text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
Another argument is that Marx's theory does not account for things such as time. For example, yeast is added to crushed grapes to turn them into wine. No human labor is involved yet the value of the wine is higher than that of the grapes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Another example is that wine gains value as it ages, even though for Marx the aging process shouldn't add value. This would indicate value could arise from sources other than labor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
It has also been argued that Marx's theory ignores time preference (the common preference for goods and services immediately rather than later). Workers generally prefer to be paid when their work is completed rather than when it is sold (which could be much later). For workers to be paid immediately, they must be give... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
According to some Marxists, the first two types of objection above cut to the heart of the main dispute between Marx and mainstream economic theory—their different conceptions of value. For Marx's critics, value, if it exists at all, is a technical feature of economic calculus or is simply another word for the price of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
The fact that the productive force of labour appears within capitalism as the productive force of capital was for Marx an example of reification of the relations of production or of commodity fetishism. In other words, property (a "thing") is given human powers and characteristics which it does not truly have. Economis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
The ratio, c/v is one measure of the organic composition of capital. As noted above, the distinction between constant and variable capital overlaps with the distinction between fixed capital and circulating capital. Constant capital has both fixed and circulating components: for example, the fixed constant capital woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Šatrovački (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: ; Serbian Cyrillic: шатровачки) or šatra (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: ; Serbian Cyrillic: шатра) is an argot within the Serbo-Croatian language. Šatrovački was initially developed by various subcultures and criminal groups in Yugoslavia, and became employed as a device of sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
Words are formed by replacing the syllable order. For example: pivo (beer), becomes vopi. The new word has the same meaning as the original word stem. Since the spelling is nearly phonetic it does not change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
However, sometimes one of the vowels is changed to make the new word easier to pronounce, avoid ambiguity, or if the stem word is not in nominative. For example, trava ("grass", marijuana) would become vutra instead of vatra ("fire"). Some words are more commonly spoken in Šatrovački than others, but there is no specif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
Examples of transformed sentences (although, most of the words in a single sentence are rarely transformed) are: Brate, neću da igram fudbal. — Tebra, ćune da grami balfud. ("Bro, I don't want to play football.") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
Zemun zakon brate. — Munze konza tebra. (literally: "Zemun is the law, bro" - meaning: "Zemun rules, dude") Pazi brate, murija! | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
— Zipa tebra, rijamu! ("Watch out mate - cops! ", murija slang for police) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
zeldi - dizel (Dizelaši, chavs) ciba - baci (throw; imperative) mojne - nemoj (don't; imperative) loma - malo (a little, few) tebra - brate (brother; vocative) Ganci - Ciganin (Gypsy) ljakse - seljak (peasant, redneck) zipa - pazi (watch out, pay attention; imperative) tenkre - kreten (retard) zabr nahra - brza hrana (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
Utrovački (Утровачки) is a more complex form of šatrovački. Words are formed using: U + last part + ZA + first part + NJE. E.g. vikipedija (Wikipedia) becomes ukipedijazavinje. Today, utrovački is not widely used. Alternative Utrovački is same as above, but without "ZA", e.g. pivo (beer) becomes uvopinje, or cigare (ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
A more simplified version of šatrovački is using only parts of the word, while excluding the first syllable, and is most commonly used among young people in Serbia. For example, koncert (concert) would be shortened to cert. The rules of creating a new word that can be used in nominative while the stem is not apply simi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
zika - muzika (music) cert - koncert (concert) Đava - tvrđava (fortress, almost exclusively refers to Petrovaradin fortress in Novi Sad) gari - drugar (friend) fika - trafika (news stand) kić - sokić (diminutive of juice) nica - stanica (station) šulja - košulja (shirt) lone - pantalone (trousers) tike - patike (sneake... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
A very rare but present form of expression found in the Belgrade projects (blokovi). Words are reconstructed by adding various suffixes so that the original word remains relatively intact. Usually, the basis is šatrovački. The resulting words have a generally diminutive meaning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
kajblo or kićblo - blok (Blok of suburb Blokovi or New Belgrade) kićso or kajso - sok (juice) pajdo - dop (heroin)These diminutives can later be combined using the Šatrovački method, resulting in words like kajblo, or kićblo. It is hard to locate the origin of this version of the urban dialect, but it is found in neigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
dipizepel - dizel (diesel) bapacipi - baci (throw) nepemopoj - nemoj (don't) mapalopo - malo (some) brapatepe - brate (brother) cipigapan - cigan (gypsy) pepedeper - peder (homosexual) sepeljapak - seljak (peasant) papazipi - pazi (pay attention) krepetepen - kreten (idiot) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Šatrovački |
Naomi I. Eisenberger (born in San Francisco) is a social psychologist known for her research on the neural basis of social pain and social connection. She is professor of social psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she directs the Social and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory and co-direc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
Eisenberger grew up in San Francisco. She completed her undergraduate and graduate studies at UCLA, where she was mentored by Margaret Kemeny and Shelley Taylor.Eisenberger is married to professor Matthew Lieberman and they have a son. Together they have co-authored several research papers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
Eisenberger's main interests (as listed on her personal website) are the neural basis of social rejection and social connection, and the relationship between social support and physical health. Her work in this area has emphasized the profound impact of social relationships on emotional and physical well-being. Her wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
According to Eisenberger, the same neural regions that are activated in response to physical pain are also activated when one feels socially excluded. The feeling of social exclusion can be caused by exclusion from one person or a group of people. Her paper Does Rejection Hurt? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
An fMRI study of social exclusion, tested the hypothesis that the brain bases of social pain are similar to those of physical pain by examining the brain activity of participants who were excluded while playing a virtual ball tossing game. Participants were subject to FMRI scans while playing the virtual ball game and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
The automatic response caused by physical pain is a frequent activator of the anterior cingulate cortex. The participants' scans showed that the anterior cingulate cortex was more active during the game when they were excluded than when they were included. The study also showed that the right ventral prefrontal cortex ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Eisenberger |
The meridian 94° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 94th meridian west forms a great circle with the 86th meridian east. In the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 94th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_meridian_west |
Positive illusions are unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them. Positive illusions are a form of self-deception or self-enhancement that feel good; maintain self-esteem; or avoid discomfort, at least in the short term. There are three general forms: in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
In the above-average effect, people regard themselves more positively than they regard others and less negatively than others regard them. Positive attributes are judged to be more descriptive of themselves than of an average person, whereas negative ones are judged to be less descriptive of themselves than of an avera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Like many forms of human perception, self-perception is prone to illusion. Positive illusions have been commonly understood as one of the apparent effects of self-enhancement, a desire to maximize the positivity of one's self-views and a function of boosting self-esteem. It might be due to the desire to see oneself mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
In fact, the negative-viewers were found to display the opposite pattern. Research suggests that there may be some genetic contributions to the ability of developing positive illusions. Early environment also plays an important role, in which people are more able to develop these positive beliefs in nurturing environme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
In addition, tasks that shifted attention from the self to the comparative target would stop people overly optimising.The cultural prevalence also has a significant role in positive illusions. Although it is easy to document positive illusions in individualistic Western cultures, people in collectivist East Asian cultu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Positive illusions can have advantages and disadvantages for the individual, and there is a controversy over whether they are evolutionarily adaptive. The illusions may have direct health benefits by helping the person cope with stress, or by promoting work towards success. On the other hand, unrealistically positive e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Taylor and Brown's Social Psychological Model of mental health has assumed that positive beliefs would be tied to psychological well-being, and that positive self-evaluations, even unrealistic, would promote good mental health. The reference to well-being here means the ability to feel good about oneself, to be creativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
People who are able to develop or maintain their positive beliefs in the face of these potential setbacks tend to cope more successfully with them, and show less psychological distress than those less able. For example, psychological research shows that cancer survivors often report a higher quality of life than people... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
This relates to the concept of psychological resilience or an individual's ability to cope with challenges and stress. Self-enhancing was found to be correlated with resilience in the face of the 9/11 tragedy among participants either in or near the towers.People also hold positive illusions because such beliefs often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Positive illusions can be argued to be adaptive because they enable people to feel hopeful in the face of uncontrollable risks.In addition, there seems to be a relationship between illusions and positive mood. Studies have found that the direction of this relationship is that positive illusions cause positive mood stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Its results indicate that different forms of self-enhancement are positively linked to personal adjustment (high subjective well-being and low depressiveness). Self-enhancement was not only linked to self-ratings of personal adjustment, but also to adjustment ratings made by informants (including clinical experts). Fur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Apart from having better psychological adjustment with more active coping, the ability to develop and sustain positive beliefs in the face of setbacks has its health benefits. Research with men who had the HIV virus, or already diagnosed with AIDS has shown that those who hold unrealistically positive assessments of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
There are several potential risks that may arise if people hold positive illusions about their personal qualities and likely outcomes. First of all, they might set themselves up for unpleasant surprises for which they are ill-prepared when their overly optimistic beliefs are disconfirmed. They may also have to tackle t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
People's beliefs are more realistic at times when realism serves them particularly well: for example, when initially making plans; when accountability is likely or following negative feedback from the environment. Following a setback or failure, all is still not lost, as people's overly positive beliefs may be used aga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Research shows that when people are deliberating future courses of actions for themselves, such as whether to take a particular job or go to graduate school, their perceptions are fairly realistic, but they can become overly optimistic when they turn to implementing their plans. Although there is no guarantee that one'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
The authors suggested that the social costs occur when one's definition of ability is perceived to be the only one relevant to achievement outcomes. In other words, wherever people fail to recognise when other plausible definitions of ability are relevant for success, estimates of their future well-being will be overst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Although more academic attention has focused on positive illusions, there are systematic negative illusions that are revealed under slightly different circumstances. For example, while college students rate themselves as more likely than average to live to 70, they believe they are less likely than average to live to 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Depressive realism suggests that depressed people actually have a more realistic view of themselves and the world than mentally healthy people. The nature of depression seems to have its role in diminishing positive illusions. For example, individuals who are low in self-esteem, slightly depressed, or both, are more ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Likewise, these mildly depressed individuals are found to be less vulnerable to overestimations of (their) control over events and to assess future circumstances in biased fashion.However, these findings may not be because depressed people have fewer illusions than people who are not depressed. Studies such as Dykman e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
Also, Msetfi et al. (2005) and Msetfi et al. (2007) found that when replicating Alloy and Abramson's findings the overestimation of control in nondepressed people only showed up when the interval was long enough, implying that this is because they take more aspects of a situation into account than their depressed count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_illusions |
The term womxn is an alternative spelling of the English word woman. Womxn, along with the term womyn, has been found in writing since the 1970s to avoid perceived sexism in the standard spelling, which contains the word man.The term "womxn" has been adopted by various organizations, including student university groups... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
The word woman is derived from the Old English word wīfmann ('woman-person'), which is formed from wīf (the source of wife), then meaning 'woman', and mann (the source of man), then meaning 'person, human', originally without connotations of gender. Man took on its additional masculine meaning in the Late Middle Englis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
Dictionary.com, which added womxn to its dictionary in 2019, defines womxn as "used, especially in intersectional feminism, as an alternative spelling to avoid the suggestion of sexism perceived in the sequences m-a-n and m-e-n, and to be inclusive of trans and nonbinary women." The Oxford English Dictionary added womx... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
In 2018, Jennie Kermode, chair of Trans Media Watch, stated that the organization would not use the term, considering that women already includes trans women. In a 2019 Styles article published in The New York Times, journalist Breena Kerr stated that while womxn was difficult to pronounce, it was "perhaps the most inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
In 2017, the Womxn's March on Seattle chose to use the term "womxn" to promote the march. Elizabeth Hunter-Keller, the event's communications chair, told The New York Times that they chose it based upon the recommendation of a core organizer, who was a nonbinary person, and to reflect the organizing group's diversity. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
Labour Party politician Jess Phillips responded to the incident by saying, "I've never met a trans woman who was offended by the word woman being used, so I'm not sure why this keeps happening". Clara Bradbury-Rance of King's College London conjectured that the push-back was because the use of the term was seen as too ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womxn |
LPA* or Lifelong Planning A* is an incremental heuristic search algorithm based on A*. It was first described by Sven Koenig and Maxim Likhachev in 2001. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
LPA* is an incremental version of A*, which can adapt to changes in the graph without recalculating the entire graph, by updating the g-values (distance from start) from the previous search during the current search to correct them when necessary. Like A*, LPA* uses a heuristic, which is a lower boundary for the cost o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
With the exception of the start and goal node, each node n has predecessors and successors: Any node from which an edge leads towards n is a predecessor of n. Any node to which an edge leads from n is a successor of n.In the following description, these two terms refer only to the immediate predecessors and successors,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
LPA* maintains two estimates of the start distance g*(n) for each node: g(n), the previously calculated g-value (start distance) as in A* rhs(n), a lookahead value based on the g-values of the node’s predecessors (the minimum of all g(n' ) + d(n' , n), where n' is a predecessor of n and d(x, y) is the cost of the edge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
When a node becomes locally inconsistent (because the cost of its predecessor or the edge linking it to a predecessor has changed), it is placed in a priority queue for re-evaluation. LPA* uses a two-dimensional key: k ( n ) = = {\displaystyle k(n)={\begin{bmatrix}k_{1}(n)\\k_{2}(n)\\\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
The top node in the queue is expanded as follows: If the rhs-value of a node equals its g-value, the node is locally consistent and is removed from the queue. If the rhs-value of a node is less than its g-value (known as a locally overconsistent node), the g-value is changed to match the rhs-value, making the node loca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
If the rhs-value of a node is greater than its g-value (known as a locally underconsistent node), the g-value is set to infinity (which makes the node either locally overconsistent or locally consistent). If the node is then locally consistent, it is removed from the queue, else its key is updated.Since changing the g-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
The graph is initialized by setting the rhs-value of the start node to 0 and its g-value to infinity. For all other nodes, both the g-value and the rhs-value are assumed to be infinity until assigned otherwise. This initially makes the start node the only locally inconsistent node, and thus the only node in the queue. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
When the cost of an edge changes, LPA* examines all nodes affected by the change, i.e. all nodes at which one of the changed edges terminates (if an edge can be traversed in both directions and the change affects both directions, both nodes connected by the edge are examined): The rhs-values of the nodes are updated. N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
Once node expansion has finished (i.e. the exit conditions are met), the shortest path is evaluated. If the cost for the goal equals infinity, there is no finite-cost path from start to goal. Otherwise, the shortest path can be determined by moving backwards: Start at the goal. Move to the predecessor n' of the current... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
This code assumes a priority queue queue, which supports the following operations: topKey() returns the (numerically) lowest priority of any node in the queue (or infinity if the queue is empty) pop() removes the node with the lowest priority from the queue and returns it insert(node, priority) inserts a node with a gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
Being algorithmically similar to A*, LPA* shares many of its properties. Each node is expanded (visited) at most twice for each run of LPA*. Locally overconsistent nodes are expanded at most once per LPA* run, thus its initial run (in which every node enters the overconsistent state) has similar performance to A*, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
The more informed (and thus larger) the heuristics are (while still satisfying the admissibility criteria), the fewer nodes need to be expanded. The priority queue implementation has a significant impact on performance, as in A*. Using a Fibonacci heap can lead to a significant performance increase over less efficient ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
D* Lite, a reimplementation of the D* algorithm based on LPA* == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_Planning_A* |
A potlatch is a gift-giving feast practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of Canada and the United States, among whom it is traditionally the primary governmental institution, legislative body, and economic system. This includes the Heiltsuk, Haida, Nuxalk, Tlingit, Makah, Tsimshian, Nuu-chah-nul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Potlatches are also focused on the reaffirmation of family, clan, and international connections, and the human connection with the supernatural world. Potlatch also serves as a strict resource management regime, where coastal peoples discuss, negotiate, and affirm rights to and uses of specific territories and resource... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The honouring of the supernatural and the recitation of oral histories are a central part of many potlatches. From 1885 to 1951, the Government of Canada criminalized potlatches. However, the practice persisted underground despite the risk of government reprisals including mandatory jail sentences of at least two month... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
N.B. This overview concerns the Kwakwaka'wakw potlatch. Potlatch traditions and formalities and kinship systems in other cultures of the region differ, often substantially.A potlatch was held on the occasion of births, deaths, adoptions, weddings, and other major events. Typically the potlatch was practiced more in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The event was hosted by a numaym, or 'House', in Kwakwaka'wakw culture. A numaym was a complex cognatic kin group usually headed by aristocrats, but including commoners and occasional slaves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
It had about one hundred members and several would be grouped together into a nation. The House drew its identity from its ancestral founder, usually a mythical animal who descended to earth and removed his animal mask, thus becoming human. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The mask became a family heirloom passed from father to son along with the name of the ancestor himself. This made him the leader of the numaym, considered the living incarnation of the founder. : 192 Only rich people could host a potlatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Tribal slaves were not allowed to attend a potlatch as a host or a guest. In some instances, it was possible to have multiple hosts at one potlatch ceremony (although when this occurred the hosts generally tended to be from the same family). If a member of a nation had suffered an injury or indignity, hosting a potlatc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The potlatch was the occasion on which titles associated with masks and other objects were "fastened on" to a new office holder. Two kinds of titles were transferred on these occasions. Firstly, each numaym had a number of named positions of ranked "seats" (which gave them a seat at potlatches) transferred within itsel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
These ranked titles granted rights to hunting, fishing and berrying territories. : 198 Secondly, there were a number of titles that would be passed between numayma, usually to in-laws, which included feast names that gave one a role in the Winter Ceremonial. : 194 Aristocrats felt safe giving these titles to their out-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
: 201 Any one individual might have several "seats" which allowed them to sit, in rank order, according to their title, as the host displayed and distributed wealth and made speeches. Besides the transfer of titles at a potlatch, the event was given "weight" by the distribution of other less important objects such as C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
: 205 On occasion, preserved food was also given as a gift during a potlatch ceremony. Gifts known as sta-bigs consisted of preserved food that was wrapped in a mat or contained in a storage basket.Dorothy Johansen describes the dynamic: "In the potlatch, the host in effect challenged a guest chieftain to exceed him in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Hierarchical relations within and between clans, villages, and nations, were observed and reinforced through the distribution or sometimes destruction of wealth, dance performances, and other ceremonies. The status of any given family is raised not by who has the most resources, but by who distributes the most resource... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Potlatch ceremonies were also used as coming-of-age rituals. When children were born, they would be given their first name at the time of their birth (which was usually associated with the location of their birthplace). About a year later, the child's family would hold a potlatch and give gifts to the guests in attenda... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
During this potlatch, the family would give the child their second name. Once the child reached about 12 years of age, they were expected to hold a potlatch of their own by giving out small gifts that they had collected to their family and people, at which point they would be able to receive their third name.For some c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Chief O'wax̱a̱laga̱lis of the Kwagu'ł describes the potlatch in his famous speech to anthropologist Franz Boas, We will dance when our laws command us to dance, we will feast when our hearts desire to feast. Do we ask the white man, 'Do as the Indian does'? No, we do not. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Why, then, will you ask us, 'Do as the white man does'? It is a strict law that bids us to dance. It is a strict law that bids us to distribute our property among our friends and neighbors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
It is a good law. Let the white man observe his law; we shall observe ours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
And now, if you are come to forbid us to dance, begone; if not, you will be welcome to us. Among the various First Nations groups which inhabited the region along the coast, a variety of differences existed in regards to practises relating to the potlatch ceremony. Each nation, community, and sometimes clan maintained ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The Tlingit and Kwakiutl nations of the Pacific Northwest, for example, held potlatch ceremonies for different occasions. The Tlingit potlatches occurred for succession (the granting of tribal titles or land) and funerals. The Kwakiutl potlatches, on the other hand, occurred for marriages and incorporating new people i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The potlatch, as an overarching term, is quite general, since some cultures have many words in their language for various specific types of gatherings. It is important to keep this variation in mind as most of our detailed knowledge of the potlatch was acquired from the Kwakwaka'wakw around Fort Rupert on Vancouver Isl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Prior to European colonization, gifts included storable food (oolichan, or candlefish, oil or dried food), canoes, slaves, and ornamental "coppers" among aristocrats, but not resource-generating assets such as hunting, fishing and berrying territories. Coppers were sheets of beaten copper, shield-like in appearance; th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
They were only ever owned by individual aristocrats, and never by numaym, hence could circulate between groups. Coppers began to be produced in large numbers after the colonization of Vancouver Island in 1849 when war and slavery were ended. : 206 The arrival of Europeans resulted in the introduction of numerous diseas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Competition for the fixed number of potlatch titles grew as commoners began to seek titles from which they had previously been excluded by making their own remote or dubious claims validated by a potlatch. Aristocrats increased the size of their gifts in order to retain their titles and maintain social hierarchy. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Potlatching was made illegal in Canada in 1884 in an amendment to the Indian Act, largely at the urging of missionaries and government agents who considered it "a worse than useless custom" that was seen as wasteful, unproductive, and contrary to 'civilized values' of accumulation. The potlatch was seen as a key target... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Section 3 of the Act read,Every Indian or other person who engages in or assists in celebrating the Indian festival known as the "Potlatch" or the Indian dance known as the "Tamanawas" is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not more than six nor less than two months in any gaol or ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
It is the great desire of every chief and even of every man to collect a large amount of property, and then to give a great potlatch, a feast in which all is distributed among his friends, and, if possible, among the neighboring tribes. These feasts are so closely connected with the religious ideas of the natives, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Therefore the law is not a good one, and can not be enforced without causing general discontent. Besides, the Government is unable to enforce it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The settlements are so numerous, and the Indian agencies so large, that there is nobody to prevent the Indians doing whatsoever they like. Eventually the potlatch law, as it became known, was amended to be more inclusive and address technicalities that had led to dismissals of prosecutions by the court. Legislation inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The Indigenous people were too large to police and the law too difficult to enforce. Duncan Campbell Scott convinced Parliament to change the offence from criminal to summary, which meant "the agents, as justice of the peace, could try a case, convict, and sentence". Even so, except in a few small areas, the law was ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
The potlatch ban was repealed in 1951. Sustaining the customs and culture of their ancestors, Indigenous people now openly hold potlatches to commit to the restoring of their ancestors' ways. Potlatches now occur frequently and increasingly more over the years as families reclaim their birthright. Anthropologist Sergei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Kan notes that there was a language gap during the ceremonies between the older members of the nation and the younger members of the nation (age fifty and younger) due to the fact that most of the younger members of the nation do not speak the Tlingit language. Kan also notes that unlike traditional potlatches, contemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
In his 1925 book The Gift, the French ethnologist Marcel Mauss used the term potlatch to refer to a whole set of exchange practices in tribal societies characterized by "total prestations", i.e., a system of gift giving with political, religious, kinship and economic implications. These societies' economies are marked ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potlatch |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.