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While the general populace currently views "doing rhetoric" as "menacing our fellow citizens with lies and misdirection," these devices have the ability to allow rhetoricians and social activists alike to bring about social change and repair rhetoric's reputation in the eyes of the general populace. For example, in Cyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Spaces are the sites in which public rhetoric happens. These sites are not necessarily physical, geographically bound places, but metaphysical spaces in which discourse is shared and mediated by the members of specific publics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
To understand the spaces in which public rhetoric is enacted, it is important to understand the differences between "space" and "place." In his book The Practice of Everyday Life, Michel de Certeau, defines places as an "instantaneous configuration of positions." To Certeau, places are geographically bound, locatable s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Certeau claims that places are different from spaces because places are "ultimately reducible to being there" while spaces are specified "by the actions of historical subjects." While places could be pointed to on a map and are defined by what is physically inside of them, spaces are sites where things have happened. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Michel Foucault built on Certeau's definition of space in his essay, "Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias," pointing out that spaces were defined by "a set of relations that delineates sites which are irreducible to one another and absolutely not superimposable on one another." He argued that these individual, sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
According to Foucault, utopias are spaces with no real place which present society in its perfected form. Since these spaces are not places that exist in reality, but rather as a result of the rhetoric that surrounds them, they are described as fundamentally unreal places. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Heterotopias are real spaces that exist in every culture. Unlike Utopias, they are places that exist in physical space and can be indicated by their location. Foucault describes these heterotopias as "effectively enacted utopias in which the real sites, all the other real sites that can be found within the culture, are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Middle-spaces, according to David Coogan, are spaces in which rhetors from different publics can come and have an engaging discourse. As Coogan discusses, these are both physical and ideological places in which agents from two given publics c come together to engage in discourse about "the 'codes' to evaluate conduct, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
In discussions of public rhetoric, tourism refers both to the act of traveling to a physical location in search of a transformative experience and to the metaphorical action of traveling into the experiential world of another. Public rhetoric scholars use the language of tourism to examine individuals and communities' ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Scholars of public rhetoric frequently invoke the language of tourism to discuss individual and group identity. This is often done to disrupt notions of individuality. Jürgen Habermas, for instance, chronicles the emergence of the concept of the individual in Western society, only to demonstrate the individual's sublim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Whereas the Western conception of the Subject tends to emphasize individual autonomy, scholars of public rhetoric challenge the notion that individual identity exists separately from the surrounding world. This challenge to Enlightenment notions of identity is exemplified by the work of Phaedra Pezzullo. In Toxic Touri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
The language of interconnection and responsibility pervades public rhetoric's concern with tourism as a process that mediates relationships between human beings. Researchers such as Pezzullo have discussed the large extent that notions of toxicity are reflected in the ways that certain groups are marginalized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
For instance, Pezzullo writes "that the 'toxic baggage' the nation carries exceeds the material impact of toxins and public discourses about them. It includes our cultural perceptions of our bodies and the bodies of 'polluted' and 'polluting' Others." Thus, the language of toxicity is not limited to describing polluted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Toxicity is used to identify and rhetorically isolate segments of the population that do not conform to the Public's normative expectations. Yet, as Pezzullo also suggests, the practice of tourism allows for travel between the Public and those citizens and groups who stand outside it. Pezzullo suggests that toxic tours... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Taken in a broad sense, the practice of tourism enables interactions that allow for the formation and maintenance of publics. Tourism as a concept does not merely connote the movement of bodies from one physical place to another; it also refers to the internalization and externalization of ideas. As Michael Warner indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
... Such is the image of totalitarianism." Examined as an exchange of ideas, the practice of tourism allows individuals to engage in discourse with other individuals, thereby creating publics. Key to Warner and other scholars' understanding of publics is the notion of voluntary participation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
The citizen-tourist must willingly encounter the perspectives of other citizens. In this sense, public-creating tourist practices are not limited to "the pundits and wonks and reaction-shot secondary celebrities who try to perform our publicness for us ... people whose place in public media is one of consuming, witnes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
In its most organic form, the discourse of the public sphere arises spontaneously. In his seminal work "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article" Habermas discusses the bourgeois public as an instrumental development in the history of publics but recognizes the limitations of the bourgeois public for modernity: "Alth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
When these needs are not met, the scale of the democracy requires a dramatic catalyst to bridge the distance between the citizens and bring to light the need for change.The most basic (albeit violent) form of public would be that of the riot, which is engendered by "competitions of interest, competitions which assume t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
The riot is organic; often considered barbaric or savage because of the raw emotions involved. Cynthia Sheard claims that it is a result of "the ways in which words fail us… all-too-common images of violence must make us wonder, indeed, whether words can make any difference in our lives." Although the riot may have dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
A digital public can be considered as a few different entities. According to Patricia G. Lange, a digital space is a social network, or a group of people related to each other in some way. Digital social networks in which knowledge is communicated and shared have been labeled "epistemopolis." An epistemopolis facilitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
These digital social spaces are complicated by the possibility of anyone in the world being related to anyone else in the world in any given way at any given time; measurements or regulations or requirements for defining a specific digital space would need to be applied on an individual basis. While this isn't necessar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
It is important to note that the internet is a social construction, designed for social interaction among various contexts (including economic, discursive, etc.). To this end, digital spaces can be manipulated, adapted, or even created for different, specific functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Consider Wikipedia: "the free encyclopedia anyone can edit." This site encourages individuals to share more information, making verified knowledge public and collaborative. Another example is Douglas Eyman's text Digital Rhetoric: Theory, Method, Practice. Eyman wrote a print and a digital version of this text and incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
The digital sphere presents a new set of challenges for public rhetoric. With issues of authorship, autonomy, and anonymity, the field crosses back and forth constantly between private and public. Individuals can create a digital persona, an avatar, while keeping their actual identity a secret. It is relatively easy to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
To a certain extent, "technology has fused with human consciousness itself," resulting in a collective, shared, public memory. Many people may oppose or feel threatened by advancements in technology, especially the internet. Some question personal and financial safety, a fear that may be heard as part of the argument o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Opportunities for extended communication, in a plethora of different ways, litter the argument for development of digital spaces and tools. For example, digital social activism (also referred to as internet activism or cyberactivism) is a growing movement that uses digital spaces to spread awareness and encourage actio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Digital rhetoric is important to consider when thinking about digital publics. Individuals create online identities, influencing how a digital audience can be addressed. This in turn influences how the author uses the rhetorical canons in their composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Photographic images can function in public rhetoric as icons of U.S. public culture. According to Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites in No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy, iconic images "work in several registers of ritual and response." Public interpretations and influence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
While multiple interpretations of photographic images as icons are discussed in conversations of public rhetoric, establishing what makes an icon an icon is important in order to identify and further analyze icons' functions. Hariman and Lucaites describe the seven characteristics of an icon as follows: is easily recog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
As a version of public rhetoric, iconic images serve to compose meaning and persuade a public audience to respond in some way. According to Hariman and Lucaites, "each image presents a pattern of motivation that can make some responses more likely than others." An iconic image semiotically promotes an interpretation by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Iconic images have the capability of representing ideology, which Hariman and Lucaites define as "a set of beliefs that presents a social order as if it were a natural order, that presents asymmetrical relationships as if they were mutually beneficial, and that makes authority appear self-evident." A photograph has the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Because icons are distinctively public visual images, they "recast social knowledge with regard to the distinctive concerns and roles of public life." By tapping into the knowledge of the public to which they are being presented, icons effectively persuade members of a society and their social interactions, as any succ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Photographic icons can negotiate collective memory as part of the social knowledge it communicates. An icon can shape public understanding of specific events and contexts at the kairotic time of their occurrence and thereafter. Thus, society as a whole acts as the audience of the rhetorical message sent about the time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Members of the public interpreting iconic images can themselves be shaped by the messages sent by the icons, as can their rhizomatic relationships with each other. When viewing icons that portray U.S. citizens, the audience sees themselves in those citizens and emulates their portrayal of society. Iconic images essenti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Since society can be considered "abstract" in terms of relationships between citizens, photographs serve to communicate such ambiguous citizenship and supply models for how to be a "good citizen." Hariman and Lucaites explain that "an iconic photograph can continue to shape public understanding and action long after th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Charles Barzillai Spahr (July 20, 1860 – August 30, 1904) was an American political economist. Author, newspaper publisher and editor, he was also prominently identified with University Settlement work. He numbered among his intimate friends such people as Carl Schurz, Ernest Howard Crosby, and Henry George. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
Charles Barzillai Spahr was born in Columbus, Ohio, July 20, 1860. He was the son of the Rev. Barzillai Nelson, and Elizabeth (Tallman) Spahr. He was the grandson of Gideon and Phoebe (Hegler) Spahr, and of George and Jane (Douglas) Tallman, and a descendant of Spahr, who was born in Basel, Switzerland.Spahr was gradua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
He studied at Leipzig, 1884–85. The honorary degree of Ph.D. was conferred upon him by the School of Political Science, Columbia University, New York City, in 1886. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
In 1886, with Stanton Coit, Spahr co-founded the University Settlement New York on the Lower East Side of New York City. In the same year, he became associate editor of The Outlook, and continued to be associated with the periodical until February 1904.Spahr was one of the primary workers in the formation of the Americ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
On July 5, 1892, he married Jean Gurney, daughter of Lambert and Mary (Burchard) Fine, of Princeton, New Jersey. They had five daughters: Margaret (b. 1893; Smith 1914), Elizabeth Fine (b. 1894), Mary Burchard (b. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
1896), Jean Gurney (b. 1899), and Helen Thayer (b. 1902). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
Spahr either fell or jumped overboard from the steamer Prince Albert midway between Ostend and Dover on August 30, 1904. He had been suffering from a complication of severe indigestion, and the nervous strain of overwork in his editorial duties; he was traveling for his health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
Present Distribution of Wealth (1896) America's Working People (1900) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
"The Taxation of Labor" "Single Tax" "Giffeus Case against Bimetallism" == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Barzillai_Spahr |
Juan Manuel de Rosas was Governor of Buenos Aires Province during the Argentine Civil Wars. Deposed during the battle of Caseros, he spent his later life in exile in Southampton, England, where he died on March 14, 1877. He was buried at the Southampton Old Cemetery, and after a number of failed attempts the body was r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Juan Manuel de Rosas was the Governor of Buenos Aires Province from 1829 to 1832 and 1835 to 1852. He's also famous for defeating an Anglo-French invasion during the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in 1845. At the time the country fought many civil wars between Federals and Unitarians, Rosas being a federal leader. He was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Defeated, he was rescued by a British warship and moved to Southampton, where he stayed the rest of his life. He died on March 14, 1877, and he was buried at the Southampton Old Cemetery. Fearing pro-Rosas demonstrations, the Argentine government forbid any commemoration in his honour, and made instead a mass for the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
They sought to erase or denigrate the legacy of Rosas, confiscated their property and charged him with high treason. Bartolomé Mitre, who fought in Caseros, did so with the first histographic works of Argentina, with a high negative bias against Rosas and other caudillos. This historiographical perspective was soon con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Anticipating the controversy, Rosas wrote in his will that "once my country recognizes, along with its government, the justice owed me by my services", then his body shall be returned to Argentina. Revisionism kept growing, specially in the 1920s and 1930s. The 1930s saw the establishment of the Pro-Repatriation of Ros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Perón was deposed in 1955 by the Revolución Libertadora military coup and sent to exile, and Peronism was proscribed. Perón became a supporter of revisionism in the 1960s, and helped Manuel de Anchorena in the renewed efforts of the Committee.Perón returned from exile and became president in 1973. He appointed Anchoren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Great Britain authorized it, and the Argentine Congress passed a resolution for this purpose. The repatriation was imminent, but the country began a period of turmoil: Perón died in 1974, his wife Isabel Perón could not keep the Dirty War under control (a conflict between left-wing guerrillas and right-wing anti-commun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Alfonsín was followed by Peronist Carlos Menem in 1989, amid an economic crisis. Menem announced that the main task of his presidency would be the national reconciliation, the end of the dichotomies that once plagued the country. In the case of Rosas, he claimed that he wanted to be "the president of Rosas and Sarmient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
With those ideas in mind, Menem gave the final boost to the repatriation project. The body would be taken from the cemetery, placed in a new coffin in France, and them moved by plane to Argentina.There were projects to place the coffin in the Buenos Aires Cathedral, next to the one of José de San Martín, but a 1982 pap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
As a result, it was placed in La Recoleta Cemetery instead.The body was received in France with the honours of a head of state: red carpet, full military honours and the flag at half staff. In Argentina, the newspaper La Nación (founded by Bartolomé Mitre) declared that it was not against the repatriation. The huge pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas's_body |
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of applied aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic experience of art, music, or any object that can give rise to aesthetic judgments. Neuroesthetics is a term coined by Semir Zeki in 1999 and receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Neuroaesthetics is a field of experimental science that aims to combine (neuro-)psychological research with aesthetics by investigating the "perception, production, and response to art, as well as interactions with objects and scenes that evoke an intense feeling, often of pleasure.". The recently developed field seeks... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Researchers who have been prominent in the field combine principles from perceptual psychology, evolutionary biology, neurological deficits, and functional brain anatomy in order to address the evolutionary meaning of beauty that may be the essence of art. It is felt that neuroscience is a very promising path for the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
In addition to the generation of theories to explain this, such as Ramachandran's set of laws, it is important to use neuroscience to determine and understand the neurological mechanisms involved. Neuroaesthetics approaches can be either descriptive or experimental. Descriptive neuroaesthetics refers to the practice of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
For example, if color is important to the experience of Fauvist art, then it is likely that areas of the brain that process color will be engaged when looking at such art. The claims of descriptive neuroaesthetics are regarded as hypothesis-generating and are typically qualitative in nature. Experimental neuroaesthetic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Experimental neuroaesthetics tests hypotheses, predicts results, and invites replication or falsification. The typical experimental methods used are those of cognitive neuroscience: fMRI, ERP, TMS, TDCS, and neuropsychology. Critics of neuroaesthetics typically target descriptive and not experimental neuroaesthetics.Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This can be applied both to the ability to create and interpret art. A common approach to uncover the neural mechanisms is through the study of individuals, specifically artists, with neural disorders such as savant syndrome or some form of traumatic injury. The analysis of art created by these patients provides valuab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The aesthetic enjoyment of individuals can be investigated using brain imaging experiments. When subjects are confronted with images of a particular level of aesthetics, the specific brain areas that are activated can be identified. It is argued that the sense of beauty and aesthetic judgment presupposes a change in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This program was introduced as a cognitive model of the appreciation of art in a paper published in the British Journal of Psychology. This model has served to frame many studies on the cognitive foundations of art, neuroaesthetics, product design, and web design, among other fields. A crucial aspect of research lies i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Neurologists have had success researching primitives. However, there is a need to define higher level abstract philosophical concepts objectively with neural correlates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
It is suggested that aesthetic experience is a function of the interaction between top-down, intentional orientation of attention and the bottom-up perceptual facilitation of image construction. In other words, because untrained persons automatically apply the object-identification habit to viewing artworks, top-down c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Aesthetic responses to different types of art and techniques has recently been explored. Cubism is the most radical departure from Western forms of art, with the proposed purpose of forcing the viewer to discover less unstable elements of the object to be represented. It eliminates interferences such as lighting and pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This may be compared to how the brain maintains an object's identity despite varying conditions. Modern, representational, and impressionistic art has also been studied for the purpose of explaining visual processing systems. Yet aesthetic judgments exists in all domains, not just art. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Aesthetic experiences are an emergent property of interactions among a triad of neural systems that involve sensory-motor, emotion-valuation, and meaning-knowledge circuitry.The visual brain segregates visual elements like luminance, color, and motion, as well as higher order objects like faces, bodies, and landscapes.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Beyond classifying visual elements, these sensory areas may also be involved in evaluating them. Beautiful faces activate the fusiform face and adjacent areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The question of how much and what kind of valuation takes place in sensory cortices is an area of active inquiry. Looking at paintings that depict actions also engages parts of people’s motor systems. This engagement taps into the extended mirror neuron system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Mirror neurons, first discovered in monkeys, are neurons that respond to both the execution and perception of actions. A similar system exists in humans. This system resonates when people infer the intent of artistic gestures or observe the consequences of actions such as in Lucio Fontana’s cut canvases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This subtle motor engagement may represent an embodied element of our empathetic responses to visual art.The pleasure that people derive from looking at beautiful objects automatically engages general reward circuitry. For example, attractive faces activate the FFA and parts of the ventral striatum even when people are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
People rated abstract “art-like” images as more attractive if labeled as being from a museum than labeled as generated by a computer. This preference was accompanied by greater neural activity in the medial orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Thinking an image was a museum piece also produced activity in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Similarly, Lacey and colleagues found that people’s ventral striatum and parts of the orbitofrontal cortex were more responsive to the “art status” than to the actual content of visual images. Huang and colleagues found that people have different neural responses when told that they are looking at an authentic or copie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Semir Zeki, professor of neuroesthetics at the University College of London, views art as an example of the variability of the brain. Thus a neurological approach to the source of this variability may explain particular subjective experiences as well as the ranges of abilities to create and experience art. Zeki theoriz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
How such creations can arouse aesthetic experiences can only be fully understood in neural terms. Such an understanding is now well within our reach. "He proposes two supreme laws of the visual brain: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Despite the changes that occur when processing visual stimuli (distance, viewing angle, illumination, etc.), the brain has the unique ability to retain knowledge of constant and essential properties of an object and discard irrelevant dynamic properties. This applies not only to the ability to, for example, always see ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This process refers to the hierarchical coordination where a general representation can be applied to many particulars, allowing the brain to efficiently process visual stimuli. The ability to abstract may have evolved as a necessity due to the limitations of memory. In a way, art externalizes the functions of abstract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and his fellow researchers including William Hirstein, developed a highly speculative theory of human artistic experience and the neural mechanisms that mediate it. These "laws" combine to develop underlying high order concepts of the human artistic experience. Although not all encompassing as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This psychological phenomenon is typically known for its application in animal discrimination learning. In the peak shift effect, animals sometimes respond more strongly to exaggerated versions of the training stimuli. For instance, a rat is trained to discriminate a square from a rectangle by being rewarded for recogn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This is called a supernormal stimulus. The fact that the rat is responding more to a 'super' rectangle implies that it is learning a rule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This effect can be applied to human pattern recognition and aesthetic preference. Some artists attempt to capture the very essence of something in order to evoke a direct emotional response. In other words, they try to make a 'super' rectangle to get the viewer to have an enhanced response. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
To capture the essence of something, an artist amplifies the differences of that object, or what makes it unique, to highlight the essential features and reduce redundant information. This process mimics what the visual areas of the brain have evolved to do and more powerfully activates the same neural mechanisms that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Isolating a single visual cue helps the organism allocate attention to the output of a single module, thereby allowing it to more effectively enjoy the peak shift along the dimensions represented in that module. In other words, there is a need to isolate the desired visual form before that aspect is amplified. This is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
This efficiency prevents non-unique features from detracting from the image. This is why one can predict that an outline drawing would be more aesthetically pleasing than a color photograph. The viewers attention is drawn towards this single area allowing one's attention to be focused on this source of information. Enh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Perceptual grouping to delineate a figure from the background may be enjoyable. The source of the pleasure may have come about because of the evolutionary necessity to give organisms an incentive to uncover objects, such as predators, from noisy environments. For example, when viewing ink blots, the visual system segme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The key idea is that due to the limited attentional resources, constant feedback facilitates processing of features at earlier stages due to the discovery of a clue which produces limbic activation to draw one's attention to important features. Though not spontaneous, this reinforcement is the source of the pleasant se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Extracting contrast involves eliminating redundant information and focusing attention. Cells in the retina, the lateral geniculate body or relay station in the brain, and in the visual cortex respond predominantly to step changes in luminance rather than homogeneous surface colors. Smooth gradients are much harder for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The importance of the visual neuron's varying responses to the orientation and presence of edges has previously been proven by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel. This may hold evolutionary significance since regions of contrast are information rich requiring reinforcement and the allocation of attention. In contrast to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Tied to the detection of contrast and grouping is the concept that discovery of an object after a struggle is more pleasing than one which is instantaneously obvious. The mechanism ensures that the struggle is reinforcing so that the viewer continues to look until the discovery. From a survival point of view, this may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The visual system dislikes interpretations which rely on a unique vantage point. Rather it accepts the visual interpretation for which there is an infinite set of viewpoints that could produce the class of retinal images. For example, in a landscape image, it will interpret an object in the foreground as obscuring an o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Ramachandran defines a metaphor as a mental tunnel between two concepts that appear grossly dissimilar on the surface, but instead share a deeper connection. Similar to the effects of perceptual problem solving, grasping an analogy is rewarding. It enables the viewer to highlight crucial aspects that the two objects sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The aesthetic appeal of symmetry is easily understandable. Biologically it is important during the detection of a predator, location of prey, and the choosing of a mate as all of these tend to display symmetry in nature. It complements other principles relating to the discovering of information rich objects. Additional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Aesthetic perception relies heavily on the processing by the visual centers in the brain such as the V1 cortex. Signals from V1 are distributed to various specialized areas of the brain. There is no single area where all specialized visual circuitry connect, reducing the chances of determining a single neural center re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Functional specializations of the visual brain are already known. Physiological phenomenon can explain several aspects of art appreciation. Different extrastriate areas of the visual cortex may have evolved to extract correlations of different visual features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The discovery and linking of various visual stimuli is facilitated and reinforced by direct connections from these areas to limbic structures. Additionally, art may be most appealing if it produces heightened activity in a single dimension rather than redundant activation of multiple modules, restricted by the allocati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
The prefrontal cortex is previously known for its roles in the perception of colored objects, decision making, and memory. Recent studies have also linked it to the conscious aesthetic experience because it is activated during aesthetic tasks such as determining the appeal of a visual stimuli. This may be because a jud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
In a study performed by Zeki and Kawabata, it was found that the medial orbito-frontal cortex (mOFC) is involved in the judgment of whether a painting is beautiful or not. There is high activation in this region when a person views paintings which they consider beautiful. Other evidence shows that this same area is act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
Interestingly, experience of the sublime, as opposed to the beautiful, results in a different pattern of brain activity; moreover, where it comes to judgment, although aesthetic and perceptual judgments leads t activity in the same brain areas, the pattern of activity is also different between the two, one of the most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics |
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