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Along with speaking, reading, and writing, listening is one of the "four skills" of language learning. All language-teaching approaches, except for grammar translation, incorporate a listening component. Some teaching methods, such as total physical response, involve students simply listening and responding.In "intensi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
While intensive listening may be more effective for developing specific aspects of listening ability, extensive listening is more effective in building fluency and maintaining learner motivation.People are usually not conscious of how they listen in their first, or native, language unless they encounter difficulty. A r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
A common store of semantic information (single) in memory is used in both first- and second-language speech comprehension, but research has found separate stores of phonological information (dual) for speech. Semantic knowledge required for language understanding (scripts and schemata related to real-world people, plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Krista Ratcliffe contended that much literacy teaching in the U.S. emphasizes classical Western rhetorical theory that foregrounds speaking and writing but ignores listening. These theories mainly focus on how the rhetor's speech can persuade the audience. The goal of classical rhetoric studies was to address what the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Listening may occur within two different stances: the divided logos and the restored logos. These differ in how they (re)shape the functions and outcomes of listening. The hearer listens in the divided logos while simultaneously producing their responses to the speaker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Whereas within the restored logos, the listener exploits the listening time to live in someone's else experiences, then reflect on, and make meanings, to offer a response.An example of divided logos was Aristotle's theory. Despite its concern with teaching students the oral discourse that mandates listening to produce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Ratcliffe encouraged language scholars to adopt listening as a novel strategy for deriving meaning and comprehending discourses related to gender and race. The primary objective was to facilitate cross-cultural conversations. Ratcliffe defined rhetorical listening as a technique for creative interpretation, originating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
To this end, Ratcliffe asserted that rhetorical listening embodies an “stance of openness that a person may choose to assume in relation to any person, text, or culture.” As an outcome of this openness, Ratcliffe claimed that rhetorical listening cultivates conscious willingness in people, thereby fostering effective c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Within the framework of rhetorical listening, the term "understanding" metaphorically transforms into "standing under"—encompassing a comprehensive view of various perspectives. This vantage point allows for the (re)conceptualization of one's own ideas and ethics. Instead of merely accumulating others' ideas, people cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Based on Krista Ratcliffe's work on rhetorical listening, Meagan Rodgers developed the intent/effect tactic as one way for students to practice rhetorical listening in the English composition classroom. The application of this tool is meant to disrupt racially discriminatory stereotypes and utterances. Rodgers found in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
This kind of listening pedagogy requires students (1) to be attentive and reduce distracting noises; (2) share their story, including their cultural background, so that classmates can be familiar with their perspective; (3) engage in “critical dialogue” in order to understand others; and (4) pay attention to their clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
A further reason why students choose silence is because they were taught to be silent, especially at the secondary school level in some cultures, e.g. Puerto Rico. Cools suggests asking students in writing why they are (not) silent in their classes, "how interpret other students' silences and what a professor should ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Students answered that silence can be beneficial as it shows their focus on the material, gives them an opportunity to get to know a different perspective while listening to their peers, and allows them to reflect and process questions. Moreover, discussions can be perceived as interruption because classmates do not ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening |
Matthew P. Davies, FRHistS, FSA, is a British academic administrator and urban historian, specialising in late medieval and early modern cities. Since 2016, he has been Executive Dean of the School of Social Sciences, History and Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London where he is also a professor of urban history... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
Davies completed his undergraduate studies (BA) and doctorate at the University of Oxford; his DPhil was awarded in 1994 for his thesis "The tailors of London and their guild, c. 1300–1500". He worked for the History of Parliament Trust as a researcher and completed studies of parliamentary representation in 15th-centu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
As of 2018, Davies is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (elected in 2017), and also serves as a Trustee of the London Journal Trust, a council member/Trustee of the British Record Society and a trustee of the Historic Towns Atlas Trust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
(Edited with Vanessa Harding, Catherine Ferguson, Elizabeth Parkinson, John Price, Andrew Wareham and Cliff Webb) The London and Middlesex Hearth Tax of 1666, British Records Society Hearth Tax Series, no. 9 (2014). (Edited with James A. Galloway) London and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Derek Keene (Institute of Histori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark (Boydell Press, 2011), pp. 145–165. (Edited with Andrew Prescott) London and the Kingdom: Essays in Honour of Caroline M. Barron, Harlaxton Medieval Studies, no. 16 (Shaun Tyas, 2008). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
(Authored with Vanessa Harding, Philip Baker, Mark Merry, Olwen Myhill, Gill Newton and Richard Smith) People in Place: Families, Households and Housing in Early Modern London (Centre for Metropolitan History, 2008) (Edited with Caroline M. Barron) The Religious Houses of London and Middlesex (Institute of Historical R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
23 (2004), pp. 136–148. (Authored with Caroline M. Barron) "Ellen Langwith, silkwoman of London", The Ricardian, vol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
13 (2003), pp. 39–47. "Governors and Governed: the Practice of Power in the Merchant Taylors' Company", in I. A. Gadd and P. Wallis (eds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
), Guilds, Society and Economy in London, 1450–1800 (Centre for Metropolitan History, 2002), pp. 67–83. The Merchant Taylors' Company of London: Court Minutes 1486–1493 (Paul Watkins, 2000). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
"Artisans, Guilds and Government in London" in R. H. Britnell (ed. ), Daily Life in the Late Middle Ages (Sutton, 1998), pp. 125–150. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
"The Tailors of London: Corporate Charity in the Late-Medieval Town" in Rowena E. Archer (ed. ), Crown, Government and People in the Fifteenth Century (Sutton, 1995), pp. 161–190. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
"Dame Thomasine Percyvale, 'the Maid of Week' (d. 1512)", in Caroline M. Barron and Anne F. Sutton (eds. ), Medieval London Widows 1300–1500 (Hambledon Press, 1994), pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
185–208.Since 2016, Davies has been director of a Heritage-Lottery-funded project, "The Layers of London: mapping the city's heritage", based at the Institute of Historical Research. From 2010 to 2016, he was director of the "Records of London's Livery Companies Online" project, and with Vanessa Harding and Richard Smi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Davies_(historian) |
Vladimir Vasilyevich Suslov (Russian: Владимир Васильевич Суслов; 13 July 1857, Moscow – August 1921, Khvalynsk) was a Russian architect, archaeologist, architectural historian and restorer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
His father was an icon painter and he spent most of childhood in Palekh. He graduated from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1878, with a small silver medal. He then entered the Imperial Academy of Arts, graduating as an artist, first class, in 1882. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
During his time there, he received several medals for his architectural designs. From 1883 to 1887, on behalf of the Academy, he was engaged in preserving ancient monuments throughout the Russian North, in major cities as well as rural areas. He performed major studies linking the wooden architecture of that area with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
For comparative studies of stone architecture, he traveled to Germany, France and Italy. In 1886, for a project involving baths in the Pompeiian style, he was named an Academician of Architecture by the Russian Geographical Society. His extensive collection of drawings, figures and statistical materials was presented t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
Many of the archaeological objects that he collected were placed with the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III. He also published compilations entitled Essays on the History of Old Russian Architecture, Materials on the architecture of Novgorod and Pskov, Old Ladoga (in collaboration with Nikolai Brande... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
From 1893 to 1900, he could be found at the Cathedral of St. Sophia, Novgorod, where he discovered hidden paintings and mosaics as well as the original throne. His practical works included construction of the Tomb of the Russian Soldiers in Istanbul, commemorating soldiers killed in the Russo-Turkish War; a makeshift p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Suslov |
Ideal managerial climate (IMC) is a concept within organizational communication. Introduced by W. Charles Redding in 1972, this theoretical concept serves as a comprehensive model for management, and organizations as a whole, that places emphasis on relationships, interactions, and leadership functions. IMC furthers di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
W. Charles Redding, commonly credited as the father of organizational communication, conducted significant research that made substantial contributions to organizational and managerial communication. Redding was one of the first to investigate the climates of organizations. His quantitative studies examined communicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
Based on his findings, Redding developed a prescriptive model for managers known as the ideal managerial climate, which connects leadership functions to the organizational communication climate. Redding claimed that any experience in an organizational setting is a message, including both nonverbal and verbal communicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
Based on Redding’s research and consultation experience, he found five dynamics to be key in the attempt to produce a stable, satisfying, and content atmosphere in the workplace. These characteristics were reflective on organizational productivity, preventing workplace conflicts, and positive influence and fluency in o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
Openness: The dynamics in an organizational setting should be clear and free of confusion. However, although there may be formal hierarchical structures, communication should be not limited by rigid boundaries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
Emphasis on high-performance goals: All members of an organization should be committed to high-performance goals such as high productivity, high quality, low cost, and a concern for other members. Participative decision-making: Employees at all levels in the organization should be communicated to and consulted with in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
In 1976, Peterson and Pace expanded on the IMC model with the development of the communication climate inventory (CCI). Similar to Redding’s, this model was designed to analyze the communication dynamics of an organizational setting according to six categories of “communication effects.” Peterson and Pace used the five... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_managerial_climate |
Hebdo- (symbol H) is an obsolete decimal metric prefix equal to 107. It is derived from the Greek hebdοmos (Greek: ἕβδομος) meaning seventh.The definition of one hebdomometre or hebdometre as 10000000 metres was originally proposed by Rudolf Clausius for use in an absolute electrodynamic system of units named the quadr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebdometre |
In 1967 the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, INSEE), together with the French Commissariat général and DATAR (Délégation à l'aménagement du territoire et à l'action régionale) declared the nominal division of France into eight ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_d'études_et_d'aménagement_du_territoire |
Enactivism is a position in cognitive science that argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. It claims that the environment of an organism is brought about, or enacted, by the active exercise of that organism's sensorimotor processes. "The key point, then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
198). "Organisms do not passively receive information from their environments, which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions: they enact a world." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
These authors suggest that the increasing emphasis upon enactive terminology presages a new era in thinking about cognitive science. How the actions involved in enactivism relate to age-old questions about free will remains a topic of active debate.The term 'enactivism' is close in meaning to 'enaction', defined as "th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
This was further developed by Thompson and others, to place emphasis upon the idea that experience of the world is a result of mutual interaction between the sensorimotor capacities of the organism and its environment. However, some writers maintain that there remains a need for some degree of the mediating function of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Enactivism is one of a cluster of related theories sometimes known as the 4Es. As described by Mark Rowlands, mental processes are: Embodied involving more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes. Embedded functioning only in a related external environment. Enacted involv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Extended into the organism's environment.Enactivism proposes an alternative to dualism as a philosophy of mind, in that it emphasises the interactions between mind, body and the environment, seeing them all as inseparably intertwined in mental processes. The self arises as part of the process of an embodied entity inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
"Enaction is the idea that organisms create their own experience through their actions. Organisms are not passive receivers of input from the environment, but are actors in the environment such that what they experience is shaped by how they act. "In The Tree of Knowledge Maturana & Varela proposed the term enactive "t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
They see enactivism as providing a middle ground between the two extremes of representationalism and solipsism. They seek to "confront the problem of understanding how our existence-the praxis of our living- is coupled to a surrounding world which appears filled with regularities that are at every instant the result of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Another important notion relating to enactivism is autopoiesis. The word refers to a system that is able to reproduce and maintain itself. Maturana & Varela describe that "This was a word without a history, a word that could directly mean what takes place in the dynamics of the autonomy proper to living systems" Using ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Therefore, cognition is present in all living systems. This view is also called autopoietic enactivism. Radical enactivism is another form of enactivist view of cognition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Radical enactivists often adopt a thoroughly non-representational, enactive account of basic cognition. Basic cognitive capacities mentioned by Hutto and Myin include perceiving, imagining and remembering. They argue that those forms of basic cognition can be explained without positing mental representations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
With regard to complex forms of cognition such as language, they think mental representations are needed, because there needs explanations of content. In human being's public practices, they claim that "such intersubjective practices and sensitivity to the relevant norms comes with the mastery of the use of public symb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
134). They conclude that basic cognition as well as cognition in simple organisms such as bacteria are best characterized as non-representational.Enactivism also addresses the hard problem of consciousness, referred to by Thompson as part of the explanatory gap in explaining how consciousness and subjective experience ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Instead, according to Thompson's view of enactivism, the study of consciousness or phenomenology as exemplified by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty is to complement science and its objectification of the world. "The whole universe of science is built upon the world as directly experienced, and if we want to subject science it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
In this interpretation, enactivism asserts that science is formed or enacted as part of humankind's interactivity with its world, and by embracing phenomenology "science itself is properly situated in relation to the rest of human life and is thereby secured on a sounder footing. "Enaction has been seen as a move to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Constructivism looks upon interactivity as a radical, creative, revisionist process in which the knower constructs a personal 'knowledge system' based upon their experience and tested by its viability in practical encounters with their environment. Learning is a result of perceived anomalies that produce dissatisfactio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
According to him, enactive conceptions of cognition can be found in many pragmatists such as Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey. For example, Dewey says that "The brain is essentially an organ for effecting the reciprocal adjustment to each other of the stimuli received from the environment and responses directed up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
336–337). This view is fully consistent with enactivist arguments that cognition is not just a matter of brain processes and brain is one part of the body consisting of the dynamical regulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Robert Brandom, a neo-pragmatist, comments that "A founding idea of pragmatism is that the most fundamental kind of intentionality (in the sense of directedness towards objects) is the practical involvement with objects exhibited by a sentient creature dealing skillfully with its world" (2008, p. 178).How does construc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
It is this probing activity, especially where it is not accidental but deliberate, that characterizes enaction, and invokes affect, that is, the motivation and planning that lead to doing and to fashioning the probing, both observing and modifying the environment, so that "perceptions and nature condition one another t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Inasmuch as an organism must reflect its environment well enough for the organism to be able to survive in it, and to be competitive enough to be able to reproduce at sustainable rate, the structure and reflexes of the organism itself embody knowledge of its environment. This biology-inspired theory of the growth of kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
According to this objection, enactive theories only have limited value because they cannot "scale up" to explain more complex cognitive capacities like human thoughts. Those phenomena are extremely difficult to explain without positing representation. But recently, some philosophers are trying to respond to such object... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
McGann & others argue that enactivism attempts to mediate between the explanatory role of the coupling between cognitive agent and environment and the traditional emphasis on brain mechanisms found in neuroscience and psychology. In the interactive approach to social cognition developed by De Jaegher & others, the dyna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
In the enactive view, perception "is not conceived as the transmission of information but more as an exploration of the world by various means. Cognition is not tied into the workings of an 'inner mind', some cognitive core, but occurs in directed interaction between the body and the world it inhabits. "Alva Noë in adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
These arise from our agent-active 'movements and interaction' with objects, or 'object-active' changes in the object itself. The solidity is perceived through our expectations and skills in knowing how the object's appearance would change with changes in how we relate to it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
He saw all perception as an active exploration of the world, rather than being a passive process, something which happens to us. Noë's idea of the role of 'expectations' in three-dimensional perception has been opposed by several philosophers, notably by Andy Clark. Clark points to difficulties of the enactive approach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
He points to internal processing of visual signals, for example, in the ventral and dorsal pathways, the two-streams hypothesis. This results in an integrated perception of objects (their recognition and location, respectively) yet this processing cannot be described as an action or actions. In a more general criticism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Rather, although the limitations of sensorimotor mechanisms constrain perception, this sensorimotor activity is drastically filtered to fit current needs and purposes of the organism, and it is these imposed 'expectations' that govern perception, filtering for the 'relevant' details of sensorimotor input (called "senso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
The item can be a body part (in which case the loops are in steady-state) or an external object (in which case the loops are perturbed and gradually converge to a steady state). These enactive loops are always active, switching dominance by the need. Another application of enaction to perception is analysis of the huma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
The many remarkably demanding uses of the hand are not learned by instruction, but through a history of engagements that lead to the acquisition of skills. According to one interpretation, it is suggested that "the hand ...an organ of cognition", not a faithful subordinate working under top-down instruction, but a part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Hanne De Jaegher and Ezequiel Di Paolo (2007) have extended the enactive concept of sense-making into the social domain. The idea takes as its departure point the process of interaction between individuals in a social encounter. De Jaegher and Di Paolo argue that the interaction process itself can take on a form of aut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
The notion of participatory sense-making has led to the proposal that interaction processes can sometimes play constitutive roles in social cognition (De Jaegher, Di Paolo, Gallagher, 2010). It has been applied to research in social neuroscience and autism. In a similar vein, "an inter-enactive approach to agency holds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
According to Torrance, enactivism involves five interlocking themes related to the question "What is it to be a (cognizing, conscious) agent?" It is: 1. to be a biologically autonomous (autopoietic) organism 2. to generate significance or meaning, rather than to act via...updated internal representations of the externa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
"Social cognition is regarded as the result of a special form of action, namely social interaction...the enactive approach looks at the circular dynamic within a dyad of embodied agents. "In cultural psychology, enactivism is seen as a way to uncover cultural influences upon feeling, thinking and acting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Baerveldt and Verheggen argue that "It appears that seemingly natural experience is thoroughly intertwined with sociocultural realities." They suggest that the social patterning of experience is to be understood through enactivism, "the idea that the reality we have in common, and in which we find ourselves, is neither... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
The first definition of enaction was introduced by psychologist Jerome Bruner, who introduced enaction as 'learning by doing' in his discussion of how children learn, and how they can best be helped to learn. He associated enaction with two other ways of knowledge organization: Iconic and Symbolic. "Any domain of knowl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Piaget focused on the child's immediate environment, and suggested cognitive structures like spatial perception emerge as a result of the child's interaction with the world. According to Piaget, children construct knowledge, using what they know in new ways and testing it, and the environment provides feedback concerni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Enactivism in educational theory "looks at each learning situation as a complex system consisting of teacher, learner, and context, all of which frame and co-create the learning situation." Enactivism in education is very closely related to situated cognition, which holds that "knowledge is situated, being in part a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
The ideas of enactivism regarding how organisms engage with their environment have interested those involved in robotics and man-machine interfaces. The analogy is drawn that a robot can be designed to interact and learn from its environment in a manner similar to the way an organism does, and a human can interact with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Enactive cognition has been formalised in order to address subjectivity in artificial general intelligence. A mathematical formalism of AGI is an agent proven to maximise a measure of intelligence. Prior to 2022, the only such formalism was AIXI, which maximised “the ability to satisfy goals in a wide range of environm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism |
Public rhetoric refers to discourse both within a group of people and between groups, often centering on the process by which individual or group discourse seeks membership in the larger public discourse. Public rhetoric can also involve rhetoric being used within the general populace to foster social change and encour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
A public, not to be confused with the public, is composed of members that address each other, are addressed as a group, and also subscribe to specific ideals. Michael Warner describes a public as "being self-organized, …a relationship among strangers … merely paying attention can be enough to make a member." Robert As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Within the public sphere, dominant publics exist whose discourse can subordinate other publics or exclude them from a related discourse. Counterpublics are the result of discourse and/or people feeling marginalized, ignored, inadequately voiced, or silenced within the public sphere. "Counterpublic refers to those publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Discourse then abnormalizes or even challenges dominant public rhetoric. Warner describes the facilities of counterpublic using the LGBTQ+ community: Within a gay or queer counterpublic, for example, no one is in the closet: the presumptive heterosexuality that constitutes the closet for individuals in ordinary speech ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
It might therefore circulate in special, protected venues, in limited publications. The individual struggle with stigma is transposed, as it were, to the conflict between modes of publicness. The expansive nature of public address will seek to keep moving that frontier for a queer public, to seek more and more places t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Amid publics and counterpublics, prevailing ideology, discourse, and images can create a hierarchy of group members and the rhetoric thereof. The struggle for political and social power within the public sphere between publics gives rise to dominant and weaker internal publics within a public, namely subaltern and bour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
While graffiti is often considered a lesser art form compared to the classical arts such as music, canvas painting, and sculpture, the mural projects "actually work to carry out a 'normative' prescription of landscape. The normalization has the ability to eradicate the potential for alternative constructions of public ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Keith Haring argues that the dominant images of a gay counterpublic produce "clones" representing "well-built," effeminate, white males. While whiteness is idealized, racial minority imagery and representation was and remains marginalized. A bourgeois subgroup within a public is primarily composed of "private individua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Strangers are those who are not aware of their membership within a particular public. They are capable of being members of a public; however, they can also hold no opinion or in other ways pay no attention to their potential membership to a public. Strangers are normally not those who ignore their membership (which imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Public rhetoric participants produce discourse relative to a larger conglomerate of people or publics. Within the public sphere, different publics engage their own or other publics in conversation creating discourse that affects their own and other groups through definition of public boundaries, redefining public struc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Through public rhetoric, publics can recruit strangers and embed or polarize members of the same or other publics. Political propaganda and product advertisement are two concrete examples of forces that orient strangers and publics through analog and digital media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
When people engage in public discourse, "describ themselves and others, they do not engage in a value-neutral and transparent process. Rather, representational processes implicate participants in (often unacknowledged) choices regarding how people should be portrayed". As one begins to form judgments regarding the imag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
How one is introduced to a public varies as existing knowledge and experience can augment how one perceives a public and public rhetoric. Tony Hiss points out how places can orient and disorient civilians. In his discussion, Hiss describes public parks as having the function of "changing the way we look at things, diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
The geography of the park often contrasts the image of the city in which it exists. Effective entrance design for parks encourage visitors to enter, displacing prior experience in exchange for "park experience", in a transition that navigates the visitors smoothly to and from the park experience. Similarly, when strang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
According to David J. Coogan and John M. Ackerman, "rhetoric is in the midst of discovering anew its usefulness." As service learning and civic engagement increase at colleges and universities, rhetoric begins the process of regrouping and becoming relevant in the community outside of the academy. In both the field of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
It is the talk of politicians—filled with lies and manipulation. Instead, the public work of rhetoric should try to lead to social change. Scholars such as Ellen Cushman and Cynthia Sheard demonstrate this belief in their work; these and other scholars believe that rhetoricians should use their tools for the good of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Because rhetoric and composition are so closely related, the composition classroom becomes an open space for fostering social activism through service learning and allowing students to develop a sense of agency for both their scholarship and their interactions with the public. Ellen Cushman tells readers in her article... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
Through their respective institutions, Cushman argues that both young and old scholars of rhetoric and composition can use their educational expertise to connect with the public outside of the university that, as scholars, they are typically estranged from. Because universities are often situated as counterpublics with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
In an attempt to bridge the gap between the university and the community, Cushman suggests ways to "empower people in our communities, establish networks of reciprocity with them, and create solidarity with them." In order to invent this network of reciprocity, Cushman urges rhetoricians and students within the univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_rhetoric |
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