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It can also be used to prevent underfitting by controlling the complexity of the model. Ensemble Methods: Ensemble methods combine multiple models to create a more accurate prediction. This can help to reduce underfitting by allowing multiple models to work together to capture the underlying patterns in the data. Featu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfitting |
Art historians and philosophers of art have long had classificatory disputes about art regarding whether a particular cultural form or piece of work should be classified as art. Disputes about what does and does not count as art continue to occur today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Defining art can be difficult. Aestheticians and art philosophers often engage in disputes about how to define art. By its original and broadest definition, art (from the Latin ars, meaning "skill" or "craft") is the product or process of the effective application of a body of knowledge, most often using a set of skill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Britannica Online defines it as "the use of skill or imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others". But how best to define the term “art” today is a subject of much contention; many books and journal articles have been published arguing over even the basi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Artists, philosophers, anthropologists, and psychologists all use the notion of art in their respective fields, and give it operational definitions that are not very similar to each other's. The second, more narrow, more recent sense of the word “art” is roughly as an abbreviation for creative art or “fine art.” Here w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it will be considered design instead of art. Some thinkers have argued that the difference between fine art and applied art has more to do with value judgments made about the art than any clear definitional difference (Novitz, 1992). The modern dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
In the Zhou dynasty of ancient China, excellence in the liù yì (六藝), or "Six Arts", was expected of the junzi (君子), or "perfect gentleman", as defined by philosophers like Confucius. Because these arts spanned both the civil and military aspects of life, excelling in all six required a scholar to be very well-rounded a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
These nine traditional branches were: Epic poetry, embodied by Calliope History, embodied by Clio Music and lyric poetry, embodied by Euterpe Love poetry, embodied by Erato Tragedy, embodied by Melpomene Hymns and pantomime, embodied by Polyhymnia Dance and chorus, embodied by Terpsichore Comedy and idyllic poetry, emb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
One of the first philosophers to discuss art in the framework we understand today was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who described in his Lectures on Aesthetics a ranking of the five major arts from most material to most expressive: architecture sculpture painting music poetryHegel's listing of the arts caught on parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
The French Ministry of Culture often participates in the decision making for defining a "new" art. The ten arts are generally given as follows: architecture sculpture painting music literature, including poetry and prose the performing arts, including dance and theatre film and cinema "les arts médiatiques", including ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
The traditional Western classifications since the Renaissance have been variants of the hierarchy of genres based on the degree to which the work displays the imaginative input of the artist, using artistic theory that goes back to the ancient world. Such thinking received something of a boost with the aesthetics of Ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Many have argued that it is a mistake to even try to define art or beauty, that they have no essence, and so can have no definition. Often, it is said that art is a cluster of related concepts rather than a single concept. Examples of this approach include Morris Weitz and Berys Gaut. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein, Weitz argued that art is an "open concept" whose constituents and criteria for inclusion could change over time; he also sought to distinguish purely "descriptive" from "evaluative" uses of the term art. Another approach is to say that “art” is basically a sociological category, that wha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Most people did not consider a store-bought urinal or a sculptural depiction of a Brillo Box to be art until Marcel Duchamp and Andy Warhol (respectively) placed them in the context of art (i.e., the art gallery), which then provided the association of these objects with the values that define art. Proceduralists often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Whereas if exactly the same set of words was written by a journalist, intending them as shorthand notes to help him write a longer article later, these would not be a poem. Leo Tolstoy in his seminal text What is Art?, on the other hand, claims that what makes something art or not is how it is experienced by its audien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Philosopher David Novitz has argued that disagreements about the definition of art are rarely the heart of the problem, rather that “the passionate concerns and interests that humans vest in their social life” are “so much a part of all classificatory disputes about art” (Novitz, 1996). According to Novitz, classificat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
The work of the French artist Marcel Duchamp from the 1910s and 1920s paved the way for the conceptualists, providing them with examples of prototypically conceptual works (the readymades, for instance) that defied previous categorisations. Conceptual art emerged as a movement during the 1960s. The first wave of the "c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
More recently, the “Young British Artists” (YBAs), led by Damien Hirst, came to prominence in the 1990s and their work is seen as conceptual, even though it relies very heavily on the art object to make its impact. The term is used in relation to them on the basis that the object is not the artwork, or is often a found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Charles Saatchi funds Damien Hirst. The following year, the Saatchi Gallery exhibits Hirst's The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, a shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Vanessa Beecroft holds a performance in Milan, Italy. Here, young girls act as a second audience to the display of her diary of food. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Tracey Emin is nominated for the Turner Prize. My Bed consisted of her disheveled bed, surrounded by detritus such as condoms, blood-stained knickers, bottles and her bedroom slippers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Martin Creed wins the Turner Prize for accurately titled The Lights Going On and Off, in which lights turned on and off in an otherwise empty room. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Miltos Manetas confronts the Whitney Biennial with his Whitneybiennial.com. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Simon Starling wins the Turner Prize for Shedboatshed. Starling presented a wooden shed which he had converted into a boat, floated down the Rhine, then remade into a shed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
The Stuckist group of artists, founded in 1999, proclaimed themselves "pro-contemporary figurative painting with ideas and anti-conceptual art, mainly because of its lack of concepts." They also called it pretentious, "unremarkable and boring" and on July 25, 2002, in a demonstration, deposited a coffin outside the Whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Paxman asks, "So you can say anything is art?" and Lochore replies, "You could say everything is art..." At this point Thomson, off-screen, can be heard to say, "Is my shoe art?" while at the same time his shoe appears in front of Lochore, who observes, "If you say it is. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
I have to judge it on those terms." Thomson's response is, "I've never heard anything so ludicrous in my life before. "In 2002, Ivan Massow, the Chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Arts branded conceptual art "pretentious, self-indulgent, craftless tat" and in "danger of disappearing up its own arse ... led by cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Massow was consequently forced to resign. At the end of the year, the Culture Minister, Kim Howells, an art school graduate, denounced the Turner Prize as "cold, mechanical, conceptual bullshit".In October 2004, the Saatchi Gallery told the media that "painting continues to be the most relevant and vital way that artis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Computer games date back as far as 1947, although they did not reach much of an audience until the 1970s. It would be difficult and odd to deny that computer and video games include many kinds of art (bearing in mind, of course, that the concept "art" itself is, as indicated, open to a variety of definitions). The grap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Film critic Roger Ebert, for example, went on record claiming that video games are not art, and for structural reasons will always be inferior to cinema, but then admitted his lack of knowledge in the area when he affirmed that he "will never play a game when there is a good book to be read or a good movie to be watche... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
Debates have arisen as to whether a Non-fungible token (NFT) may be considered art itself, or merely the representation of an artwork. Wikipedia debates on the talk page of the List of most expensive artworks by living artists have been cited in this connection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art |
The Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (English: "Journal of the German Oriental Society") is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering Oriental studies, published by Harrassowitz Verlag on behalf of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. It was established in 1847 and the editor-in-chief is Fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_der_Deutschen_Morgenländischen_Gesellschaft |
The journal has been digitized and is available from the University of Halle. The journal is available from 1847 to 2013, together with various indexes and supplements, including the Deutscher Orientalistentag volumes from 1968 to 1995. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_der_Deutschen_Morgenländischen_Gesellschaft |
Some animals suffer from shortsightedness and have poor eyesight. In domestic animals, myopia, with or without astigmatism, occurs frequently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
Evolved for low-light hunting, cats' eyes are proportionally enormous. Their eye size makes focusing between near and far so difficult that the muscles develop with an environmental bias. Outdoor cats tend to be farsighted, while most indoor cats are nearsighted but not myopic. Cats are unable to focus on anything less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
One animal species in which myopia occurs naturally is the domestic dog. Although the prevalence of myopia in dogs is breed dependent, approximately 8% to 15% of Labrador Retrievers are reported to have myopia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
Whereas the rhinoceros may suffer from less-than-adequate eyesight, it generally survives by concentrating with its superior hearing and sense of smell. Some reports, however state that it can see better when focusing with one eye, particularly when walking, posturing, and combatting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
Myopia, with or without astigmatism, is the most common eye condition in horses. Several types of occlusion myopia have been recorded in tree shrews, macaques, cats and rats, deciphered from several animal-inducing myopia models. Preliminary laboratory investigations using retinoscopy of 240 dogs found myopic problems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
Nuclear sclerosis of the crystalline lens was noticed in older dogs.Experiments into newborn macaque monkeys have revealed that surgically fusing the eyelid for one year results in eye deterioration as the eye has not had a chance to grow and develop. Keeping monkeys in the dark for a similar period, however, does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
Some tests have revealed that myopia in some animals can be improved with eye drops containing zinc, by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).The rhesus monkey's vision amplitude reduction is noticeable in its second decade of life; however the condition does not impede normal functioning. Older rhesus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals |
The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of humans and most animal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
In arthropods, the jaws are chitinous and oppose laterally, and may consist of mandibles or chelicerae. These jaws are often composed of numerous mouthparts. Their function is fundamentally for food acquisition, conveyance to the mouth, and/or initial processing (mastication or chewing). Many mouthparts and associate s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
In most vertebrates, the jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically, comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw. The vertebrate jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills, and usually bears numerous teeth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch, respectively. The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
The original selective advantage offered by the jaw may not be related to feeding, but rather to increased respiration efficiency. The jaws were used in the buccal pump (observable in modern fish and amphibians) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians. Over evolutionary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
The jaw in tetrapods is substantially simplified compared to fish. Most of the upper jaw bones (premaxilla, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, and quadrate) have been fused to the braincase, while the lower jaw bones (dentary, splenial, angular, surangular, and articular) have been fused together into a unit called the man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
In mammals the jaws are made up of the mandible (lower jaw) and the maxilla (upper jaw). In the ape there is a reinforcement to the lower jaw bone called the simian shelf. In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure (the articular bone of the lower jaw, and quadrate) were reduced in siz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
As a result, mammals show little or no cranial kinesis, and the mandible is attached to the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joints. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is a common disorder of these joints, characterized by pain, clicking and limitation of mandibular movement. Especially in the therian mammal, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
Sea urchins possess unique jaws which display five-part symmetry, termed the Aristotle's lantern. Each unit of the jaw holds a single, perpetually growing tooth composed of crystalline calcium carbonate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_jaw |
Charles Bettelheim (20 November 1913 – 20 July 2006) was a French Marxian economist and historian, founder of the Center for the Study of Modes of Industrialization (CEMI: Centre pour l'Étude des Modes d'Industrialisation) at the EHESS, economic advisor to the governments of several developing countries during the peri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Henri Bettelheim, the father of Charles Bettelheim, was a Viennese Austrian of Jewish origin, and a representative of a Swiss bank in Paris. The family had to leave France after the beginning of the First World War in 1914. The Bettelheims lived in Switzerland then in Egypt. In 1922, Charles Bettelheim returned to Pari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Charles Bettelheim broke away from his familiar environment, first joining the "Young Communists" (Jeunesses communistes), and subsequently the French Communist Party. In addition to his studies in philosophy, sociology, law and psychology, he also learned Russian. In July 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Thanks to his mastery of the language, he was able to get a resident permit for five months, during which time he worked as a tourist guide, and later on with the French edition of the Moscow Journal, and finally at Mosfilm, where he directed film dubbing. His experiences during his Moscow stay, in the anxious atmosphe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
In 1937, he married a young militant Communist, Lucette Beauvallet. During the German occupation, he cooperated with the French Trotskyists (the Internationalist Workers Party). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
His decision to choose economics as a profession was not an easy one, since at that time economics was considered a minor science; however, inasmuch as he had become so knowledgeable about the Soviet Union and about economic planning, Bettelheim was able to fill a gap. After World War II, he became an official in the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
In the Fifties, Bettelheim began his international activities as an advisor to the governments of Third World countries; he was the spokesperson for Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, for Jawaharlal Nehru in India, and for Ahmed Ben Bella in Algeria. In 1958, he created an institutional base for his research by founding the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
In 1966, Bettelheim was particularly interested in China. He helped the Union of Young Communists (Marxist–Leninist) with theoretical planning, without being directly affiliated with the organization. In his capacity as President of the Franco-Chinese Friendship Association (Association des amitiés Franco-Chinoises), h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Bettelheim was impressed by the implementation of the Angang Constitution in the factories he visited and the high levels of political consciousness among workers and cadre.From 1980 onward, Bettelheim fell more and more by the wayside—a result of the profound political changes in the Third World—and, in Europe, of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Until his death, Bettelheim lived in Paris. He did not publish anything in his later years. His student and long-time colleague Bernard Chavance is among the leading exponents of Regulation theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Despite his negative experiences in Moscow, Bettelheim retained a favorable attitude towards Soviet socialism until the Sixties, citing the economic accomplishments of the Soviet Union, which he appreciated from an independent point of view. In 1956, he endorsed the De-Stalinization inaugurated by Nikita Khrushchev at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
In the Cuban debate of 1963, Bettelheim was opposed to the voluntarist ideas of Che Guevara, who wanted to abolish free market and the production of merchandise through a very rapid and centralized industrialization, morally mobilizing "the new man." Bettelheim took a position against this plan, to which Fidel Castro h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Opposing Guevara, Bettelheim argued (in line with the last writings of Stalin) that the "law of value" was the manifestation of objective social conditions which could not be overcome by willful decisions, but only by a process of long-term social transformation. This debate demonstrated the profound differences which,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
In China, Bettelheim had the impression that he was in the process of witnessing just such a process of transformation. More specifically, he noted that the Cultural Revolution—a revolution of the political, ideological and cultural superstructure—changed the industrial organization accompanying it by a general partici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
Bettelheim showed that after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had not succeeded in any long-term stabilization of the alliance between workers and poor peasants which had earlier been conceived by Lenin. During the 1920s, this alliance was replaced by an alliance of elite workers and technological intellectuals a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
However, the "legal" mirage, according to which the property of the State is defined as "socialist," hides the actual exploitation. Finally, Bettelheim called into doubt the socialist character of the October Revolution, interpreting it as a seizing of power by a radical branch of the Russian intelligentsia, which "con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
When, in 1978, the People's Republic of China, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, put paid to the "Maoist" strategy of autarkic (tr. note: independent and self-sustaining) development, guided by political priorities, in order to reaffirm the primacy of the economy and to introduce itself into the world market, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim |
A switcheroo is a sudden unexpected variation or reversal, often for a humorous purpose. It is colloquially used in reference to an act of intentionally or unintentionally swapping two objects.As a comedic device, this was a favorite of Woody Allen; for a time, he used so many switcheroos that friends referred to him a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switcheroo |
The Zaydani Library (Arabic: الخزانة الزيدانية, Al-Khizaana Az-Zaydaniya) or the Zaydani Collection is a collection of manuscripts originally belonging to Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed that were taken by Spanish privateers in Atlantic waters off the coast of Morocco in 1612. The collection is held to this day in the library ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The collection is composed of works from the personal libraries of Sultan Zaydan Bin Ahmed and his father Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur, his brother Sheikh al-Ma'mun, and Abu Faris. The library contained treatises in different fields and in a number of different languages, among them Turkish, Persian, and Latin. Moroccan dipl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
When Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli proclaimed himself mehdi and led a revolt against the Saadi Dynasty, Sultan Zaydan was forced to flee Marrakesh for the port of Asfi to sail to Agadir. He hired a ship named Notre Dame de la Garde belonging to the French consul Jean Phillipe de Castellane to transport his belongings, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The two ships arrived in Agadir together on June 16, 1612, and Zaydan left the Dutch ship the same day accompanied by his wives and his servants. De Castellane refused to unload his ship until receiving 3000 gold dirhams. On June 22, after waiting for 6 days for the arrival of the money, which was delayed due to the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The anger of the sultan manifested itself in his letters to King Louis XIII of France, who did no more than denounce Castellane (who was imprisoned in Madrid). For this reason, and because the library was not, in fact, in France, Louis XIII refused to see the sultan's ambassador, Ahmed al-Jazuli. Abu Zakriya al-Hahi (أ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
What remained of the Zaydani library was scattered throughout the kingdom, settling in different private and public libraries. In 1671, a fire engulfed El Escorial, burning a large portion of the manuscripts. Only approximately 2,000 were saved, and these are what remain of the Zaydani library today. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The Spanish government invited Miguel Casiri to work in the department of translation at the Royal Library of El Escorial as an interpreter of Eastern languages for King Charles III, to study Arabic manuscripts and present reports on them to the king. Casiri's reports laid the foundations of Oriental studies in Spain, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Casiri named this bibliography Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialensis, publishing the first volume in 1760 and the second ten years later in 1770.This catalog was translated into Arabic during the reign of the Moroccan Sultan Suleiman Al-Alawi from 1792-1823 at the recommendation of the Moroccan vizier and man of le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The French orientalist Hartwig Derenbourg completed a catalog in 1884 entitled "Les manuscrits arabes de l’Escurial ," and in 1928 the orientalist Évariste Lévi-Provençal published Derenbourg's inventory of the manuscripts in 3 volumes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty, beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself, followed by his son Sultan Al Walid. The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library. All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
The Spanish Arabist Nieves Paradela Alonso (es) mentioned that most Arab travelers to Spain addressed the importance of the Arabic books and manuscripts found in El Escorial. Among the most prominent of these voyageurs were three Moroccan diplomats who visited Spain in succeeding historical periods, going there to nego... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Al-Ghazzal authored the book The Result of the Discretion Between Armistice and Jihad (نتيجة الاجتهاد في المهادنة و الجهاد). The case of the manuscripts held an important place in this visit, as the ambassador visited El Escorial and the Spanish king gave him some of the manuscripts: The third ambassador was Muhammad B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
After Omar Azziman's 4 years of negotiations in Madrid, when Bensalem Himmich was head of the Moroccan Ministry of Culture, an agreement of Scientific Cooperation between the National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Library of El Escorial in December 2009 allowed the reproduction of a number of Arabic manuscr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Among the contents of the Zaydani Collection at El Escorial there are: The original Arabic text of Ibn al-Khatiib's Muqni'at al-Sā'il 'an al-Maraḍ al-Hā'il (مقنعة السائل عن المرض الهائل), a treatise from c. 1362 about the Black Death MS Arabic 1785 == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Levantinization is a term used in different contexts to describe non-European cultural influences in the lands of the former Ottoman Empire. The term often carries negative connotations. Cornell associate professor Deborah Starr uses the term to describe the fear of change to Israeli culture during the influx of Mizrah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's Letters from the Levant were written to well known persons of historical note like Lady Mar, Abbé Conti and Alexander Pope while her husband served as ambassador to Constantinople in the early 18th century. Her letters were first published in 1763. Scholars have argued that Montagu complicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
Aravamudan argues that Montagu's levantinization, as he calls it, "demonstrates the ambivalence and the malleability of orientalist topologies".According to Aravamudan's analysis of the letters, Montagu writes from "a secular anthropologizing stance towards cultures", which he says is a feature of post-Renaissance valu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
As early as the mid-1930s fears of a loss of Jewish character had given way to a campaign against the so-called Levantinization of Tel Aviv. At the 25th anniversary of the city's founding in 1934 Hayyim Nahman Bialik said "A great danger faces our Tel Aviv, that it will become a levantine city, like other coastal citie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
These included speaking Yiddish, wearing traditional clothing and certain types of religious thought. The Shinui party, founded by Yosef Lapid, who has been described as "Eurocentric, chauvinistic and anti-Mizrahi", viewed Levantinization as a threat to the existence of the state of Israel, along with the Haredim, Pale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
And under the Levantine tranquility, the lava of Arab nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism is simmering. We don't have anything to look for in this culture and we have no reason to yearn for it. Israel exists thanks to her being a western state, a state of high tech, a country that has adapted itself to the values of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
Baruch Kimmerling wrote: The mass immigration of non-European Jews had the potential to fundamentally change the system through 'Levantinization', and, from the perspective of the European veterans, to downgrade it to the 'low quality' of the surrounding Arab states and societies. In stereotypical terms, these immigran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
Egyptian-Israeli novelist Jacqueline Kahanoff has described herself as a "typical Levantine in that I appreciate equally what I inherited from my Oriental origins and what is now mine of Western culture". Kahanoff says that she finds the cultural cross fertilization "an enrichment and not an impoverishment", despite th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantinization |
Listening is giving attention to a sound. When listening, a person hears what others are saying and tries to understand what it means.Listening involves complex affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Affective processes include the motivation to listen to others; cognitive processes include attending to, under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Poor listening can lead to misinterpretations, thus causing conflict or dispute. Poor listening can be exhibited by excessive interruptions, inattention, hearing what you want to hear, mentally composing a response, or having a closed mind.Listening is also linked to memory. According to one study, when there were back... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Listening differs from obeying. A person who receives and understands information or an instruction, and then chooses not to comply with it or not to agree to it, has listened to the speaker, even though the result is not what the speaker wanted.Listening begins by hearing a speaker producing the sound to be listened t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
People are always hearing, most of the time subconsciously. Listening is done by choice. It is the interpretative action taken by someone in order to understand, and potentially make sense of, something they hear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Listening may be considered as a simple and isolated process, but it would be more precise to perceive it as a complex and systematic process. It involves the perception of sounds made by the speaker, of intonation patterns that focus on the information, and of the relevance of the topic under discussion.People listen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
For example, a home has certain sounds associated with it that makes it familiar and comfortable to the occupant. An intrusion—a sound that is not familiar (e.g., a squeaking door or floorboard, a breaking window)—alerts whoever lives there to potential danger.Deciphering The second level involves detecting patterns wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
This sort of listening is important in psychoanalysis, the study of the unconscious mind. According to Barthes, the psychoanalyst must suspend judgment while listening to the patient in order to communicate with the latter's unconscious without bias. In the same way, lay listeners must suspend judgment when listening t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Active listening involves listening to what is being said and attempting to understand it. It can be described in many ways. Active listening requires that the listener be attentive, nonjudgmental, and non-interrupting. An active listener analyzes what the speaker is saying for its implicature or subtext as well as for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
An active listener looks for nonverbal messages from the speaker in order to comprehend the full meaning of what is being said. Active listening has many benefits. It is more effective listening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
It also strengthens one's leadership skills.Active listening is an exchange between two or more individuals. If they are active listeners, the quality of the conversation will be better and clearer. Active listeners connect with each other on a deeper level in their conversations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Active listening can create a deeper, more positive relationship between individuals.Active listening changes the speaker's perspective. Active listening is a catalyst in one's personal growth, which enhances personality change and group development. People will more likely listen to themselves if someone else is allow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
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