Baldwin's attorneys said "We are pleased with the decision to dismiss the case against Alec Baldwin and we encourage a proper investigation into the facts and circumstances of this tragic accident." A lawyer for Gutierrez-Reed said they were aware of the charges on Baldwin being dropped, but the charges...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On November 10, Rust gaffer Serge Svetnoy filed a lawsuit against the production for general negligence. A second lawsuit was filed on November 17 by script supervisor Mamie Mitchell, who says the script did not call for the discharging of a firearm. On January 23, 2022, Baldwin and other producers filed a memorandum t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On February 7, 2022, Rust key medic Cheryln Schaefer filed a lawsuit against the production and several crew members for negligence. On February 15, after nearly three months of legal preparation, the Hutchins family filed a wrongful death suit which named Baldwin, Halls, Gutierrez-Reed, prop master Sarah Zachry, and o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
In October 2022, the Hutchins family settled the lawsuit. Filming was set to resume in January 2023, in California, with Matthew Hutchins as an executive producer. Many of the film's crew gave mixed reactions towards the news, with some supporting it and planning on resuming their work on it, while others condemned the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On February 9, 2023 and on February 27, Hutchins' Ukrainian parents and sister, as well as three former crew members Ross Addiego, Doran Curtin and Reese Price, filed a lawsuit against Baldwin and the production for negligence, respectively.To get the permit to film, New Mexico requires at least a $1 million insurance ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The International Cinematographers Guild announced it would hold a candlelight vigil on the evenings of October 23 and 24 for Hutchins. The Guild additionally set up a GoFundMe fundraiser for Hutchins's family. The American Film Institute (AFI) announced that it would set up a scholarship program for women cinematograp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On October 24, a vigil took place in New Mexico to mourn Hutchins's death. Industry professionals, including a number of Hollywood actors, were among those who attended the event in Albuquerque. Some attendees also called for better safety measures to be taken on film sets.On October 29, Gutierrez-Reed released a state...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The shooting sparked debates about the use of guns as props on film sets. Shannon Lee, the sister of Brandon Lee, an actor who was killed by a similar accidental shooting from a prop firearm on the film set of The Crow in 1993, called for mandatory gun safety training and reducing the use of firearms as props, stating ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
On October 22, The Rookie showrunner Alexi Hawley announced that the show would ban live guns from set, stating that "it is now policy on The Rookie that all gunfire on set will be Airsoft guns with CGI muzzle flashes added in post. "Firearms safety expert Dave Brown disputes the need to use only fake or toy guns in fu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
He explains that, "On a safe production, each firearm is meticulously inspected every time it changes hands. It means every take of every angle of every scene; the same prop gun could be checked and re-checked dozens upon dozens of times in a single day.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Live ammunition, without question, is never allowed on set. "The shooting sparked debates about the use of guns in films and television more generally. In an article for The Conversation, Brad Bushman of Ohio State University and Dan Romer of the University of Pennsylvania argued that "the gun industry pays production ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
They are rewarded with frequent appearances on screen," and that "the more guns there are in movies, the more likely it is that a shooting will occur – both in the 'reel' world and in the 'real' world." An editorial for the Los Angeles Times said the incident "raises the bigger issue of the proliferation of guns in sho...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
The shooting also sparked debates about working conditions on film sets. In a speech at a vigil, IATSE vice-president Michael Miller said, "I'm afraid we are also gathered with some frustration and a little bit of anger. Anger that too often the rush to complete productions and the cutting of corners puts safety on the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_shooting_incident
Expectancy–value theory has been developed in many different fields including education, health, communications, marketing and economics. Although the model differs in its meaning and implications for each field, the general idea is that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
John William Atkinson developed the expectancy–value theory in the 1950s and 1960s in an effort to understand the achievement motivation of individuals. In the 1980s, Jacquelynne Eccles expanded this research into the field of education. According to expectancy–value theory, students' achievement and achievement relate...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Expectancies refer to how confident an individual is in his or her ability to succeed in a task whereas task values refer to how important, useful, or enjoyable the individual perceives the task. Theoretical and empirical work suggests that expectancies and values interact to predict important outcomes such as engageme...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Expectancies are specific beliefs individuals have regarding their success on certain tasks they will carry out in the short-term future or long-term future. An individual's expectancies are related to their behaviors as well as the choices they make. Expectancies are related to ability-beliefs such as self-concept and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
According to Eccles and colleagues subjective task value can be thought of the motivation that allows an individual to answer the question "Do I Want to do This Activity and Why?" Subjective task values can be broken into four subcategories: Attainment Value (Importance for identity or self), Intrinsic Value (Enjoyment...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Alternatively, utility value has both intrinsic and extrinsic components. and has been related to both intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes such as course performance and interest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Other research shows that utility value has time-dependent characteristics as well. Cost has been relatively neglected in the empirical research; however, the construct has received some attention more recently. Feather combined subjective task values with more universal human values and suggested that the former are j...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Researchers have found that expectancies and values can be distinguished as separate types of motivation as early as 6 years old. Similarly, types of value (e.g., attainment vs. utility) can be distinguished within an academic domain as early as fifth grade. Generally speaking, Eccles and colleagues implicate a wide ar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Longitudinal research has confirmed this general trend of motivational decline and also demonstrated that motivation is domain specific. Researchers have also demonstrated that there are gender differences in motivation. Motivation decline is particularly steep for Math achievement, but less so for reading or sports do...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Researchers offer two general explanations for these declines in motivation. The first is that students' conceptualizations of different domains become more complex and nuanced—they differentiate between subdomains, which results in an appearance of mean-level decrease. In fact, children as young as 11 years old have d...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
The second is that the focus of their environment changes as they age. As students reach higher grades, the focus shifts from learning to achievement. In fact, a large body of research exists showing that shifts from learning to performance as an educational focus can be detrimental to student motivation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Expectancy–value theory constructs can and have been applied to intervention programs that strive to change motivational beliefs. These interventions are able to increase expectancy and value or decrease cost. Such interventions not only target motivation, but also ultimately increase general student achievement and he...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Expectancy–value theory was originally created in order to explain and predict individual's attitudes toward objects and actions. Originally the work of psychologist Martin Fishbein, the theory states that attitudes are developed and modified based on assessments about beliefs and values. Primarily, the theory attempts...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Dr. Martin Fishbein is credited with developing the expectancy–value theory (EVT) in the early to mid-1970s. It is sometimes referred to as Fishbein's expectancy–value theory or simply expectancy–value model. The primary work typically cited by scholars referring to EVT is Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen's 1975 book cal...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
EVT has three basic components. First, individuals respond to novel information about an item or action by developing a belief about the item or action. If a belief already exists, it can and most likely will be modified by new information. Second, individuals assign a value to each attribute that a belief is based on.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Third, an expectation is created or modified based on the result of a calculation based on beliefs and values. For example, a student finds out that a professor has a reputation for being humorous. The student assigns a positive value to humor in the classroom, so the student has the expectation that their experience w...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
When the student attends class and finds the professor humorous, the student calculates that it is a good class. EVT also states that the result of the calculation, often called the "attitude", stems from complex equations that contain many belief/values pairs. Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) represented the theory with the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Fishbein and Ajzen expanded expectancy–value theory into the theory of reasoned action (TRA). Later Ajzen posited the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in his book Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior (1988). Both TRA and TPB address predictive and explanatory weaknesses with EVT and a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectancy-value_theory
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (U.S. ed.).
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Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press. Bandura, A. (1993).
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Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. Bandura, A.
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(2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38, 9–44.
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https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410606. Eklof, H. (2006).
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Development and validation of scores from an instrument measuring student test-taking motivation. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 66, 643-656. Fishbein, M.
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(1961). A theoretical and empirical investigation of the interrelation between belief about and object and the attitude toward that object (pp. 162): University of California, Los Angeles.
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Unpublished dissertation. Fishbein, M. (1963).
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An investigation of relationships between beliefs about an object and the attitude toward that object. Human Relations, 16, 233-240. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I.
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(1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, Mass.
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: Addison-Wesley Pub. Fishbein, M., & Raven, B. (1962).
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The AB scales: An operational definition of belief and attitude. Human Relations, 15, 35-44. Ludman, E. J., & Curry, S. J.
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(1999). Implementation of outreach telephone counseling to promote mammography participation. Health Education & Behavior, 26, 689.
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Palmgreen, P., & Rayburn, J. (1985). An Expectancy–value Approach to Media Gratifications, in: "Rosengren, Karl Erik / Wenner, Lawrence A.
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/ Palmgreen, Philip: Media Gratifications Research" (Beverly Hills, 1985, pp. 61–72). Ping, X., McBride, R. E., & Bruene, A.
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(2006). Fourth-grade students' motivational changes in an elementary physical education running program. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 77, 195-207.
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Purvis Cooper, C., Burgoon, M., & Roter, D. L. (2001). An expectancy–value analysis of viewer interest in television prevention news stories.
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Health Communication, 13, 227-240. Shoham, A., Rose, G. M., & Kahle, L. R. (1998).
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Marketing of risky sports: From intention to action. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 26, 307-321. Smith, R. E., & Vogt, C. A.
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(1995). The effects of integrating advertising and negative word-of-mouth communications on message processing and response. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4, 133.
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Watkinson, E. J., Dwyer, S., & Nielsen, A. B. (2005). Children theorize about reasons for recess engagement: Does expectancy–value theory apply? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22, 179.
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Henry G. Wilhelm is an American researcher and author known for his studies of the archival properties of photographic printing processes. In 1981 he received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Photographic Studies to continue his work studying photographic processes.He is the co-author, along with Carol Brower Wilhelm, of the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wilhelm
John Tooby (born 1952) is an American anthropologist, who helped pioneer the field of evolutionary psychology with his psychologist wife Leda Cosmides.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby
Tooby received his PhD in Biological Anthropology from Harvard University in 1989 and is currently Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). In 1992, together with Cosmides and Jerome Barkow, Tooby edited The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Too...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby
Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., (Eds.) (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture.
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New York: Oxford University Press. Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L.
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(in press). Evolutionary psychology: Foundational papers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (in press). Universal Minds: Explaining the new science of evolutionary psychology(Darwinism Today Series). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1981). Cytoplasmic inheritance and intragenomic conflict.
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Journal of Theoretical Biology, 89, 83-129. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.
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(1987). From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missing link. In J. Dupre (Ed.
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), The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Tooby, J.
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& Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments.
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Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424. Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby
(1992) Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds. ), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tooby