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The fraction of fiber reinforcement is very important in determining the overall mechanical properties of a composite. A higher fiber volume fraction typically results in better mechanical properties of the composite.Calculating the volume of fiber ratio in a composite is relatively simple. The volume fiber fraction ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
This procedure involves the digestion of the polymer matrix using an acid which does not attack the fibers. Following digestion, the remaining fibers are washed, dried, and weighed. Knowing the initial weight of the composite specimen as well as the densities of the fiber and resin, the volume fraction of both the fibe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Optical microscopy-based techniques involve potting sectioned samples of the laminate, polished using standard metallographic techniques, and obtaining digital cross-sectional photomicrographs using an optical microscope and magnifications between 100 and 2500. Digital images may be recorded at a number of locations al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
This method involves heating up the composite to a temperature at which resin will melt and fibers remain stable, burning off resin and weighing fibers, the volume fraction can be calculated from the initial weight of composite and fiber's weight. This method is typically used with glass fibers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
The amount of fiber in a fiber reinforced composite directly corresponds with the mechanical properties of the composite. Theoretically the maximum fiber ratio of round fibers that can be achieved in a composite is 90.8% if the fibers are in a unidirectional hexagonal close packed configuration. Realistically the highe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Too much fiber volume may also decrease the strength of the composite due to the lack of space for the matrix to fully surround and bond with the fibers. Therefore, there is an optimal space between fibers that will fully exploit the uniform load transfer between fibers. Given the fiber volume fraction, the theoretical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Fibers are commonly arranged in a square or hexagonal lattice as well as in a layer-wise fiber array. Assuming that each fiber has a circular cross-sectional with the same diameter, the fiber volume fraction of these two kinds of packing are respectively: Hexagonal V f = ( π 2 3 ) ( r R ) 2 {\displaystyle {V_{f}}=({\fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
In practical cases there can be variation in fiber diameter and irregular packing. In practice, it's hard to achieve a volume fraction greater than 0.7 and this must be regarded as the realistic limit for commercial materials. In the production process, using different fiber architecture methods can obtain different vo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0 and 100%. There are many ways to determine if a composite part contains voids, such as industrial CT scanning or ultrasou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
There are many methods of evaluating the void content of materials (including composites). The first is to exam a polished section, identifying the voids in the section, either manually or using computer-aid analysis and determining the area fraction which corresponds to the volume fraction of the composite. Another me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
Application of Archimedes’ principle leads to the following expression for the measured density of the sample in terms of measured weight, where subscripts “a” and “L” refer to water and liquid, respectively: p = ( W a p L − W L p a ) ( W a − W L ) {\displaystyle p={\frac {(W_{apL}-W_{Lpa})}{(W_{a}-W_{L})}}\!} Where: p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_volume_ratio |
The meridian 159° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 159th meridian east forms a great circle with the 21st meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159th_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 159th meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159th_meridian_east |
The Wedding Camels is an ethnographic film directed by David MacDougall and Judith MacDougall, filmed in 1974 and released in 1980 (108 min., Turkana with English subtitles), that examines the negotiations and cultural practices that surround the tradition of the Turkana people of Kenya of giving a bridewealth before a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Camels |
The film is observational in style and the Turkana subjects speak for themselves through subtitles, rather than being spoken about through narration. The MacDougalls' films fit into the forefront of the movement away from narration and towards observational and participatory cinema in the 1970s and 1980s. The husband a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Camels |
The Wedding Camels won the Royal Anthropological Institute's first Film Award in 1980, for best ethnographic film of the past five years. It has also been awarded honors at film festivals including the Berlin Film Festival, the Edinburgh Film Festival, and the Margaret Mead Film Festival. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Camels |
Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon and trout species) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany in 1893, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe (including Russia),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
This infects the cartilage and possibly the nervous tissue of salmonids, causing a potentially lethal infection in which the host develops a black tail, spinal deformities, and possibly more deformities in the anterior part of the fish.Whirling disease affects juvenile fish (fingerlings and fry) and causes skeletal def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
They act as a reservoir for the parasite, which is released into water following the fish's death. M. cerebralis is one of the most economically important myxozoans in fish, as well as one of the most pathogenic. It was the first myxosporean whose pathology and symptoms were described scientifically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The parasite is not transmissible to humans. The taxonomy and naming of both M. cerebralis, and of myxozoans in general, have complicated histories. It was originally thought to infect fish brains (hence the specific epithet cerebralis) and nervous systems, though it soon was found to primarily infect cartilage, skelet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Attempts to change the name to Myxobolus chondrophagus, which would more accurately describe the organism, failed because of nomenclature rules. Later, the organisms previously called Triactinomyxon dubium and T. gyrosalmo (class Actinosporea) were found to be, in fact, triactinomyxon stages of M. cerebralis, the life ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
M. cerebralis is one of the 1,350 known myxozoan parasites known to infect fish. Once thought to be a species of Protozoa, taxonomists noticed characteristics that more closely related M. cerebralis to the phylum Cnidaria. These features included cnidocysts, which are tentacles that are used to hold onto and prey upon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
This complex lifecycle involves two different hosts and numerous developmental stages. These stages happen through mitosis, endogeny, plasmotomy, or possibly meiosis. In the first part of its lifecycle, M. cerebralis is attached to its salmonid host externally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
They then use their stinging tentacles to infect the host, causing the skeletal tissues and nervous system to become deformed. Today, the myxozoans, previously thought to be multicellular protozoans, are considered animals by most scientists, though their status has not officially changed. Recent molecular studies sugg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The stages that infect fish, called triactinomyxon spores, are made of a single style that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long and three processes or "tails", each about 200 micrometers long. These spores are typically oval shaped, and display asymmetrical symmetry. A sporoplasm packet at the end of the style contains 6... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
There are also three polar capsules, each of which contains a coiled polar filament between 170 and 180 μm long, with about 5-6 coils in each filament. Polar filaments in both this stage and in the myxospore stage (see picture above) rapidly shoot into the body of the host, creating an opening through which the sporopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Upon contact with fish hosts and firing of the polar capsules, the sporoplasm contained within the central style of the triactinomyxon migrates into the epithelium or gut lining. Firstly, this sporoplasm undergoes mitosis to produce more amoeboid cells, which migrate into deeper tissue layers, to reach the cerebral car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Myxospores, which develop from sporogonic cell stages inside fish hosts, are lenticular. They have a diameter of about 10 micrometers and are made of six cells. Two of these cells form polar capsules, two merge to form a binucleate sporoplasm, and two form protective valves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Myxospores are infective to oligochaetes, and are found among the remains of digested fish cartilage. They are often difficult to distinguish from related species because of morphological similarities across genera. Though M. cerebralis is the only myxosporean ever found in salmonid cartilage, other visually similar sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Myxobolus cerebralis has a two-host life cycle involving a salmonid fish and a tubificid oligochaete. So far, the only worm known to be susceptible to M. cerebralis infection is Tubifex tubifex, though what scientists currently call T. tubifex may in fact be more than one species. First, myxospores are ingested by tubi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
In the gut lumen of the worm, the spores extrude their polar capsules and attach to the gut epithelium by polar filaments. The shell valves then open along the suture line and the binucleate germ cell penetrates between the intestinal epithelial cells of the worm. This cell multiplies, producing many amoeboid cells by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
As a result of the multiplication process, the intercellular space of the epithelial cells in more than 10 neighbouring worm segments may become infected. Around 60–90 days postinfection, sexual cell stages of the parasite undergo sporogenesis, and develop into pansporocysts, each of which contains eight triactinomyxon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Alternatively, a fish can become infected by eating an infected oligochaete. Infected tubificids can release triactinomyxons for at least a year. The triactinomyxon spores are carried by the water currents, where they can infect a salmonid through the skin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Penetration of the fish by these spores takes only a few seconds. Within five minutes, a sac of germ cells called a sporoplasm has entered the fish epidermis, and within a few hours, the sporoplasm splits into individual cells that will spread through the fish. Within the fish, both intracellular and extracellular stag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The final stage within the fish is the creation of the myxospore, which is formed by sporogony. They are released into the environment when the fish decomposes or is eaten. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Some recent research indicates some fish may expel viable myxospores while still alive. Myxospores are extremely tough: "it was shown that Myxobolus cerebralis spores can tolerate freezing at −20°C for at least 3 months, aging in mud at 13°C for at least 5 months, and passage through the guts of northern pike Esox luci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Skeletal deformation in a mature brook trout caused by M. cerebralis infection. M. cerebralis infections have been reported from a wide range of salmonid species: eight species of "Atlantic" salmonids, Salmo; four species of "Pacific" salmonids, Oncorhynchus; four species of char, Salvelinus; the grayling, Thymallus th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Other symptoms include skeletal deformities and "whirling" behavior (tail-chasing) in young fish, which was thought to have been caused by a loss of equilibrium, but is actually caused by damage to the spinal cord and lower brain stem. Experiments have shown that fish can kill Myxobolus in their skin (possibly using an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Fish size, age, concentration of triactinomyxon spores, and water temperature all affect infection rates in fish, as does the species of the fish in question. The disease has the most impact on fish less than five months old because their skeletons have not ossified. This makes young fish more susceptible to deformitie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The normally uniform trout cartilage is scarred with lesions in which M. cerebralis spores develop, weakening and deforming the connective tissues. Moderate or heavy clinical infection of fish with whirling disease can be presumptively diagnosed on the basis of changes in behavior and appearance about 35 to 80 days aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The head and other tissues can be further examined using histopathology to confirm whether the location and morphology of the spores matches what is known for M. cerebralis. Serological identification of spores in tissue sections using an antibody raised against the spores is also possible. Parasite identity can also b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Although originally a mild pathogen of Salmo trutta in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia, the introduction of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has greatly increased the impact of this parasite. Having no innate immunity to M. cerebralis, rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can rele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The impact of M. cerebralis in Europe is somewhat lessened because the species is endemic to this region, giving native fish stocks a degree of immunity. Rainbow trout, the most susceptible species to this parasite, are not native to Europe; successfully reproducing feral populations are rare, so few wild rainbow trout... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
These techniques include hatching eggs in spore-free water and rearing fry to the "ossification" stage in tanks or raceways. These methods give particular attention to the quality of water sources to guard against spore introduction during water exchanges. Fry are moved to earthen ponds only once they are considered to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
M. cerebralis was first found in New Zealand in 1971. The parasite has only been found in rivers in the South Island, away from the most important aquaculture sites. Additionally, salmonid species commercially aquacultured in New Zealand have low susceptibility to whirling disease, and the parasite has also not been sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
M. cerebralis has been reported in nearly two dozen (green) states in the United States, according to the Whirling Disease Initiative M. cerebralis was first recorded in North America in 1956 in Pennsylvania, having been introduced via infected trout imported from Europe, and has spread steadily south and westwards. Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
In addition, whirling disease threatens recreational fishing, which is important for the tourism industry, a key component of the economies of some U.S. western states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
For example, "the Montana Whirling Disease Task Force estimated trout fishing generated US $300,000,000 in recreational expenditures in Montana alone". Making matters worse, some of the fish species that M. cerebralis infects (bull trout, cutthroat trout, and steelhead) are already threatened or endangered, and the par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Whirling disease was first detected in fish in Johnson Lake in Banff National Park in May, 2016. CFIA Labs confirmed in August and Parks Canada announced the outbreak August 23, 2016. Although it was first discovered in Banff, it is not necessarily where the disease originated and spread. The Government of Alberta is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Initial sample fish were collected in 2016, and are currently being processed by the Government of Alberta and CFIA labs. Since testing began, it has been detected in the Upper Bow River, and in May 2017 it was confirmed that whirling disease had also been detected in the Oldman River Basin. The declaration does not me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Some biologists have attempted to disarm triactinomyxon spores by making them fire prematurely. In the laboratory, only extreme acidity or basicity, moderate to high concentrations of salts, or electric current caused premature filament discharge; neurochemicals, cnidarian chemosensitizers, and trout mucus were ineffec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
There is also some circumstantial evidence that fish populations can develop resistance to the disease over time. Additionally, aquaculturists may avoid M. cerebralis infections by not using earthen ponds for raising young fish; this keeps them away from possibly infected tubificids and makes it easier to eliminate spo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Smooth-faced concrete or plastic-lined raceways that are kept clean and free of contaminated water keep aquaculture facilities free of the disease. Lastly, some drugs, such as furazolidone, furoxone, benomyl, fumagillin, proguanil and clamoxyquine, have been shown to impede spore development, which reduces infection ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
Unfortunately, this treatment is considered unsuitable for wild trout populations, and no drug treatment has ever been shown to be effective in the studies required for United States Food and Drug Administration approval. Recreational and sports fishers can help to prevent the spread of the parasite by not transporting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis |
The educational system generally refers to the structure of all institutions and the opportunities for obtaining education within a country. It includes all pre-school institutions, starting from family education, and/or early childhood education, through kindergarten, primary, secondary, and tertiary schools, then lyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_system |
Typically, an education system is designed to provide education for all sections of a country's society and its members. It comprises everything that goes into educating the population. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes nine levels of education in its International... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_system |
Hedonic motivation refers to the influence of a person's pleasure and pain receptors on their willingness to move towards a goal or away from a threat. This is linked to the classic motivational principle that people approach pleasure and avoid pain, and is gained from acting on certain behaviors that resulted from est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Historically, approach and avoidance motivation have been linked to the hedonic characteristics of pleasure and pain. The root word hedonic comes from the Greek word for “sweet”, which means relating to or characterized by pleasure. This is interesting because even though hedonic motivation incorporates the pursuit of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
As the term "hedonic motivation" occurred, different types of interpretations and views also occurred as well. Socrates was one of the first few people to start interpreting Hedonic motivation. He viewed it as a person should follow a course of action for which pleasure exceeds pain and if a person does not follow that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
His take on hedonic motivation was that people have their own definitions on what is pleasurable and painful to them. Epicurus viewed hedonic motivation as that pain and pleasure eventually even out and people learn how to do things in moderation. As these early views of hedonic motivation took place, later philosopher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Thomas Hobbes’ viewed hedonic motivation as people tend to approach pleasurable/positive environmental events and avoid painful/negative environmental events, also known as incentive motivation. Our learned remembrance on whether something was pleasurable or unpleasant sets our motivation to approach that event. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
To go off on Hobbes’ views, Jeremy Bentham believed people are slaves to pleasure and pain and that hedonic motivation is determined by positive or negative consequences. Bentham believed in decision theory in which of all the possible end-states, which one would we choose? As people weigh pros and cons of each outcome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
He also believed in the phrase principle of utility which is an idea that people choose their actions based on if it increases or decreases their happiness. Examples of utility is money because it increases a person's happiness. Sigmund Freud viewed hedonic motivation as people tend to look at the long-term pleasure/ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Freud presented the term pleasure principle which refers to a person's pursuit of pleasure that is obtained from a decrease in psychological tension. Herbert Spencer viewed hedonic motivation by stating that pain and pleasure motivate behavior when those feelings reach a person's consciousness. He believed that people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
He believed that pleasure supported behaviors that benefit life while pain supported behaviors that bring harm into their lives. He further explained that the longing anticipation of pain or pleasure is the guide of motivation for a person and their behaviors. To follow up with Spencer, Edward Lee Thorndike viewed hedo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
There are several theories that exert characteristics of Hedonic motivation and behavior, and rely on these qualities to better understand human purpose and human nature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
One of the oldest examples is probably the Greeks' theory of beneception and nociception. They believed that these two principles decided the motivation in all living things. Beneception is a term that is linked to pleasure and positive hedonic motivation; it is key to animal's survival that they follow this instinct t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Another set of key terms similar to the two the Greeks used to describe hedonic motivation is appetitive emotion and aversive motivation. Appetitive emotions are described as goals that can be associated with the positive hedonic processes of survival and pleasure, such as food and sex. Aversive motivation is about rem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
When it comes to consumers buying goods, affect-rich and affect-poor items help determine how the consumer views and desires different products. Affect-rich items are those that can produce associative imagery in the mind of the consumer, portraying it in a pleasing light and making it desirable. This kind of strategy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Affect-poor items do not offer that kind of imagery and are therefore connected with utilitarian purposes. While income facilitates item purchase behaviour, income's influence on purchase motivation is unclear. A survey of 403 rich and poor Chinese fashion consumers have, for example, no significant difference in their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Operant Conditioning theory is a well-known theory that also deals with hedonic processes; it is a model that includes three different changing and molding behavior. Positive reinforcement is the first area of this it offers giving a reward to increase the probability of changing a certain behavior. This presents a pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
The third part of Operant Conditioning Theory is punishment. Punishment believes that introducing a painful or unpleasant stimulant will smother a behavior into changing. These theories exemplify how this motivation is by showing how hedonic processes are able to fit into a wide variety of situations while still mainta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Under the study for Hedonic motivation, there is substantial research on how this type of motivation can influence people's shopping habits. Hedonic goods are consumed for luxury purposes, which are desirable objects that allow the consumer to feel pleasure, fun, and enjoyment from buying the product. This is the diffe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
It is, however, important to note that in any purchase situation a consumer evaluates both hedonic and utilitarian motivation values simultaneously, both leading toward a purchase decision. Hedonic and utilitarian motivation are, however, different between geographic regions. China has, for example, different shopping ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Utility goods are items that are purchased frequently and are a regular part of the consumer's life, which allows the consumer to be more price sensitive towards these goods because they are purchased and used frequently. These items can be cleaning fluid, laundry detergent, clothing, toilet paper, or other items that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
This is due to these items being bought for means that are associated with pleasure and excess, not items that are necessary for daily life and are therefore not as easy to justify buying as utilitarian items.Luxury goods and utilitarian goods both serve purposes for consumers when shopping. The positive hedonic influe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Pleasure-seeking is the most basic of all motives, and social influence often involves creating situations in which others can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do than by doing something else. Parents, teachers and governments often try to influence our behavior by offering rewards and threatening pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
People sometimes put themselves in harms way in order to experience emotional pain, and there are two explanations for this. First, this could happen because a person feels that they need to learn how to handle painful or unpleasing events, or second, that they are better preparing themselves for future situations. Bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Other situations involve a person overcoming initial resistance towards going on the journey to attain a goal because the path to it is unpleasant but the end result is hedonically positive. Also, there are situations where, as a person attempts to attain a goal, an unpleasant obstacle may hinder that pursuit, this str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation |
Patent visualisation is an application of information visualisation. The number of patents has been increasing, encouraging companies to consider intellectual property as a part of their strategy. Patent visualisation, like patent mapping, is used to quickly view a patent portfolio. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Software dedicated to patent visualisation began to appear in 2000, for example Aureka from Aurigin (now owned by Thomson Reuters). Many patent and portfolio analytics platforms, such as Questel, PatSnap, Patentcloud, Relecura, and Patent iNSIGHT Pro, offer options to visualise specific data within patent documents by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
The main step in processing structured information is data-mining, which emerged in the late 1980s. Data mining involves statistics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Patent data mining extracts information from the structured data of the patent document. These structured data are bibliographic fields such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Data mining allows study of filing patterns of competitors and locates main patent filers within a specific area of technology. This approach can be helpful to monitor competitors' environments, moves and innovation trends and gives a macro view of a technology status. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Text mining is used to search through unstructured text documents. This technique is widely used on the Internet, it has had success in bioinformatics and now in the intellectual property environment.Text mining is based on a statistical analysis of word recurrence in a corpus. An algorithm extracts words and expressio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Stoplists can be specialised in order to create an accurate analysis. Next, the algorithm ranks the words by weight, according to their frequency in the patent's corpus and the document frequency containing this word. The score for each word is calculated using a formula such as: W e i g h t = T e r m F r e q u e n c y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Words under a minimum weight are eliminated, leaving a list of pertinent words or descriptors. Each patent is associated to the descriptors found in the selected document. Further, in the process of clusterisation, these descriptors are used as subsets, in which the patent are regrouped or as tags to place the patents ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Text-mining can be used to narrow a search or quickly evaluate a patent corpus. For instance, if a query produces irrelevant documents, a multi-level clustering hierarchy identifies them in order to delete them and refine the search. Text-mining can also be used to create internal taxonomies specific to a corpus for po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Allying patent analysis and informatic tools offers an overview of the environment through value-added visualisations. As patents contain structured and unstructured information, visualisations fall in two categories. Structured data can be rendered with data mining in macrothematic maps and statistical analysis. Unstr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
Mapping visualisations can be used for both text-mining and data-mining results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
What patent visualisation can highlight: Competitors Partners New innovations Technologic environment description NetworksField application: R&D strategy management Competitive intelligence Licensing Strategy == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_visualisation |
The meridian 41° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 41st meridian west forms a great circle with the 139th meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 41st meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41st_meridian_west |
The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York-based private non-profit organization World Monuments Fund (WMF) that is dedicated to preserving the historic, artistic, and architectural heritage around the world. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch |
Every two years, it publishes a select list known as the Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites that is in urgent need of preservation funding and protection. It is a call to action on behalf of threatened cultural heritage monuments worldwide. The sites are nominated by governments, conservation professionals, site c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch |
The 2004 World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites was launched on 24 September 2003 by WMF President Bonnie Burnham and WMF partner American Express. For the first time, a site from Antarctica was included, ensuring that the Watch List geographically covers every continent. By working to preserve these t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch |
The following countries/territories have multiple sites entered on the 2004 Watch List, listed by the number of sites: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Monuments_Watch |
A business capability model or business capability map (BCM) provides structured graphical representations of all organizational business capabilities, their relationship and hierarchy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_capability_model |
Business capability models represent high-level views of an organization from the perspective of its business capabilities. Essentially, they briefly describe everything that an organization can do. Business capability models are very stable and organizationally neutral in nature. They are largely independent of specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_capability_model |
Business capability models are structured in a hierarchical manner, i.e. each higher-level business capability includes multiple constituting lower-level capabilities. They can have several nested levels of depth and granularity, typically from two to four distinct abstraction levels depending on the size, complexity a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_capability_model |
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