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In economics, an Edgeworth box, sometimes referred to as an Edgeworth-Bowley box, is a graphical representation of a market with just two commodities, X and Y, and two consumers. The dimensions of the box are the total quantities Ωx and Ωy of the two goods. Let the consumers be Octavio and Abby. The top right-hand corn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Points within the box represent ways of allocating the goods between the two consumers. Market behaviour will be determined by the consumers' indifference curves. The blue curves in the diagram represent indifference curves for Octavio, and are shown as convex from his viewpoint (i.e. seen from the bottom left). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The orange curves apply to Abby, and are convex as seen from the top right. Moving up and to the right increases Octavio's allocation and puts him onto a more desirable indifference curve while placing Abby onto a less desirable one. Convex indifference curves are considered to be the usual case. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
They correspond to diminishing returns for each good relative to the other. Exchange within the market starts from an initial allocation known as an endowment. The main use of the Edgeworth box is to introduce topics in general equilibrium theory in a form in which properties can be visualised graphically. It can also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The Edgeworth box is named after Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, who presented it in his book Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, 1881. Edgeworth's original two-axis depiction was developed into the now familiar box diagram by Pareto in his 1906 Manual of Political Economy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The conceptual framework of equilibrium in a market economy was developed by Léon Walras and further extended by Vilfredo Pareto. It was examined with close attention to generality and rigour by twentieth century mathematical economists including Abraham Wald, Paul Samuelson, Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. This was p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The theory of Walrasian markets has taken pains to find the most general premises from which a given conclusion can be obtained. Areas in which premises can be strengthened or weakened include: Whether functions are differentiable; Whether indifference curves are primitive or derivable from utility functions; and Wheth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Since there are only two commodities the effective price is the exchange rate between them. Our aim is to find the price at which market equilibrium can be attained, which will be a point at which no further transactions are desired, starting from a given endowment. These quantities will be determined by the indifferen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
We shall assume that every day Octavio and Abby go to market with endowments (ωx,ωy ) and (Ωx – ωx , Ωy – ωy ) of the two commodities, corresponding to the position ω in the diagram. The two consumers will exchange between themselves under competitive market behaviour. This assumption requires a certain suspension of d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
If two X's exchange for a single Y, then Octavio's and Abby's transaction will take them to some point along the solid grey line, which is known as a budget line. (To be more precise, a budget line may be defined as a straight line through the endowment point representing allocations obtainable by exchange at a certain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The equilibrium corresponding to a given endowment ω is determined by the pair of indifference curves which have a common tangent such that this tangent passes through ω. We will use the term 'price line' to denote a common tangent to two indifference curves. An equilibrium therefore corresponds to a budget line which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The reasoning behind this is as follows. Firstly, any point in the box must lie on exactly one of Abby's indifference curves and on exactly one of Octavio's. If the curves cross (as shown in Fig. 4) then they divide the immediate neighbourhood into four regions, one of which (shown as pale green) is preferable for both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Secondly, the only price which can hold in the market at the point of tangency is the one given by the gradient of the tangent, since at only this price will the consumers be willing to accept limitingly small exchanges. And thirdly (the most difficult point) all exchanges taking the consumers on the path from ω to equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
In a two-person economy there is no guarantee that all exchanges will take place at the same price. But the purpose of the Edgeworth box is not to illustrate the price fixing which can take place when there is no competition, but rather to illustrate a competitive economy in a minimal case. So we may imagine that inste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
A newly arrived Octavio may exchange at market price with an Abby who is close to equilibrium, and so long as a newly arrived Abby exchanges with a nearly satisfied Octavio the numbers will balance out. For exchange to work in a large competitive economy, the same price must reign for everyone. Thus exchange must move ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
An allocation of goods is said to 'Pareto dominate' another if it is preferable for one consumer and no worse for the other. An allocation is said to be 'Pareto optimal' (or 'Pareto efficient') if no other allocation Pareto dominates it. The set of Pareto optimal allocations is known as the Pareto set (or 'efficient lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Then convexity guarantees that the curves cannot intercept other than at the point of tangency, and the box is accordingly divided into 3 regions. The pale blue area is preferable to the point of tangency for Octavio but worse for Abby; the pale orange area is preferable for Abby but worse for Octavio; and the white ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
It follows that the point of tangency is Pareto optimal. Thus the Pareto set is the locus of points of tangency of the curves. This is a line connecting Octavio's origin (O) to Abby's (A). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
An example is shown in Fig. 6, where the purple line is the Pareto set corresponding to the indifference curves for the two consumers. The vocabulary used to describe different objects which are part of the Edgeworth box diverges. The entire Pareto set is sometimes called the contract curve, while Mas-Colell et al. res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
We have seen that the points of tangency of indifference curves are the Pareto optima, but we also saw previously that the economic equilibria are those points at which indifference curves are tangential to a common price line. It follows that the equilibria are precisely the Pareto optima. This argument applies with o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
But Pareto optimality is nowadays considered global by definition. Thus if the nature of the indifference curves allows non-global optima to arise (as cannot happen if they are convex), then it is possible for equilibria not to be Pareto optimal. Perfect competition is not a precondition for the theorem. So long as the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Now consider an economy in which the consumers have endowments ω as shown in Fig. 7. Left to itself a free market will take them to ω'. But suppose that some other position in the box – say α' – is considered socially preferable. We can assume that the socially desired position is Pareto optimal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
We may think of the price lines (shown as dashed in the diagram) as corresponding to different distributions of real income, and movement along them as reallocation of resources while incomes remain fixed. Then in order to reposition society at the desired point α' it is not necessary for the government to redistribute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
In a statement for a more general economy, the theorem would be taken as saying that α' can be reached by a monetary transfer followed by the free play of market exchange; but money is absent from the Edgeworth box. The second fundamental theorem does not provide a blueprint for righting society's ills. The government ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Offer curves provide a means of finding points of equilibrium, and are also useful for investigating their existence and uniqueness. Two such curves, one for each consumer and both depending on the endowment, can be drawn in the box. We pivot the budget line about ω and trace the two consumers' most favoured points alo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The locus of a consumer's most favoured points is his or her offer curve. Fig. 9 shows Octavio's offer curve as dark blue and Abby's as brown. They meet at the point ω' and the equilibrium budget line (drawn in grey) is the one passing through this point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The indifference curves through ω' for the two consumers are shown in paler colours. An offer curve necessarily passes through the endowment point ω. If we take Abby as an example, we note that one of her indifference curves must pass through ω and that a budget line can be chosen to have the same gradient as the indif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Offer curves were first used by Vilfredo Pareto – see his Manuale/Manuel Chap. III, §97. He called them 'exchange curves' (linee dei baratti / lignes des échanges), and his name for Octavio's preferred allocation along a budget line was his 'equilibrium point'. This preferred allocation is sometimes nowadays referred t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
It might be supposed from economic considerations that if a shared tangent exists through a given endowment, and if the indifference curves are not pathological in their shape, then the point of tangency will be unique. This turns out not to be true. Conditions for uniqueness of equilibrium have been the subject of ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate an example from Mas-Colell et al. in which three distinct equilibria correspond to the endowment point ω. The indifference curves are: x − 1 8 y − 8 = u {\displaystyle \quad x-{\tfrac {1}{8}}y^{-8}=u} (Octavio) y − 1 8 x − 8 = u {\displaystyle \quad y-{\tfrac {1}{8}}x^{-8}=u} (Abby). The indif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Early examinations of the properties of equilibrium were based on an implicit definition as tangency, and convexity seems to have been implicitly assumed. There was no doubt that equilibrium would be reached: gradient ascent would lead to it. But the results lacked generality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu published papers independently in 1951 drawing attention to limitations in the calculus proofs of equilibrium theorems. Arrow specifically mentioned the difficulty caused by equilibria on the boundary, and Debreu the problem of non-differentiable indifference curves. Without aiming for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The equilibria of Fig. 12 are not points at which curves are true tangents to each other. They do however have a property which generalises the definition in terms of tangents, which is that the two curves can be locally separated by a straight line. Arrow and Debreu defined equilibrium in the same way as each other in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The new definition required a change of mathematical technique from the differential calculus to convex set theory. Their definition in effect was this: an equilibrium attainable from an endowment ω consists of an allocation x and a budget line through x and ω such that there is no point along the line which either con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Arrow and Debreu do not explain why they require global separation, which may have made their proofs easier but can be seen to have unexpected consequences. In Fig. 13 the point x is a point of tangency which is also a point at which indifference curves are locally separated by the dashed price line; but since they are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The question of whether the economy would settle at such a point is quite separate from whether it satisfies a given definition of equilibrium; evidently in this case it would indeed settle there. Arrow and Debreu always included the convexity of indifference curves amongst their 'assumptions'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
The term 'assumptions' is a vague one which might refer to a presupposition underlying definitions as well as theorems, or to a premise which is needed only for the latter. Given that their definition does not include all equilibria which may exist when curves may be non-convex, it is possible that they meant the assum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
In some economies there will be no resting point reachable from a given endowment by exchange at uniform prices; hence no resting point exists satisfying the definition of competitive equilibrium. Families of curves of the pattern of Fig. 14 are an example of this. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
With equilibrium defined as 'competitive equilibrium', the first fundamental theorem can be proved even if indifference curves need not be convex: any competitive equilibrium is (globally) Pareto optimal. However the proof is no longer obvious, and the reader is referred to the article on Fundamental theorems of welfar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
It does not follow that the result has been strengthened since the attainability of equilibrium has been rendered doubtful. In Fig. 13 the point x may not be a 'competitive equilibrium', but the economy can get stuck there preventing it from reaching the 'true' (and Pareto optimal) equilibrium in the yellow region. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
Lerner's interpretation of the theorem was that "Fortunately the optimum allocation of goods can be reached automatically". However nothing can guarantee that a global optimum will be attained when local optima are present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
If the concept of equilibrium includes local optima such as x, then equilibrium may be attainable but sub-optimal; if such points are excluded, then equilibrium may be optimal but unattainable. The differences caused by non-convexity become more deep-rooted when we look at the second fundamental theorem. Not every Pare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth_box |
An egg tooth is a temporary, sharp projection present on the bill or snout of an oviparous animal at hatching. It allows the hatchling to penetrate the eggshell from inside and break free. Birds, reptiles, and monotremes possess egg teeth as hatchlings. Similar structures exist in Eleutherodactyl frogs, and spiders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
When it is close to hatching, a chick uses its egg tooth to pierce the air sac between the membrane and the eggshell. This sac provides a few hours' worth of air, during which time the chick hatches. When a chick is ready to hatch from its egg, it begins the process of "pipping"; forcing the egg tooth through the shell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
Some species, including woodpeckers, have two egg teeth; one on both the upper and lower bill. After time the egg tooth falls off or is absorbed into the growing chick's bill.Some precocial species such as the Kiwi, and superprecocial species including megapodes, do not require an egg tooth to assist them in hatching. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
Most squamates (lizards and snakes) also lay eggs, and similarly need an egg tooth. Unlike in other amniotes, the egg tooth of squamates is an actual tooth which develops from the premaxilla. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
A baby crocodile has an egg tooth on the end of its snout. It is a tough piece of skin which is resorbed less than two months after hatching. Crocodile eggs are similar to those of birds in that they have an inner membrane and an outer one. The egg tooth is used to tear open the inner membrane; the baby crocodile can t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
If conditions are particularly dry that year, the inner membrane may be too tough for the crocodile to break through, and without assistance it will simply die inside the egg. Generally, however, the mother crocodile helps free it. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_tooth |
In German-speaking countries, a holiday pass (German: Ferienpass) is a document which may be made available by local government or related organisations, entitling schoolchildren to participate in various leisure activities during holiday seasons.The holiday pass is usually not free of charge, but is designed to be goo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_pass |
Invitational education (IE) is an educational theory of practice introduced by co-founders William Watson Purkey and Betty Siegel of the International Alliance for Invitational Education (IAIE). Purkey is professor emeritus of counselor education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and writes on the topic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
Purkey writes, "At its heart, Invitational Education is an imaginative act of hope that explains how human potential can be realized. It identifies and changes the forces that defeat and destroy people. Invitational Education is designed to create and enhance human environments that cordially summon people to realize t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
Everything and everybody either adds to or subtracts from an existing culture. Invitational Education offers concrete, practice, safe, successful and democratic solutions for problems that routinely harm organizations and the people within them." One of the concepts that Purkey explained is that educators need to creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
IE recognizes five "domains" which comprise everyone and every thing in an organization. The domains include People, Places, Policies, Programs and Processes. These domains will either build or destroy intellectual, social, physical, emotional and moral potential for stakeholders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
Adjusting these domains, Invitational Education's theory and practices have been embedded in schools around the world at all levels, from nursery schools to universities. In addition, IE has strengthened health care facilities, businesses, non-profits, worship centers and families.In Visible Learning, John Hattie's met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
Hattie's research determined that many of the most hotly debated school reform efforts had little effect on school improvement, but those which provide in invitation to learn had the most profound effect.Also applying Invitational Education are authors Harry and Rosemary Wong. In their book, The First Days of School, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitational_education |
Figurational sociology is a research tradition in which figurations of humans—evolving networks of interdependent humans—are the unit of investigation. Although more a methodological stance than a determinate school of practice, the tradition has one essential feature: Concern for process, not state. Figurational socio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurational_sociology |
Just as linguists rely on etymology to gain a rich understanding of a word's history, which may help to understand its later uses, figurational sociologists attempt to look at the process of a social feature's emergence and evolution to gain a fuller understanding of its function in the present.Practitioners may be sai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurational_sociology |
Universal instructional design (UID) or universal design for instruction (UDI) is an educational framework for applying universal design principles to learning environments with a goal toward greater accessibility for all students, including students with disabilities. UDI involves considering the potential needs of al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Universal Design for Instruction (UDI) applies and adapts universal design principles and the Principles of Universal Design to learning environments and learning products, with a goal toward maximizing learning for all students. Universal design (UD), a concept pioneered by architect Ronald Mace at North Carolina Stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Specific UDI frameworks and educational initiatives vary between academic and policy institutions. The Center for Universal Design in Education (CUDE) at the DO-IT Center (University of Washington) combines UD, the Principles of Universal Design and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to create UDI strategies for apply... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
The original seven Principles of Universal Design for products and environments established by the Center for Universal Design at NCSU follow; UDI applies these principles to learning environments. Principle 1: Equitable Use Principle 2: Flexibility in Use Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Principle 4: Perceptible Info... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Ways of applying UD to instruction, developed through University of Washington Universal Design in Higher Education Initiative, include those listed below. Delivery Methods: Use of a variety of delivery methods and learning approaches, including lecture, discussion, hands-on activities, projects, cases, and Internet-ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Provide text descriptions of graphics presented on web pages. Use presentation tools to make presentations legible in large spaces. Use captioned video presentations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Provide outlines in advance to allow students to prepare for the topic to be presented. Create printed and web-based materials in simple, intuitive, and consistent formats. Interaction: Encourage different ways for students to interact with each other and with the facilitator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
This may include in-class questions and discussion, group work, and Internet-based communications. Feedback: Provide effective prompting during an activity and feedback after the assignment is complete. Use feedback to help students correct errors and misconceptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Allow opportunities for self-assessment. Ensure that electronic-based learning tools provide proper feedback for both navigation and learning and are designed in an accessible format. Assessment/Demonstration of Knowledge: Ensure that students' opportunity to demonstrate knowledge is frequent and if possible, flexible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Consider options besides tests and papers for demonstrating knowledge, such as group work, demonstrations, portfolios, and videotaped or on-site presentations. Physical Effort and Access: Ensure that classrooms, labs, and field work are accessible to individuals with a wide range of physical abilities. Make sure equipm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
The Center for Universal Design in Education (CUDE) at the DO-IT Center at the University of Washington describes Universal Design of Instruction (UDI) as "a goal, a process, and a set of practices." According to CUDE, the UDI process is described as the following series of steps: Identify the course. Describe the cour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Describe the overall population of students eligible to enroll in the course and then consider their potential diverse characteristics (e.g., with respect to gender; age; ethnicity and race; native language; learning style; and abilities to see, hear, manipulate objects, read, and communicate). Involve students. Consid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
If they are not available directly from students, gain student perspectives through diversity programs such as the campus disability services office. Adopt instructional strategies. Adopt overall learning and teaching philosophies and methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Integrate these practices with universal design guidelines or strategies for learning or instruction. Apply instructional strategies. Apply universal design strategies in concert with good instructional practices (both identified in Step 4) to the overall choice of course teaching methods, curricula, and assessments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
Then apply universal design to all lectures, classroom discussions, group work, handouts, web-based content, labs, fieldwork, assessment instruments, and other academic activities and materials to maximize the learning of students with the wide variety of characteristics identified in Step 2. Plan for accommodations. L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction |
The Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 622; Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 113–14 (text) (PDF)) is a bill that was introduced into the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Drug_and_Animal_Generic_Drug_User_Fee_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013 |
The bill would authorize the collection of fees by the Food and Drug Administration for use to fund activities related to the approval of drugs for animals. The bill would amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. The bill was signed by President Barack Obama on June 13, 2013, becoming Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Drug_and_Animal_Generic_Drug_User_Fee_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013 |
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Congressional Budget Office.The Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 would authorize the collection and spending of fees by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for certain activities to expedite the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Drug_and_Animal_Generic_Drug_User_Fee_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013 |
The Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 622) was introduced into the United States Senate on March 20, 2013 by Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa). On May 8, 2013, the bill passed the Senate by Unanimous consent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Drug_and_Animal_Generic_Drug_User_Fee_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013 |
The Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 was received in the United States House of Representatives on May 9, 2013. It passed the House on June 3, 2013 by a vote of 390-12, recorded in Roll Call Vote 185. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Drug_and_Animal_Generic_Drug_User_Fee_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013 |
The International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM), formerly known as the International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine, is a non-profit scientific society founded in Cologne in 2000 and dedicated to the advancement of knowledge of cannabis and cannabinoid medicines among medical professionals. IACM ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines |
The IACM was founded in 2000 as the International Association for Cannabis as a Medicine by a group of members of the German Association for Cannabis as Medicine (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Cannabis als Medizin).The chairmanship of the board of IACM has been held by different researchers along the years: Franjo Grotenhermen (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines |
The IACM has been known for holding updated lists of medical effects, possible clinical indications of cannabis products and side effects, which are seen by some as a reference.In June 2018, IACM took part in the open session of the World Health Organization's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence meeting related to medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines |
Starting in 2001 in Berlin, the IACM has been holding biannual scientific conferences in Cologne in 2003, Leiden in 2015, Cologne in 2007 and 2009, Bonn in 2011, Cologne in 2013, Sestri Levante in 2015, Cologne in 2017, Berlin in 2019, and the 20th anniversary conference of 2020 planned to be held in Mexico City took p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines |
IACM has had patient representatives since 2001, elected as members of the Board of Directors of the organization. In 2019, IACM created the IACM Patient Council, launched in 2022, whose purpose is to bring together groups of medical patient using cannabis and cannabinoids, in order for them to share their experience. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines |
This page is a glossary of archaeology, the study of the human past from material remains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
absolute age The age of an object with reference to a fixed and specific time scale, as determined by some method of absolute dating, e.g. 10,000 BP or 1.9 mya. absolute dating Ascertaining the age of an object with reference to a fixed and specific time scale (e.g. calendar years or radiocarbon years), as opposed to r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
antiquarianism An intellectual tradition of inquiry that developed in Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuries AD as a result of new interests in nature, antiquity, the Renaissance of learning, and the addition of time‐depth to people's view of the world. antiquities Ancient artefacts, particularly in the context of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
archaeobotany Subdiscipline devoted to the analysis of plant remains in the archaeological record. archaeozoology See zooarchaeology. archaeologist A person engaged in the study or profession of archaeology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
archaeology archeology The academic discipline concerned with the study of the human past through material remains. artefact artifact A physical object made by humans. assemblage A set of artefacts or ecofacts found together, from the same place and time. Can refer to the total assemblage from a site, or a specific typ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
backfill 1. To re-fill a trench once an excavation has been completed. 1A. To re-fill a cut and cover tunnels 1B. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
To re-fill unused canals 1C. To re-fill trenches for gas, water, power and communication lines 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
Material used for backfilling, usually spoil from the original excavation. baulk balk A wall of earth left in place between excavated areas in order to maintain the structural integrity of the trench and/or expose a section to aid in interpretation. bladelet Type of stone tool; a small blade characteristic of Upper Pal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
C14 dating See radiocarbon dating. context 1. As in common usage, information relating to where an artefact or feature was found and what it was found in association with. 2. In single context excavation, a well-defined stratigraphic unit relating to a single depositional event, used as the primary unit for recording a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
diagnostic A term used for objects, particularly sherds of pottery, which can be dated to a particular chronological period, and so used to ascertain the date of a particular context. dig An informal term for an archaeological excavation. disturbance Any change to an archaeological site due to events which occurred aft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
earthworks Earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil environmental archaeology Environmental archaeology is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in. evaluation See trial t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
fieldwork Archaeological investigations taking place in the field, e.g. excavations or surveys. finds An informal term for artifacts, features and other things discovered by archaeologists. fill Material that has accumulated, or been deposited, within a negative feature such as a cut, ditch, or a hollow in a building. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
finds specialist An archaeologist who specialises in the analysis of a particular type of find, e.g. medieval pottery or prehistoric worked flint. flotation Method of separating very small objects from excavated sediments using water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
It is particularly important for the recovery of botanical remains and animal bones. forensic archaeology Forensic archaeologists employ their knowledge of archaeological techniques and theory in a legal context. This broad description is necessary as forensic archaeology is practiced in a variety of ways around the wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
geoarchaeology The application of geology and other earth science techniques to archaeology. geofact Rocks or other naturally occurring minerals found in an archaeological context and presumed to have been transported there by humans, but not sufficiently modified to qualify as an artefact. geoglyph A form of rock art ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
henge A type of Neolithic earthwork that has a ring-shaped bank and ditch, with the ditch inside the bank. hillfort A type of earthwork used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
industrial archaeology Subdiscipline devoted to the study of past industry and industrial heritage. industry A typological classification of stone tools, e.g. the Mousterian industry, the Acheulean industry. in situ Features, artefacts and other remains in their original depositional context, cf. unstratified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
K–Ar dating Potassium–argon dating; a radiometric dating method useful for samples older than 100,000 years. kerb kerbstone circle A circular retaining wall built around certain types of burial mound. kill site A site where people slaughtered and/or butchered animals, especially in a Palaeolithic context, e.g. Naco Mam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology |
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