text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
A similar situation occurred in the Ryūkyū Kingdom with the scholarly class of yukatchu, but yukatchu status was hereditary and could be bought from the government as the kingdom's finances were frequently deficient. Due to the growth of this class and the lack of government positions open for them, Sai On allowed yuka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The government was managed by the Seissei, Sanshikan and the Bugyo (Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and Administrative Departments). Yukatchu who failed the examinations or were otherwise deemed unsuitable for office would be transferred to obscure posts and their descendants would fade into insignificance. Ryukyu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
In Japan, the Four Occupations was modified into a rigid hereditary four-caste system, where marriage across caste lines was socially unacceptable. In Japan, the Scholar role was taken by the hereditary samurai class. Originally a martial class, the samurai became civil administrators to their daimyōs during the Tokuga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
No exams were needed as the positions were inherited. They constituted about 5% of the population and were allowed to have a proper surname. (see Edo society).In the sixteenth century, lords began to centralise administration by replacing enfeoffment with stipend grants, and placing pressure on vassals to relocate into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Military commanders became rotated to avert the formation of strong personal loyalties from the troops. Artisans and merchants were solicited by these lords and sometimes received official appointments. This century was a period of exceptional social mobility, with instances of merchants of samurai-descent or commoners... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
In Silla Korea, the scholar-officials, also known as Head rank 6, 5, and 4 (두품), were strictly hereditary castes under the Bone rank system (골품제도), and their power was limited by the Royal clan who monopolized the positions of importance.From the late 8th century, succession wars in Silla, as well as frequent peasant u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
King Gwangjong of Goryeo introduced a civil service examination system in 958, and King Seongjong of Goryeo complemented it with the establishment of a Confucian-style educational facilities and administration structures, extending for the first time to local areas. However, only aristocrats were permitted to sit for t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The chungin were actually the least populous class, even smaller than the yangban. The yangban constituted 10% of the population. From the mid-Joseon period, military officers and civil officials were separately derived from different clans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Vietnamese dynasties also adopted the examination degree system (khoa bảng 科榜) to recruit scholars for government service. The bureaucrats were similarly divided into nine grades and six ministries, and examinations were held annually at provincial level, and triennially at regional and national levels. The Vietnamese ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Although all land theoretically was the ruler's, and was supposed to be distributed equitably by the Equal-field system (chế độ Quân điền) and non-transferable, the court bureaucracy increasingly appropriated land which they leased to tenant farmers and hired labourers to till. It was unlikely for individuals of common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Chinese official positions, under various different native titles, go back to the courts of precolonial states of Southeast Asia, such as the Sultanates of Malacca and Banten, and the Kingdom of Siam. With the consolidation of colonial rule, these became part of the civil bureaucracy in Portuguese, Dutch and British co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Garbing themselves in the official robes of their rank in most ceremonial functions, these wealthy dignitaries would adopt the conduct of scholar-officials. Chinese language newspapers would list them exclusively as such and precedence at social functions would be determined by title.In colonial Indonesia, the Dutch go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Although appointed without state examinations, the Chinese officers emulated the scholar-officials of Imperial China, and were traditionally seen locally as upholders of the Confucian social order and peaceful coexistence under the Dutch colonial authorities. For much of its history, appointment to the Chinese officers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
There were many social groups that were excluded from the four broad categories in the social hierarchy. These included soldiers and guards, religious clergy and diviners, eunuchs and concubines, entertainers and courtiers, domestic servants and slaves, prostitutes, and low class laborers other than farmers and artisan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The emperor—embodying a heavenly mandate to judicial and executive authority—was on a social and legal tier above the gentry and the exam-drafted scholar-officials. Under the principle of the Mandate of Heaven, the right to rule was based on "virtue"; if a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
During the initial and end phases of the Han dynasty, the Western Jin dynasty, and the Northern and Southern dynasties, the members of the Imperial clan were enfeoffed with vassal states, controlling military and political power: they often usurped the throne, intervened in Imperial succession, or fought civil wars. Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The court eunuchs who served the royals were also viewed with some suspicion by the scholar-officials, since there were several instances in Chinese history where influential eunuchs came to dominate the emperor, his imperial court, and the whole of the central government. In an extreme example, the eunuch Wei Zhongxia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The eunuchs at the Forbidden City during the later Qing period were infamous for their corruption, stealing as much as they could. The position of eunuch at the Forbidden City offered such opportunities for theft and corruption that countless men willingly become eunuchs in order to live a better life. Ray Huang argues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Although shamans and diviners in Bronze Age China had some authority as religious leaders in society, as government officials during the early Zhou dynasty, with the Shang dynasty Kings sometimes described as shamans, and may have been the original physicians, providing elixirs to treat patients, ever since Emperor Wu ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The social category of the soldier was left out of the social hierarchy due to the gentry scholars' embracing of intellectual cultivation (文 wén) and detest for violence (武 wǔ). The scholars did not want to legitimize those whose professions centered chiefly around violence, so to leave them out of the social hierarchy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
onward, soldiers along China's frontiers were also encouraged by the state to settle down on their own farm lots in order for the food supply of the military to become self-sufficient, under the Tuntian system (屯田), the Weisuo system (衛所) and the Fubing system (府兵). Under these schemes, multiple dynasties attempted to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
However, for those without formal education, the quickest way to power and the upper echelons of society was to join the military. Although the soldier was looked upon with a bit of disdain by scholar-officials and cultured people, military officers with successful careers could gain a considerable amount of prestige. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Entertaining was considered to be of little use to society and was usually performed by the underclass known as the "mean people" (Chinese: 賤民).Entertainers and courtiers were often dependents upon the wealthy or were associated with the often-perceived immoral pleasure grounds of urban entertainment districts. Musicia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
In spite of this, Chinese society idolized many musicians, even women musicians (who were seen as seductive) such as Cai Yan (ca. 177) and Wang Zhaojun (40-30 B.C). Musical abilities were a prime consideration in marriage desirability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
During the Ming dynasty, female musicians were so common that they even played for imperial rituals.Private theatre troupes in the homes of wealthy families were a common practice. Professional dancers of the period were of low social status and many entered the profession through poverty, although some such as Zhao Fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Emperor Gaozu set up the Royal Academy, while Emperor Xuanzong established the Pear Garden Academy for the training of musicians, dancers and actors. There were around 30,000 musicians and dancers at the imperial court during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, with most specialising in yanyue. All were under the administra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
Slavery was comparatively uncommon in Chinese history but was still practiced, largely as a judicial punishment for crimes. In the Han and Tang dynasties, it was illegal to trade in Chinese slaves (that were not criminals), but foreign slaves were acceptable. The Xin dynasty emperor Wang Mang, the Ming dynasty Hongwu e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classes |
The Directorate of Matriculation Schools, Tamil Nadu is an accreditation and governing body for secondary schools in Tamil Nadu, India. In a concept unique to Tamil Nadu (within India), until 1971 Universities also governed secondary schools, and such schools were accredited to the Matriculation system. About 5% of sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Matriculation_Schools,_Tamil_Nadu |
Schools are accredited on an annual basis. Apart from that, languages like Hindi, French, Sanskrit are thought as optional. other than academics, Arts & crafts, physical activities and projects are also conducted in matriculation schools. For the academic year 2008-09, 2.31 million students were enrolled in the matricu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Matriculation_Schools,_Tamil_Nadu |
Floodland is a 2022 city-building game developed by Vile Monarch and published by Ravenscourt. It was released on November 15, 2022 for Microsoft Windows and macOS. In the game, players control a civilization of people as they attempt to survive in a devastated world flooded as a result of climate change. The game rece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodland_(video_game) |
Floodland is a city-building game, where players control a colony of people attempting to survive in a world consumed by flooding caused by climate change. The player can choose between four different types of "clans", which all have their own unique advantages and outlooks on life. The settlers that the player has can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodland_(video_game) |
According to the review aggregator website Metacritic, Floodland received "generally favorable reviews" for its PC versions. GamesRadar liked the story, city building elements, and UI, but was frustrated by the number of software bugs on launch. Rock Paper Shotgun enjoyed how clans interacted and integrated with each o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodland_(video_game) |
The intentional stance is a term coined by philosopher Daniel Dennett for the level of abstraction in which we view the behavior of an entity in terms of mental properties. It is part of a theory of mental content proposed by Dennett, which provides the underpinnings of his later works on free will, consciousness, folk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Dennett (1971, p. 87) states that he took the concept of "intentionality" from the work of the German philosopher Franz Brentano. When clarifying the distinction between mental phenomena (viz., mental activity) and physical phenomena, Brentano (p. 97) argued that, in contrast with physical phenomena, the "distinguishin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Dennett constantly speaks of the "aboutness" of intentionality; for example: "the aboutness of the pencil marks composing a shopping list is derived from the intentions of the person whose list it is" (Dennett, 1995, p. 240). John Searle (1999, pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
85) stresses that "competence" in predicting/explaining human behaviour involves being able to both recognize others as "intentional" beings, and interpret others' minds as having "intentional states" (e.g., beliefs and desires): "The primary evolutionary role of the mind is to relate us in certain ways to the environm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
"Intentionality," to repeat, is the general term for all the various forms by which the mind can be directed at, or be about, or of, objects and states of affairs in the world." (p.85)According to Dennett (1987, pp. 48–49), folk psychology provides a systematic, "reason-giving explanation" for a particular action, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
The core idea is that, when understanding, explaining, and/or predicting the behavior of an object, we can choose to view it at varying levels of abstraction. The more concrete the level, the more accurate in principle our predictions are; the more abstract, the greater the computational power we gain by zooming out an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
When we predict where a ball is going to land based on its current trajectory, we are taking the physical stance. Another example of this stance comes when we look at a strip made up of two types of metal bonded together and predict how it will bend as the temperature changes, based on the physical properties of the tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Based on an implicit assumption that there is no malfunction in the system, predictions are made from knowledge of the purpose of the system's design (this could also be called the "teleological stance"). At this level, we are concerned with such things as purpose, function and design. When we predict that a bird will ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Likewise, we can understand the bimetallic strip as a particular type of thermometer, not concerning ourselves with the details of how this type of thermometer happens to work. We can also recognize the purpose that this thermometer serves inside a thermostat and even generalize to other kinds of thermostats that might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Most abstract is the intentional stance, the domain of software and minds, which requires no knowledge of either structure or design, and " the logic of mentalistic explanations of behaviour, their predictive power, and their relation to other forms of explanation" (Bolton & Hill, 1996, p. 24). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Predictions are made on the basis of explanations expressed in terms of meaningful mental states; and, given the task of predicting or explaining the behaviour of a specific agent (a person, animal, corporation, artifact, nation, etc.), it is implicitly assumed that the agent will always act on the basis of its beliefs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Another example would be when we predict that Mary will leave the theater and drive to the restaurant because she sees that the movie is over and is hungry. In 1971, Dennett also postulated that, whilst "the intentional stance presupposes neither lower stance", there may well be a fourth, higher level: a "truly moral s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
For example, when we view both a bimetallic strip and a tube of mercury as thermometers, we can lose track of the fact that they differ in accuracy and temperature range, leading to false predictions as soon as the thermometer is used outside the circumstances for which it was designed. The actions of a mercury thermom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Even when there is no immediate error, a higher-level stance can simply fail to be useful. If we were to try to understand the thermostat at the level of the intentional stance, ascribing to it beliefs about how hot it is and a desire to keep the temperature just right, we would gain no traction over the problem as com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Dennett argues that it is best to understand human behavior at the level of the intentional stance, without making any specific commitments to any deeper reality of the artifacts of folk psychology. In addition to the controversy inherent in this, there is also some dispute about the extent to which Dennett is committi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
His own words hint at something in the middle, as he suggests that the self is as real as a center of gravity, "an abstract object, a theorist's fiction", but operationally valid.As a way of thinking about things, Dennett's intentional stance is entirely consistent with everyday commonsense understanding; and, thus, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Thus, if a particular way of categorizing information does, indeed, "provide maximum information with the least cognitive effort", it can only do so because the structure of that particular system of categories corresponds with the perceived structure of the real world.Also, the intentional stance meets the criteria De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
(2) Underlying Mindlessness: Each constituent step, and each transition between each step, is so utterly simple, that they can be performed by a "dutiful idiot". (3) Guaranteed Results: "Whatever it is that an algorithm does, it always does it, if it is executed without misstep. An algorithm is a foolproof recipe." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
The general notion of a three level system was widespread in the late 1970s/early 1980s; for example, when discussing the mental representation of information from a cognitive psychology perspective, Glass and his colleagues (1979, p. 24) distinguished three important aspects of representation: (a) the content ("what i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
The most obvious objection to Dennett is the intuition that it "matters" to us whether an object has an inner life or not. The claim is that we don't just imagine the intentional states of other people in order to predict their behaviour; the fact that they have thoughts and feelings just like we do is central to notio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
The IST expert assigns the same mental states to Blockhead as he does to Jones, "whereas in fact has not a thought in his head." Dennett has argued against this by denying the premise, on the basis that the robot is a philosophical zombie and therefore metaphysically impossible. In other words, if something acts in al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Stephen Stich argues that people often have beliefs or desires which are irrational or bizarre, and IST doesn't allow us to say anything about these. If the person's "environmental niche" is examined closely enough, and the possibility of malfunction in their brain (which might affect their reasoning capacities) is loo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Indeed this is what we often do when someone is behaving unpredictably — we look for the reasons why. In other words, we can only deal with irrationality by contrasting it against the background assumption of rationality. This development significantly undermines the claims of the intentional stance argument. The ratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Philip Robbins and Anthony I. Jack suggest that "Dennett's philosophical distinction between the physical and intentional stances has a lot going for it" from the perspective of psychology and neuroscience. They review studies on abilities to adopt an intentional stance (variously called "mindreading", "mentalizing", o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
However, most studies have found no evidence of impairment in autistic individuals' ability to understand other people's basic intentions or goals; instead, data suggests that impairments are found in understanding more complex social emotions or in considering others' viewpoints.Robbins and Jack point to a 2003 study ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Robbins and Jack argue for an additional stance beyond the three that Dennett outlined. They call it the phenomenal stance: Attributing consciousness, emotions, and inner experience to a mind. The explanatory gap of the hard problem of consciousness illustrates this tendency of people to see phenomenal experience as di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
These examples suggest a double dissociation between the intentional and phenomenal stances.In a follow-up paper, Robbins and Jack describe four experiments about how the intentional and phenomenal stances relate to feelings of moral concern. The first two experiments showed that talking about lobsters as strongly emot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
Also, people who scored higher on the empathetic-concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index had generally higher absolute attributions of mental experience.Bryce Huebner (2010) performed two experimental philosophy studies to test students' ascriptions of various mental states to humans compared with cyborg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
": 138–39 However, this conclusion is only tentative in view of the high variance among participants. : 139 Experiment 2 showed analogous results: Both beliefs and happiness were ascribed most strongly to biological humans, and ascriptions of happiness to robots or cyborgs were less common than ascriptions of beliefs. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance |
The term ranked voting, also known as preferential voting or ranked choice voting, pertains to any voting system where voters use a rank to order candidates or options—in a sequence from first, second, third, and onwards—on their ballots. Ranked voting systems vary based on the ballot marking process, how preferences a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The instant-runoff voting method is commonly employed for the election of single members using ranked votes. Conversely, the election of multiple members using ranked votes typically utilizes single transferable voting (STV). There exist other systems applicable for single-member selection or multi-member elections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Ranked voting in multi-member districts plays a part in national elections in Australia, Ireland, Malta, and the United Kingdom—specifically, the Scottish and Welsh Parliaments. On the other hand, single-winner ranked voting is used in the election of national-level politicians from the states of Maine and Alaska withi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
For certain local elections in New Zealand, ranked voting is used. Moreover, in the United States, some cities, counties, and federal primaries across 16 states, as well as 5 additional states' overseas voters for federal elections, employ ranked voting. A form of ranked voting was also used in Slovenia for electing th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The earliest mention of ranked voting can be traced back to the works of Ramon Llull in the late 13th century. His interpretations, however, are not universally clear, and he is often believed to have favored Copeland's method, which used a series of pairwise elections instead of ranked-choice ballots. His ideas eventu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The modern analysis of ranked voting commenced when Jean-Charles de Borda published a paper in 1781, advocating for the method that now bears his name. This methodology drew criticism from the Marquis de Condorcet, who developed his own method to determine collective preference, asserting that Borda's approach did not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Danish pioneer Carl Andræ formulated the Single Transferable Vote (STV) system, which was adopted by his native Denmark in 1855. Simultaneously, Thomas Hare in the UK independently invented STV in 1857. The single-winner variant of STV, known as instant-runoff voting (IRV), was proposed by William Robert Ware around 18... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
While Ware might have been unaware, this system was mentioned earlier by Condorcet, albeit only to criticize it.Ranked voting first saw governmental use in the 1890s in Tasmania, deploying the STV system. Its broader adoption in Australia began in the 1910s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
By the 1920s, ranked voting had expanded globally. It was used in Ireland, South Africa, and approximately 20 cities each in Canada and the U.S. Instant-runoff voting was utilized for single official elections, like mayors, while STV was employed for multiple official elections, such as councillors or school board trus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Moreover, ranked voting was also adopted for governmental elections in Ireland, Malta, and Canada (specifically Alberta and Manitoba) beginning in the 1920s. Theoretical exploration of electoral processes was initiated by a 1948 paper from Duncan Black, which was soon followed by Kenneth Arrow's research on the consist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
In more recent years, ranked choice voting has seen increased implementation. In November 2016, the voters of Maine passed Question 5, instigating a ranked choice voting system for all elections. This was first put to use in 2018, marking the inaugural use of a ranked choice voting system in a statewide election in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Many concepts formulated by the Marquis de Condorcet in the 18th century continue to significantly impact the field. One of these concepts is the Condorcet winner, a candidate preferred over all others by a majority of voters. A voting system that consistently elects this candidate, if one exists, is known as Condorcet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Such systems are referred to as Condorcet methods. However, in elections where no Condorcet winner exists, a Condorcet cycle is likely to occur, best explained through an example. Suppose an election involves three candidates - A, B, and C, with 30 voters such that ten vote C–B–A, ten vote B–A–C, and ten vote A–C–B. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Spatial voting models, initially proposed by Duncan Black and further developed by Anthony Downs, provide a theoretical framework for understanding electoral behavior. In these models, each voter and candidate is positioned within an ideological space that can span multiple dimensions. It is assumed that voters tend to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The accompanying diagram presents a simple one-dimensional spatial model, illustrating the voting methods discussed in subsequent sections of this article. It is assumed that supporters of candidate A cast their votes in the order of A-B-C, while candidate C's supporters vote in the sequence of C-B-A. Supporters of can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
From the data in the accompanying table, if there are 100 voters, the distribution of ballots will reflect the positioning of voters and candidates along the ideological spectrum. Spatial models offer significant insights because they provide an intuitive visualization of voter preferences. These models give rise to an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
This theorem stipulates that within a broad range of spatial models, including all one-dimensional models and all symmetric models across multiple dimensions, a Condorcet winner is guaranteed to exist. Moreover, this winner is typically the candidate closest to the median of the voter distribution. Applying these princ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The implications of Arrow's impossibility theorem cast a shadow on the promise of ranked voting. While the median voter theorem demonstrates the feasibility of creating a voting method that functions flawlessly for a broad spectrum of voter preferences, Arrow's theorem posits the impossibility of devising a system that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The Borda count is a ranking system that assigns scores to each candidate based on their position in each ballot. If m is the total number of candidates, the candidate ranked first on a ballot receives m - 1 points, the second receives m - 2, and so on, until the last-ranked candidate who receives zero. In the given ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Systems that award points in a similar way but possibly with a different formula are called positional systems. The score vector (m - 1, m - 2,..., 0) is associated with the Borda count, (1, 1/2, 1/3,..., 1/m) defines the Dowdall system and (1, 0,... , 0) equates to first-past-the-post. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The alternative vote (AV), also known as instant-runoff voting and as ranked-choice voting in the United States, is a voting method that sequentially eliminates candidates in a series of rounds until a winner emerges. In this system, voters rank candidates in order of preference. If a candidate does not receive a major... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
In the given example, Candidate A is declared the winner in the second round, having received a majority of votes through the accumulation of first-choice votes and redistributed votes from Candidate B. This system embodies the voters' preferences between the final candidates, stopping when a candidate garners the pref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
IRV is notable in that it does not fulfill the Condorcet winner criterion, a property held by many other ranked voting systems. Furthermore, unlike its counterparts, IRV generally does not accommodate tied preferences, except occasionally among a voter's least preferred candidates. An adapted version of the single tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
An example of an STV election: There are three positions to be elected, with a total of 100 votes. The quota, determined by the Droop method, is 26 votes. The Single transferable vote (STV) is a multi-winner method and a proportional version of IRV. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Like IRV, STV allows for contingent voting based on secondary preferences, which only come into play if the first preference does not lead to an effective result. With STV, voters cast one vote with the possibility to mark back-up preferences. Initially, a voter's ballot is allocated to their most preferred candidate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
After a candidate reaches the quota and is elected, surplus votes are transferred from this winner to remaining hopefuls based on the voter's preference order. If there are still vacant seats, the least performing candidates are eliminated, and their votes are transferred to the remaining contenders. Different versions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
The Minimax voting system determines the winner by constructing a comparison table of candidate preferences, as shown above. This table illustrates the preferences between each pair of distinct candidates (A, B, C). The cell value x:y represents that x voters prefer the first candidate over the second, while y voters h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Each row identifies the least satisfactory outcome (i.e., minimal preference) for the first candidate, highlighted in bold. The winning candidate is the one whose least satisfactory outcome is most favorable. In this specific example, candidate B is the winner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Despite B's worst performance being a 64:36 victory margin over candidate A, this is the most favorable least satisfactory result when compared to those of the other candidates. The Minimax method, which is straightforward in determining the winner from a set of ballots, satisfies the Condorcet criterion. It elects the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Copeland's method assigns a score to each candidate derived from the results table, as shown above in the minimax section. The score is simply the number of favourable results in a candidate's row, i.e., the number of other candidates to whom a specific candidate is preferred by a majority of voters. The candidate with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Copeland's method is Condorcet-consistent and straightforward, but for certain patterns of voter preferences (with no Condorcet winner), it will yield a tie regardless of the size of the electorate. Therefore, its proponents typically recommend its use in conjunction with a tie-breaker. Suitable rules for this purpose ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Several other voting methods provide alternatives to the methods described above, each with unique characteristics: Ranked voting: Different from cardinal voting, candidates are independently rated rather than ranked.Condorcet completions: Elects the Condorcet winner if there is one and otherwise falls back on a separa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
They are Condorcet-consistent.Kemeny-Young method: Complex but Condorcet-consistent.Smith's method: Reduces the set of candidates to the Smith set, which contains the Condorcet winner if there is one. Advocated for use with a tie-break, like IRV and minimax.contingent vote and supplementary vote: Variants of IRV.Buckli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Michael Gallagher points out that the strengths and weaknesses of different ranked voting methods can be best elucidated through specific examples. A practical example can be provided by considering a voter's ranking of candidates: "If A is eliminated, the voter's vote is transferred to B. If B is then eliminated, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Logical voting criteria play a crucial role in evaluating voting methods. The Condorcet criterion, as defined by Duncan Black, states that "the candidate who would win in a head-to-head race against all other candidates should be the winner of the election." Moreover, the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Steven Brams and Peter Fishburn highlight the utility of simulated elections as a means to study the properties of ranked voting methods. These simulations can estimate the efficacy of each voting method, which is defined by how frequently it elects the candidate closest to the center of the voter distribution. In term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Ranked voting allows voter to select candidates that more accurately represent their preferences than first-past-the-post ballots. It allows that one candidate will get 50%+1 of the vote. However, they are more complicated. : §8.1 If there are a large number of candidates, which is quite common in single transferable v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting |
Fiber volume ratio is an important mathematical element in composite engineering. Fiber volume ratio, or fiber volume fraction, is the percentage of fiber volume in the entire volume of a fiber-reinforced composite material. When manufacturing polymer composites, fibers are impregnated with resin. The amount of resin t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
The impregnation around the fibers is highly dependent on the orientation of the fibers and the architecture of the fibers. The geometric analysis of the composite can be seen in the cross-section of the composite. Voids are often formed in a composite structure throughout the manufacturing process and must be calculat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.