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In 2017, there were approximately 4.4 million Caribbean immigrants in the US. Overall, there are over 8 million people of Caribbean heritage. Cubans, Dominicans, Jamaicans, Haitians, Trinidadians and Tobagonians are the largest groups. Caribbeans are likely to be employed at the same rate as the general immigrant popul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
According to a report in the International Business Times, Caribbean immigrants perform better than the general immigrant population in terms of high school graduation rates and some socio-economic indicators. In comparison to other immigrant groups, Caribbeans are far more likely to be naturalised American citizens, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
According to a report drawn from Immigration Studies (CIS), various Caribbean communities are among the top immigrant homeowners in America. The non-Hispanic Caribbean community tend to earn more than the American average. In 2018, their median household income was $57, 339 compared to the American average of $54, 689. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In 2019, the figure was $60, 997 compared to the American average of $57, 761 (US Census Bureau 2018 and 2019). Caribbeans make up the majority of America's Black immigrant population (46%). Black immigrants significantly contribute to the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
economy, with a spending power of $98 billion in 2018. Black immigrants earned approximately $133.6 billion and paid $36 billion in US taxes. These successes are primarily why some Caribbean Americans have been described as a model minority. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
The Cuban success story is a popular myth that Cuban Americans are all political exiles who have become wealthy in the United States. This story is often used to prove the accessibility of the American dream. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
African immigrants have experienced success in numerous countries especially Commonwealth countries such as Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, which have attracted many educated and highly skilled African immigrants with enough resources for them to start a new life in these countries.In the United Kingdom, one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Certain groups outside of having strong English skills have found success mostly because many who immigrated to the UK are already highly educated and highly skilled professionals who come with jobs and positions such as business people, academics, traders, doctors and lawyers as is the case with Sudanese immigrants.As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Additionally, many of them hail from the wealthier segments of Nigerian society, which can afford to pursue studies abroad. A notable example of the highly educated nature of British Nigerians is the case of Paula and Peter Imafidon, nine-year-old twins who are the youngest students ever to be admitted to high school i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In Canada, Asian Canadians are somewhat viewed as a model minority, though the phenomenon is not as widespread as it is in the United States. The majority of this is aimed toward the East Asian and South Asian communities.In New Zealand, Asian New Zealanders are viewed as a model minority due to attaining above average... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In Israel, Christian Arabs are one of the most educated groups. Maariv has described the Christian Arab sectors as "the most successful in education system," since Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. and they have attained a bachelor's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
According to the study "Are Christian Arabs the New Israeli Jews? Reflections on the Educational Level of Arab Christians in Israel" by Hanna David from the University of Tel Aviv, one of the factors why Israeli Arab Christians are the most educated segment of Israel's population is the high level of the Christian educ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
The Israel Central Bureau of Statistics noted that when taking into account the data recorded over the years, Christian Arabs fared the best in terms of education in comparison to any other group receiving an education in Israel. In 2016 Christian Arabs had the highest rates of success at matriculation examinations, na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Arab Christians are one of the most educated groups in Israel. Statistically, Arab Christians in Israel have the highest rates of educational attainment among all religious communities, according to a data by Israel Central Bureau of Statistics in 2010, 63% of Israeli Arab Christians have had college or postgraduate ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In terms of their socio-economic situation, Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Arab population. They have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment which is 4.9% compared to 6.5% among Jewish men and women. They have also the highest median house... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Due to their business success and cultural assimilation, German Mexicans and Lebanese Mexicans are seen as model minorities in Mexico. More recently, Haitians in Tijuana have been seen favorably by Tijuanenses as model immigrants due to their work ethic and integration into Tijuana society, and have been contrasted wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher educational attainment, relatively higher wealth index, and a stronger representation in white collar job types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims. Historically; man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salarie". According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the medical doctors, 60% of the pharmacists of Egypt were Christians.A number of Coptic business and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egypt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
According to the French antiracist activist Grace Ly, the model minority myth is associated with the South-East Asian community in France. Ly denounces the positive stereotypes associated with the Asian community in France in her book Model Young Girl (Jeune fille modèle). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
The Vietnamese in France are the most well-established overseas Vietnamese community outside eastern Asia, as well as Asian ethnic group in France, with roughly 139,000 Vietnamese immigrants living in France. While the level of integration among immigrants and their place in French society have become prominent issues ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In addition to high achievement in education, the Vietnamese population in France is also largely successful economically. When the first major wave of Vietnamese migrants arrived in France during World War I, a number of migrants already held professional occupations in their new country shortly after their arrival. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Similarly to the Vietnamese, the Laotian community in France is one of the most well-integrated into the country and is the most established overseas Laotian populace. Unlike their counterparts in North America and Australia, Laotians in France have a high rate of educational success and are well-represented in the aca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In Germany the academic success of people of Vietnamese origin has been called "Das vietnamesische Wunder"("The Vietnamese Miracle"). A study revealed that in the Berlin districts of Lichtenberg and Marzahn, both in former East Berlin and possessing a relatively small percentage of immigrants, Vietnamese account for on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In Burma, Gurkhas of Nepali descent are viewed as a model minority. Gurkhas place a high importance on education, and they represent a disproportionately high share of those with advanced (medical, engineering or doctorate) degrees in Burma. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
The People's Republic of China is a multiethnic, multinational state, and the ruling Communist Party officially recognizes 55 ethnic groups within the borders controlled by the People's Republic. Since the foundation of the Chinese Communist Party, a dialectical materialist view of ethnic minorities has been a prominen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Notwithstanding the successes in integrating the Hui, the 21st century has seen the state confronted with ethnic tension with minority groups seen as less loyal, in particular the Tibetans and the Uighurs, where in both cases, violent reactions to attempts to integrate into the wider Chinese society has resulted in sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
At the end of the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies (now: Indonesia), a community of about 300,000 Indo-Europeans (people of mixed Indonesian and European heritage) was registered as Dutch citizens. Indos formed the vast majority of the European legal class in the colony. When in the second half of the 20th century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
From 1945 to 1949 the Indonesian National Revolution turned the former Dutch East Indies into an increasingly hostile environment for Indo-Europeans. Violence aimed towards Indo-Europeans during its early Bersiap period (1945–1946) accumulated in almost 20,000 deaths. The Indo diaspora continued up to 1964 and resulted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Even though most Indos had never set foot in the Netherlands before, this emigration was named repatriation. Notwithstanding the fact that Indos in the former colony of the Dutch East Indies were officially part of the European legal class and were formally considered to be Dutch nationals, the Dutch government practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
In the 1990s and early 21st century the Netherlands was confronted with ethnic tension in a now multi-cultural society. Ethnic tensions, rooted in the perceived lack of social integration and rise of crime rates of several ethnic minorities, climaxed with the murders of politician Pim Fortuyn in 2002 and film director ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Statistical data compiled by the CBS shows that Indos belong to the group with the lowest crime rates in the country.A CBS study of 1999 reveals that of all foreign born groups living in the Netherlands, only the Indos have an average income similar to that of citizens born in the Netherlands. Job participation in gove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
A 2007 CBS study shows that already over 50% of first-generation Indos have married a native born Dutch person. A percentage that increased to 80% for the second generation. One of the first and oldest Indo organisations that supported the integration of Indo repatriates into the Netherlands is the Pelita foundation.Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Although third- and fourth-generation Indos are part of a fairly large minority community in the Netherlands, the path of assimilation ventured by their parents and grandparents has left them with little knowledge of their actual roots and history, even to the point that they find it hard to recognise their own cultura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Bascara, Victor (2006). Model-Minority Imperialism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816645121. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Gupta, Prachi (2023). They Called Us Exceptional: And Other Lies That Raised Us. New York, NY, USA: Crown, Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780593442982. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Freeman, Jonathan (Summer 2005). "Transgressions of a Model Minority". Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies. Special Issue: Race and Jews in America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Purdue University Press. 23 (4): 69–97. doi:10.1353/sho.2005.0147. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
ISSN 1534-5165. JSTOR 42944291. Yuan (Fall 2022). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
"Model Minority: The Myth Shaping Society". WOVEN: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Dietrich College. Dietrich College General Education Program: Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences:Carnegie Mellon University (1). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Taubenblatt, Emily; Ong, Anna-Leigh (May 20, 2021). "Model Minority Myths: Solidarity and Responsibility between the Asian American and Jewish American Communities". APCO Worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
Retrieved September 13, 2023. Nguyen, Viet Thanh (June 26, 2020) . "Asian Americans are Still Caught in the Trap of the 'Model Minority' Stereotype. And it Creates Inequality for All". Time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_minority |
The relationship between religion and HIV/AIDS has been an ongoing one, since the advent of the pandemic. Many faith communities have participated in raising awareness about HIV/AIDS, offering free treatment, as well as promoting HIV/AIDS testing and preventative measures. Christian denominations, such as Lutheranism a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
Many Christian denominations and Christian charities provide services for people living with HIV/AIDS. One example is the "Drug Resources Enhancement against Aids and Malnutrition" (DREAM), program promoted by the Christian Community of Sant'Egidio. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America annually observes World AID... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
Lutherans have held conferences on being "catalysts for ending discrimination of people with HIV or AIDS through destigmatization". The United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India runs voluntary blood testing camps and counselling centers to help those affected by HIV/AIDS. These outlets also "provide training for nu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
"The United Methodist Church teaches that individuals with HIV/AIDS should be welcomed and cared for; it supports ending discrimination against people living with the disease and supports education and awareness on HIV. To this end, Methodist churches have held conferences to achieve these aims, which included many chu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
The question of Islam and AIDS has arisen in recent years as the HIV/AIDS epidemic has grown stronger, with awareness and efforts to prevent the spread of the disease. Many Muslims view the AIDS epidemic through what is called the "prism of sin", and as the consequence of sinful behavior, such as prostitution, sex with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
The Muslim Awareness Programme (MAP), based in South Africa is a faith-based organization that promotes HIV/AIDS prevention strategies based on the moral teachings of Islam. These activities include the promotion of abstinence from all sexual activity outside marriage; refraining from drug use, and instilling faithfuln... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
As opposed to the Catholic Church and some other denominations or religions, today, there isn't any central Jewish religious authority that is acceptable by the vast majority of religious Jews or by most Jewish religious movements. Orthodox Judaism links between immoral sexual behavior and AIDS. Immanuel Jakobovits, Ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
This certainly is Jewish doctrine ..."In Jewish Orthodox society, having AIDS is considered a mark of disgrace.Conservative and Reform Judaism emphasize the importance of bikur cholim, the responsibility to care for the sick: "The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism calls upon all of its congregations to reach out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
The Catholic Church opposes condom use between heterosexual couples because it is an artificial form of contraception that does not rely on the functions of the body (and thus also God's will) to determine whether a conception will occur or not, and the Church believes it also serves to implicitly and inexcusably encou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
Vatican City clarifies, after Benedict's statement sows confusion, that the position of the Church on condoms has not changed. It is merely a statement that in homosexual relations, where unnatural contraception is not the main concern, condoms can be seen as moral responsibility in preventing HIV infections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
On November 23, 2010, Benedict furthermore stated that the concept of condoms as a lesser evil in preventing HIV infections can be applied to women as well. The use of condoms is the first step in taking responsibility and attempting to prevent the infection of one's partner. The Pope does not say anything about condom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
The United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India runs voluntary blood testing camps and counselling centers to diagnose and aid individuals that could have HIV/AIDS. These initiatives are aimed at helping individuals who speak an array of languages and have no access to public health centres. The Church has translated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
The United Church of Christ (UCC), a Reformed denomination of the Congregationalist tradition, promotes the distribution of condoms in churches and faith-based educational settings. Michael Shuenemeyer, a UCC minister, has stated that "The practice of safer sex is a matter of life and death. People of faith make condom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
In Thailand, some Buddhist monks encourage the use of condoms for HIV prevention. As part of Mechai Viravaidya's pro-condom campaign, Buddhist monks have offered blessed condoms for couples. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
At an ecumenical service, the World Council of Churches (WCC) issued a call to action focused on "reducing stigma and discrimination; increasing access to HIV services; defending human rights and ensuring testing and treatment for all, including children".The Conference of Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
Multiple months of drugs are provided to patients during their visits to Lutheran World Relief clinics. The Ministry Among People in Poverty (MAPP) Committee of the Evangelical Lutheran Church "encouraged all the bishops to support and be involved in local events on World AIDS Day, Dec. 1, including raising awareness a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS |
Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Diagnostic models do not currently include the criteria necessary to identify behaviors as addictions in a clinical setting. Behavioral addictions have been proposed as a new class in DSM-5, but the only category included is gambling addiction. Internet gaming addiction is included in the appendix as a condition for fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
In August 2011, the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) issued a public statement defining all addiction in terms of brain changes. "Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry." The following excerpts are taken from the organization's FAQs: The new ASAM d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
This is the first time that ASAM has taken an official position that addiction is not solely "substance dependence." This definition says that addiction is about functioning and brain circuitry and how the structure and function of the brains of persons with addiction differ from the structure and function of the brain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Food and sexual behaviors and gambling behaviors can be associated with the "pathological pursuit of rewards" described in this new definition of addiction. We all have the brain reward circuitry that makes food and sex rewarding. In fact, this is a survival mechanism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
In a healthy brain, these rewards have feedback mechanisms for satiety or 'enough.' In someone with addiction, the circuitry becomes dysfunctional such that the message to the individual becomes 'more', which leads to the pathological pursuit of rewards and/or relief through the use of substances and behaviors. So, any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Behavioral addiction is a treatable condition. Treatment options include psychotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy (i.e., medications) or a combination of both. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most common form of psychotherapy used in treating behavioral addictions; it focuses on identifying patterns that trigg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
During the session, therapists will lead patients through the topics of identifying the issue, becoming aware of one's thoughts surrounding the issue, identifying any negative or false thinking, and reshaping said negative and false thinking. While CBT does not cure behavioral addiction, it does help with coping with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
A recent narrative review in 2017 examined the existing literature for studies reporting associations between behavioural addictions (pathological gambling, problematic internet use, problematic online gaming, compulsive sexual behaviour disorder, compulsive buying and exercise addiction) and psychiatric disorders. Ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, has been identified as playing a critical role in the development of addictive states in both behavioral addictions and drug addictions. Overexpression of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations seen in drug addiction; it has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Several structures of the brain are important in the conditioning process of behavioral addiction; these subcortical structures form the brain regions known as the reward system. One of the major areas of study is the amygdala, a brain structure which involves emotional significance and associated learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Research shows that dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area facilitate a motivational or learned association to a specific behavior. Dopamine neurons take a role in the learning and sustaining of many acquired behaviors. Research specific to Parkinson's disease has led to identifying the intracellular ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
The most common mechanism of dopamine is to create addictive properties along with certain behaviors. There are three stages to the dopamine reward system: bursts of dopamine, triggering of behavior, and further impact to the behavior. Once electronically signaled, possibly through the behavior, dopamine neurons let ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
The behavior response then perpetuates the striated neurons to further send stimuli. The fast firing of dopamine neurons can be monitored over time by evaluating the amount of extracellular concentrations of dopamine through micro dialysis and brain imaging. This monitoring can lead to a model in which one can see the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Once the behavior is triggered, it is hard to work away from the dopamine reward system. Behaviors like gambling have been linked to the newfound idea of the brain's capacity to anticipate rewards. The reward system can be triggered by early detectors of the behavior, and trigger dopamine neurons to begin stimulating b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
Although many types of behavioral addictions are not formally recognized in medical diagnostic schema, they are the subject of addict mutual aid organizations, rehabilitation programs, clinician associations, research, and many publications, both professional and popular. These include: Sex addiction Compulsive spendin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction |
The ivory pomegranate is a thumb-sized semitic ornamental artifact acquired by the Israel Museum. It is not actually made of ivory, but of hippopotamus bone and bears an inscription; Holy (Sacred) to the Priest of the House of God (YHWH). At the time of its discovery, it was thought to have adorned the High Priest's sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
The artifact is a small ornamental bone object engraved with a short inscription in paleo-Hebrew. The inscription is inscribed in circular fashion along the shoulders of the pomegranate which is the shape of the fruit in blossom stage. A significant part of the body of the pomegranate is broken including two breaks to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
Two areas of this fracture are lighter shades and considered to be new breaks on top of the ancient break.The pomegranate was popular as a cultic object and was not unique to the worship of Yahweh. Archaeologist Aharon Kempinski has argued that, even if the inscription is authentic, the chance of it belonging to Solomo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
The missing letters could read (Ahijah) "H". At least three of the Biblical Ahijahs were priests and the inscription may be a reference to a priestly family rather than a deity. Halpern also notes that the unusual syntax of the inscription makes this interpretation philologically possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
The thumb-sized ivory pomegranate measuring 44 millimetres (1.7 in) in height, bears an ancient Hebrew inscription that reads, depending on the point chosen as the beginning in the circular inscription, "Belonging to the Temple of YHWH, holy to the priests" or "Sacred donation for the priests of the Temple of YHWH".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
It was considered the most important item of biblical antiquities in the Israel Museum's collection.In 2004, the Investigative Committee of Israel alleged it was a part of an antiquities fraud and was involved with other suspected archaeological forgeries such as the Jehoash Inscription. This resulted in a major invest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
This was the first time a criminal court had been asked to rule in a case of antiquities forgery. On March 14, 2012, Golan was acquitted of all charges of forgery after the judge found that police had failed to prove forgery beyond all reasonable doubt. Although the indictment alleged that the pomegranate inscription w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
Judge Aharon Farkash stated that the acquittal did not mean that the objects were "true and authentic".In May 2007, three members of the original investigative committee re-examined the inscription to evaluate the counter-arguments of André Lemaire, who was invited to join them. Shmuel Ahituv, Aaron Demsky and Yuval Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_pomegranate |
Agnipravesham (Sanskrit: अग्निप्रवेशम, romanized: Agnipraveśam, lit. 'Fiery entrance'), also called Agnipariksha (Sanskrit: अग्निपरीक्षा, romanized: Agniparīkṣā, lit. 'fiery ordeal') is the mythical practice of self-immolation described in Hindu literature. It is primarily associated with the ordeal of Sita in the Rama... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnipravesham |
In the last book of the Ramayana, Sita undergoes the agnipravesham to offer evidence of her purity to her husband, Rama, and the people of Ayodhya, after suspicions are cast upon her virtue due to her abduction by Ravana. She invokes Agni, the god of fire, who rescues her, thereby testifying to her fidelity to Rama. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnipravesham |
The Peru–Yale University dispute was a century-long conflict between the government of Peru and Yale University about the rightful ownership of Inca human remains and artifacts from Machu Picchu, an ancient Inca site high in the Peruvian Andes active c. 1420–1532. In the several years following his re-discovery of Mach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The circumstances of these transfers were disputed, with some, including Bingham, claiming that Yale agreed to borrow the artifacts for a period of 18 months to conduct studies. Peru attempted to regain the collection in the 1920s, but Yale resisted. Tensions rose between 2006 and 2010 with a lawsuit, activism by Peruv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
President Barack Obama by then–Peruvian President Alan Garcia. On November 19, 2010, Peru and Yale reached an agreement that the remains and artifacts would be returned. In early 2011, Yale and University of Cusco (UNSAAC) signed a further agreement that the two institutions would partner to create a museum and researc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Machu Picchu is an Inca site high in the Andes mountains. Archeologists believe that at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) elevation, Machu Picchu was a summer retreat for the Inca Emperor Pachacutec and his close associates. The walled and terraced site contains palaces, baths, temples, and 150 houses carved from granite blocks assem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The Incas planted potatoes and maize and used advanced farming techniques such as terracing and irrigation. Machu Picchu was occupied c. 1420–1532, but by 1527, a smallpox epidemic halved the population, and the site was abandoned by the time conquistador Francisco Pizzaro arrived in 1532. Machu Picchu, which was decla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Hiram Bingham first learned about Machu Picchu while he was a lecturer in South American history at Yale University. On his return from a 1908 trip to Chile, he traveled through Peru, where he heard stories of a “lost” Inca city. Intrigued, Bingham returned to Peru in 1911 and, with the help of local guides who already... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Later that year Bingham wrote an article for National Geographic magazine, which helped to popularize the ruins internationally. The New York Times called it “the greatest archaeological discovery of the age.” Bingham’s 1911 photos of Machu Picchu caused a “worldwide sensation”.Further trips in 1912 and 1914 were funde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Tulane University anthropologist John Verano commented on the origins of the dispute, saying “There's some difference of opinion whether Hiram Bingham had a legitimate permit to export.” A November 1916 letter from Bingham to Gilbert H. Grosvenor of the National Geographic Society suggests that Bingham believed the obj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Colin Renfrew, professor of archeology at Cambridge University, called the export deal between Bingham and Peru “very murky". To further complicate the dispute, there is some disagreement about the contents of the crates Bingham removed. Peru expert Christopher Heaney points out that at the time, excavators often faile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The objects were held by Yale for nearly 100 years. During this period, they were sometimes on display at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, and sometimes in traveling exhibits. For example, between 2003 and 2006, many of the pieces were on tour as part of the exhibit "Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
He explained, "They always wrote back with different excuses – first they said they needed more time to evaluate the pieces, then, in later years, said they were studying our requests for the return.”On October 26, 1920, Peru asked Yale to return the objects. Peru attempted to exercise their right to extract the artifa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
I wish there were some other way out of it.” Yale responded by asking the Peruvian government for an extension until January 1, 1922, which was granted. However, the date passed and no artifacts were returned. Yale claimed that it tried to reach an agreement but the Peruvians rejected their attempts. Nevertheless, Yale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
In the 2000s, attitudes were shifting towards repatriation of museum artifacts, including Greek and Roman antiquities, but also those from Mesoamerica and South America. At the time, there was a “recent upsurge of ownership controversies between U.S. museums and foreign governments.” Similar stories were unfolding betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Patty Gerstenblith, a law professor at DePaul University who specializes in cultural property issues called the out-of-court settlement in this case “a quick and easy resolution". Similar stories were playing out at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio, and the Cleveland Museum of Art. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Greece has demanded that Britain return marble statues from the Parthenon in Athens. As a result, these developments were already having an effect on museums’ policies for new acquisitions. Museums were instituting stricter acquisition policies, and more thorough research, to ensure the provenance of their pieces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
In 2001 the repatriation dispute was re-ignited. The Yale personnel in charge of the artifacts at the time included Yale professor Richard Burger and Peabody Museum curator Lucy Salazar. The pair approached new Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo about co-creating an exhibit. While Toledo and his wife Eliane Karp, an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
For the next ten years, Peru would demand the return of the entire collection.Negotiations began in 2003, and by 2005 there were discussions of starting a museum at Machu Picchu to hold the artifacts. Yale deputy arts provost Barbara Shailor offered Peru a deal in which Yale would return a "substantial number" of objec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
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