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Yale deputy arts provost Barbara Shailor articulated some of Yale’s positions on the matter after Peru rejected Yale’s offer of a partial return. She argued that under Peruvian law in 1912, Yale became the owner of the collection "at the time of their excavation and ever since.” She also said that in order to avoid a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, the first indigenous person to hold the office, set the repatriation of the Machu Picchu artifacts as a priority. The repatriation would help restore nationalist sentiment, and would also augment the tourist experience at Peru’s biggest attraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
In March 2006, after the Peruvian government rejected Yale's proposal to divide the artifacts between the two countries, it instead threatened to sue the university. Peruvian Ambassador Eduardo Ferrero said that Bingham took objects from Machu Picchu "with the legal authorization and express understanding of all the pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The activists urged then-President Alejandro Toledo to move forward with the lawsuit against Yale.In 2008 Yale gave permission to Peru to inspect the collection. Cecilia Bákula, head of the Peruvian National Institute of Culture, inventoried the collection and claimed that 46,332 of Yale’s objects were held illegally. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
District Court for the District of Columbia; Yale filed motions to dismiss, and Peru filed counter-motions. Yale called Peru’s lawsuit “stale and meritless”. Stephanie Swanson, writing in the San Diego International Law Journal, called the export of artifacts to Yale “questionable”, and concluded that “Peru never trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
"In June of 2010, Peruvian President Alan Garcia reached out to U.S. President Barack Obama for assistance in getting the artifacts returned. That same month, thousands of Peruvian protesters demonstrated in several cities demanding the return of the artifacts.An October 2010 opinion piece in the Yale Daily News, writt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The alumni clarified that their concern was not whether “Yale’s legal arguments are logically defensible or not”, but rather about “Yale’s rising above such conflict, putting legal distinctions aside, showing a willingness to accommodate the enormous importance of these objects to Peru”. The letter concluded with refer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
"Former Connecticut Sen. Christopher Dodd released a statement: “The Machu Picchu artifacts do not belong to any government, to any institution, or to any university. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
They belong to the people of Peru. I plan to work with both parties to resolve this dispute quickly, amicably, and return the artifacts to their rightful owners.” Tulane’s Verano had “sympathy for both sides”.In early November 2010, Foreign Minister Jose Garcia Belaunde stated that an agreement was expected soon. Belau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
On November 19, 2010, Peru and Yale reached an agreement that the remains and artifacts would be returned. Peruvian President Alan Garcia made this statement: The Peruvian government is grateful for this decision and recognizes that Yale University conserved these parts and pieces that otherwise would have been dispers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The museum would be at the Inca palace of Casa Concha in Cusco, and would display pottery, stone tools, and human bones. In the 2011 museum deal, The Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History would retain a small portion of the artifacts on loan. Following the agreement, Yale President Richard C. Levin said, "This agreeme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The artifacts were returned to Peru in three shipments, made in March 2011, December 2011, and November 2012. Yale financed these. Since their return, the artifacts have been held at the International Center for the Study of Machu Picchu and Inca Culture. Yale and the San Antonio Abad University in Cuzco are co-steward... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Irina Petukhova, a professor of psychology at Russian State University for the Humanities in Moscow and a Fulbright scholar at Yale, commented on the significance of the dispute: “I do not think this is a problem of the museum ... This is a political and an ethical problem, and it is certainly a world problem.” | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
The collection contains between 4,000 and 40,000 artifacts, though the exact count depends on how the artifacts are catalogued. According to Yale, about 350 of these artifacts are of a high enough quality to display in a museum. Verano stated that although most of the artifacts are fragments and shards not suited for m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru–Yale_University_dispute |
Neocolonialism is the continuation or reimposition of imperialist rule by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony). Neocolonialism takes the form of economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence or control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Neocolonialism frequently affects all levels of society, creating neo-colonial systems that disadvantage local communities, such as neo-colonial science. Coined by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1956, it was first used by Kwame Nkrumah in the context of African countries undergoing decolonisation in the 196... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
When first proposed, neocolonialism was applied to European countries' continued economic and cultural relationships with their former colonies, those African countries that had been liberated in the aftermath of Second World War. At the 1962 National Union of Popular Forces conference, Mehdi Ben Barka, the Moroccan po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The pamphlet frames 19th-century imperialism as the logical extension of geopolitical power, to meet the financial investment needs of the political economy of capitalism.In Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism, Kwame Nkrumah wrote: In place of colonialism, as the main instrument of imperialism, we have today... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The struggle against neo-colonialism is not aimed at excluding the capital of the developed world from operating in less developed countries. It is also dubious in consideration of the name given being strongly related to the concept of colonialism itself. It is aimed at preventing the financial power of the developed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The representative example of European neocolonialism is Françafrique, the "French Africa" constituted by the continued close relationships between France and its former African colonies.In 1955, the initial usage of the term "French Africa", by President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Ivory Coast, denoted positive social, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
At both the Tunis conference (1960) and the Cairo conference (1961), AAPC described the actions of the French Community of independent states, organised by France, as neocolonial.The politician Jacques Foccart, the principal adviser for African matters to French presidents Charles de Gaulle (1958–1969) and Georges Pomp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Belgium's approach to Belgian Congo has been characterized as a quintessential example of neocolonialism, as the Belgians embraced rapid decolonization of the Congo with the expectation that the newly independent state would become dependent on Belgium. This dependence would allow the Belgians to exert control over Con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
In 1961, regarding the economic mechanism of neocolonial control, in the speech Cuba: Historical Exception or Vanguard in the Anti-colonial Struggle?, Argentine revolutionary Che Guevara said: We, politely referred to as "underdeveloped", in truth, are colonial, semi-colonial or dependent countries. We are countries wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
We, the "underdeveloped", are also those with the single crop, the single product, the single market. A single product whose uncertain sale depends on a single market imposing and fixing conditions. That is the great formula for imperialist economic domination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Dependency theory is the theoretical description of economic neocolonialism. It proposes that the global economic system comprises wealthy countries at the centre, and poor countries at the periphery. Economic neocolonialism extracts the human and natural resources of a poor country to flow to the economies of the weal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Dependency theory derives from the Marxist analysis of economic inequalities within the world's system of economies, thus, under-development of the periphery is a direct result of development in the centre. It includes the concept of the late 19th century semi-colony. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
It contrasts the Marxist perspective of the theory of colonial dependency with capitalist economics. The latter proposes that poverty is a development stage in the poor country's progress towards full integration in the global economic system. Proponents of dependency theory, such as Venezuelan historian Federico Brito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
During the mid-to-late 20th century, in the course of the ideological conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., each country and its satellite states accused each other of practising neocolonialism in their imperial and hegemonic pursuits. The struggle included proxy wars, fought by client states in the decolonised c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
of sponsoring anti-democratic governments whose regimes did not represent the interests of their people and of overthrowing elected governments (African, Asian, Latin American) that did not support U.S. geopolitical interests.In the 1960s, under the leadership of Chairman Mehdi Ben Barka, the Cuban Tricontinental Confe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Critics of neocolonialism also argue that investment by multinational corporations enriches few in underdeveloped countries and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological damage to their populations. They argue that this results in unsustainable development and perpetual underdevelopment. These countries remain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
In some countries, monopolization of natural resources, while initially leading to an influx of investment, is often followed by increases in unemployment, poverty and a decline in per-capita income.In the West African nations of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Mauritania, fishing was historically central to the economy. Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
American economist Jeffrey Sachs recommended that the entire African debt (c. US$200 billion) be dismissed, and recommended that African nations not repay either the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF): The time has come to end this charade. The debts are unaffordable. If they won't cancel the debts, I ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Wallerstein, and separately Frank, claim that the modern conservation movement, as practiced by international organisations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, inadvertently developed a neocolonial relationship with underdeveloped nations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
There is an ongoing debate about whether certain actions by the United States should be considered neocolonialism. Nayna J. Jhaveri, writing in Antipode, views the 2003 invasion of Iraq as a form of "petroimperialism", believing that the U.S. was motivated to go to war to attain vital oil reserves, rather than to pursu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
He argues that the U.S. seeks to suppress any movements within these countries that are not compliant with U.S. interests and to ensure that U.S.-friendly governments are placed in power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
When discussing current events, he emphasizes their place within a wider historical perspective. He believes that official, sanctioned historical accounts of U.S. and British extraterritorial operations have consistently whitewashed these nations' actions in order to present them as having benevolent motives in either ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Prominent examples he regularly cites are the actions of the British Empire in India and Africa and the actions of the U.S. in Vietnam, the Philippines, Latin America, and the Middle East.Chomsky's political work has centered heavily on criticizing the actions of the United States. He has said he focuses on the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
because the country has militarily and economically dominated the world during his lifetime and because its liberal democratic electoral system allows the citizenry to influence government policy. His hope is that, by spreading awareness of the impact U.S. foreign policies have on the populations affected by them, he c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
and other countries into opposing the policies. He urges people to criticize their governments' motivations, decisions, and actions, to accept responsibility for their own thoughts and actions, and to apply the same standards to others as to themselves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Chomsky has been critical of U.S. involvement in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, arguing that it has consistently blocked a peaceful settlement. Chomsky also criticizes the U.S. 's close ties with Saudi Arabia and involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, highlighting that Saudi Arabia has "one of the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
International relations scholar Joseph Nye argues that U.S. power is more and more based on "soft power", from cultural hegemony rather than raw military or economic force. This includes such factors as a widespread desire to emigrate to the United States, the prestige and corresponding high proportion of foreign stude... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The Invisible Government is a 1964 non-fiction book by David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, published by Random House. The book described the operations and activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at the time. Christopher Wright of Columbia University wrote that the book argues "that to a significant extent major... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Wise stated that when the work was published, ordinary people generally had little knowledge of what the CIA did, and that the book "was the first serious study of the CIA’s activities", something that the CIA disliked. Wright added that "Subsequent admissions and appraisals ... have further substantiated the reports .... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Much of his account was confirmed by three American and two Honduran officials, and may be the fullest given of how army and police units were authorized to organize death squads that seized, interrogated and killed suspected leftists. He said that while Argentine and Chilean trainers taught the Honduran Army kidnappin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
United States involvement in regime change has entailed both overt and covert actions aimed at altering, replacing, or preserving foreign governments. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. government initiated actions for regime change mainly in Latin America and the southwest Pacific, including the Spanish–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
During World War II, the United States helped overthrow many Nazi Germany and imperial Japanese puppet regimes. Examples include regimes in the Philippines, Korea, the Eastern portion of China, and much of Europe. United States forces were also instrumental in ending the rule of Adolf Hitler over Germany and of Benito ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
After World War II, the United States in 1945 ratified the UN Charter, the preeminent international law document, which legally bound the U.S. government to the Charter's provisions, including Article 2(4), which prohibits the threat or use of force in international relations, except in very limited circumstances. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
government struggled with the Soviet Union for global leadership, influence and security within the context of the Cold War. Under the Eisenhower administration, the U.S. government feared that national security would be compromised by governments propped by the Soviet Union's own involvement in regime change and promo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Subsequently, the United States expanded the geographic scope of its actions beyond traditional area of operations, Central America and the Caribbean. Significant operations included the United States and United Kingdom-orchestrated 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion targeting Cuba, and support for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
has interfered in the national elections of countries, including in Japan in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in 1953, and in Lebanon in the 1957 elections using secret cash infusions. According to one study, the U.S. performed at least 81 overt and covert known interventions in foreign elections during the period ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Another study found that the U.S. engaged in 64 covert and six overt attempts at regime change during the Cold War.Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the United States has led or supported wars to determine the governance of a number of countries. Stated U.S. aims in these conflicts have included fighting t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The U.S. has been criticized for supporting dictatorships with economic assistance and military hardware. Particular dictatorships have included Zia and Musharraf of Pakistan, the Shah of Iran, Museveni of Uganda, warlords in Somalia, Fulgencio Batista of Cuba, the House of Saud of Saudi Arabia, Ferdinand Marcos of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Patrice McSherry, a professor of political science at Long Island University, states that "hundreds of thousands of Latin Americans were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the US-led anti-communist crusade," which included US support for Operation Condor and the Guatemalan military d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Bradley Simpson, Director of the Indonesia/East Timor Documentation Project at the National Security Archive, says "Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Historian John Roosa, commenting on documents released from the US embassy in Jakarta in 2017, says they confirm that "the U.S. was part and parcel of the operation, strategizing with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI." Geoffrey B. Robinson, historian at UCLA, argues that without the support ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
and other powerful Western states, the Indonesian Army's program of mass killings would not have occurred. The U.S. has been accused of complicity in war crimes for backing the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen, which has triggered a humanitarian catastrophe, including a cholera outbreak and millions facing starv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Chalmers Johnson argued in 2004 that America's version of the colony is the military base. Chip Pitts argued similarly in 2006 that enduring U.S. bases in Iraq suggested a vision of "Iraq as a colony".While territories such as Guam, the United States Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and Pue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
allowed many of its overseas territories or occupations to gain independence after World War II. Examples include the Philippines (1946), the Panama Canal Zone (1979), Palau (1981), the Federated States of Micronesia (1986), and the Marshall Islands (1986). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Most of them still have U.S. bases within their territories. In the case of Okinawa, which came under U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
administration after the Battle of Okinawa during the Second World War, this happened despite local popular opinion on the island. In 2003, a Department of Defense distribution found the United States had bases in over 36 countries worldwide, including the Camp Bondsteel base in the disputed territory of Kosovo. Since ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
presence in Guantánamo Bay as illegal.In 2015, David Vine's book, Base Nation, found 800 U.S. military bases located outside of the U.S., including 174 bases in Germany, 113 in Japan, and 83 in South Korea. The total cost: an estimated $100 billion a year.According to The Huffington Post, "The 45 nations and territorie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The People's Republic of China has built increasingly strong ties with some African, Asian, European and Latin American nations which has led to accusations of colonialism, As of August 2007, an estimated 750,000 Chinese nationals were working or living for extended periods in Africa. In the 1980s and 90s, China contin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Cases in which this has ended with China acquiring foreign land have led to accusations of "debt-trap diplomacy". Other analysts say that China's activities "are goodwill for later investment opportunities or an effort to stockpile international support for contentious political issues".Commentators have stated that We... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The government of Niue has been trying to get back access to its domain name, .nu. The country signed a deal with a Massachusetts-based non-profit in 1999 that gave away rights to the domain name. Management of the domain name has since shifted to a Swedish organisation. The Niue government is currently fighting on two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
To ensure a reliable, long-term supply of food, the South Korean government and powerful Korean multinationals bought farming rights to millions of hectares of agricultural land in under-developed countries.South Korea's RG Energy Resources Asset Management CEO Park Yong-soo stressed that "the nation does not produce a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Local residents were not consulted or informed, despite being dependent on the land for food and income. The controversial deal played a major part in prolonged anti-government protests that resulted in over a hundred deaths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
This was a source of popular resentment that contributed to the fall of then-President Marc Ravalomanana. The new president, Andry Rajoelina, cancelled the deal. Tanzania later announced that South Korea was in talks to develop 100,000 hectares for food production and processing for 700 to 800 billion won. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Scheduled to be completed in 2010, it was to be the largest single piece of overseas South Korean agricultural infrastructure ever built.In 2009, Hyundai Heavy Industries acquired a majority stake in a company cultivating 10,000 hectares of farmland in the Russian Far East and a South Korean provincial government secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
South Korean multinationals and provincial governments purchased land in Sulawesi, Indonesia, Cambodia and Bulgan, Mongolia. The national South Korean government announced its intention to invest 30 billion won in land in Paraguay and Uruguay. As of 2009 discussions with Laos, Myanmar and Senegal were underway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Although the concept of neocolonialism was originally developed within a Marxist theoretical framework and is generally employed by the political left, the term "neocolonialism" is found in other theoretical frameworks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
"Coloniality" claims that knowledge production is strongly influenced by the context of the person producing the knowledge and that this has further disadvantaged developing countries with limited knowledge production infrastructure. It originated among critics of subaltern theories, which, although strongly de-colonia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
One variant of neocolonialism theory critiques cultural colonialism, the desire of wealthy nations to control other nations' values and perceptions through cultural means such as media, language, education and religion, ultimately for economic reasons. One impact of this is "colonial mentality", feelings of inferiority... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Given that colonists and colonisers were generally of different races, the colonised may over time hold that the colonisers' race was responsible for their superiority. Rejections of the colonisers culture, such as the Negritude movement, have been employed to overcome these associations. Post-colonial importation or c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Post-colonialism theories in philosophy, political science, literature and film deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule. Post-colonialism studies examine how once-colonised writers articulate their national identity; how knowledge about the colonised was generated and applied in service to the interests of the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Critiques of postcolonialism/neocolonialism are evident in literary theory. International relations theory defined "postcolonialism" as a field of study. While the lasting effects of cultural colonialism are of central interest, the intellectual antecedents in cultural critiques of neocolonialism are economic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Critical international relations theory references neocolonialism from Marxist positions as well as postpositivist positions, including postmodernist, postcolonial and feminist approaches. These differ from both realism and liberalism in their epistemological and ontological premises. The neoliberalist approach tends t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Concepts of neocolonialism can be found in theoretical works investigating gender outside the global north. Often these conceptions can be seen as erasing gender diversity within communities in the global south to create conceptions of gender that align with the global north. Gerise Herndon argues that applying feminis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Her work explores how women in burgeoning nations rebuilt their identities in the postcolonial period. The task of creating new identities was met with challenges from not only an internal view of what the culture was in these places but also from the external expectations of ex-colonial powers.An example of the constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The act, first introduced in 2009, made gay relationships illegal. Prohibition against homosexual relationships was previously covered by laws against sodomy but expanded to include community policing of homosexual people. Infringing this act would be punished by jail time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The act also introduced life sentences for anyone who participated in aggravated Homosexuality or was found trying to marry a same-sex partner. The call for this bill came from Ugandans who claimed traditional African values that did not include homosexuality. This act faced backlash from western countries, citing huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The Ugandan response was to claim that this was a neocolonialist attack on their culture. Kristen Cheney argued that this is a misrepresentation of neocolonialism at work and that this conception of gender and anti-homosexuality erased historically diverse gender identities in Africa. To Cheney, neocolonialism was foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Before the introduction of this act, conservative Christian groups in the United States had put African religious leaders and politicians on their payroll, reflecting the talking points of U.S.-based Christian evangelism. Cheney argues that this adoption and bankrolling of U.S. conservative Christian evangelist thought... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
Sovereignty in the Postcolonial African State, Syllabus: Joseph Hill, University of Rochester, 2008. Studying African development history: Study guides, Lauri Siitonen, Päivi Hasu, Wolfgang Zeller. Helsinki University, 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocolonialism |
The Cantiorix Inscription is a stone grave marker of the early post-Roman era found near Ffestiniog in north Wales and now at the church at Penmachno. It is notable both as the first known historical reference to the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and for its use of the Roman terms for 'citizen' and 'magistrate'. It is considered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription |
John Rhys had read the Latin text as "Cantiori Hic Jacit Venedotis Cive Fuit Consobrino Magli Magistrati" in his Lectures on Welsh Philology (1877), noting that "the person commemorated was a man of importance, and a Venedotian citizen, whatever that may exactly mean". Thomas Charles-Edwards was more precise in After R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription |
The Cantiorix stone was found near Ffestiniog at the site traditionally known as the 'Graves of the Men of Ardudwy' (Welsh: Beddau Gwŷr Ardudwy). The site has been destroyed over time, with little but the Roman road now visible. Antiquarian accounts include references to "likely long-cist graves marked by upright stone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription |
The importance of the reference to early medieval Gwynedd is uncontested, but the implications of the inscription's use of the terms 'civis' and 'magistrate' is varied. Rhys expressed doubt as to the inscription's meaning of 'civis', while Charles-Edwards suggested that it was evidence of a Roman-style "political disco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription |
His discussion of "Wales Under Roman Rule" does not support any notion of a Roman heritage of administration or society, stating that Welsh society kept its native structure and connections to its pre-Roman past.Wendy Davies in her Wales in the Early Middle Ages (1982) mentions the Cantiorix inscription parenthetically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiorix_Inscription |
Constant capital (c), is a concept created by Karl Marx and used in Marxian political economy. It refers to one of the forms of capital invested in production, which contrasts with variable capital (v). The distinction between constant and variable refers to an aspect of the economic role of factors of production in cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Variable capital, by contrast, refers to the capital outlay on labour costs insofar as they represent workers' earnings, the sum total of wages. The concept of constant vs. variable capital contrasts with that of fixed vs. circulating capital (used not only by Marx but by David Ricardo and other classical economists). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Constant capital can be measured as a stock magnitude, i.e., the total value of means of production in use at a specific point in time. It can also be measured as a flow magnitude, i.e., the total value of raw materials and fixed means of production used up in an accounting period. Which measure is used depends on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
The flow value divided by the stock value provides a measure of the number of rotations of the stock (the speed of turnover or turnover time) in an accounting period. It is strongly related to the actual depreciation rate of fixed capital. Alternatively, the stock value divided by the flow value is what Marx called the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Marx calls the constant part of the capital outlay "constant" because according to his labour theory of value, constant capital inputs - once produced, purchased, withdrawn from the market and used to create new products - do not by themselves add new value to output, or increase in value in the production process. Ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Constant capital contrasts with variable capital, v, the cost incurred in hiring labor power. Marx argues that only living labour creates new value. The higher value of output, compared to input costs, is (other things being equal) attributable to the exploitation of living labor-power only. Variable capital is "variab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
As the worker produces more than he is paid in wages, he thus creates new value. Although most commentaries on Marx do not acknowledge this, these changes could be both positive or negative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
A misapplication of labour, or the devaluation of types of labour activity by the market can mean the loss of part of the capital invested, or all of it. However, Marx does generally assume that labour will accomplish the valorisation of capital. An example of variable capital would be as follows: a worker is hired for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
This would be $1000 constant capital plus $100 variable capital plus $200 surplus value. The $200 surplus value was added solely by the activity of the worker - of the $1100 investment, only the $100 variable capital expanded. The $1000 constant capital was transferred from the materials and components to the product a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Critics of Marxian value theory object that labor is not the only source of value-added goods. Examples of such arguments: devaluations or revaluations of types of assets in response to changing demand conditions, which are influenced by price inflation. In national accounts and business accounts, for example, the chan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
His argument is, that a machine can add value to new output in excess of the value of economic depreciation charged. Keen uses an analogy with labor to demonstrate the problem:If workers receive a subsistence wage, and if the working day exhausts the capacity to labor, then it could be argued that in a day a worker “de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
Value added is unrelated to and greater than value lost; if it were not, there could be no surplus. Keen further argues that Marx speculated that machines could have a use-value greater than their exchange-value, much like labor. Keen argues that though Marx did not develop this point, if it was developed then this wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
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