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Profits of the offender's transcripts and bank statements indicated where the monies would go and how much was due to each offender. The initial stages of the illegal manufacturing are dependent upon the legal enterprises such as pharmacies, rental storage spaces and personal business (Chiu 2011). Law enforcement not o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
Complications can arise if police managers are unschooled in the proper implementation of POP strategies. For example, certain officers in each department are designated as community problem solvers or if a few enthusiastic officers earnestly commit themselves to the POP process, as this leaves the others on the same s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
POP argues that traditionally police were productive in handing out tickets and making arrests. However, these tactics did not ensure crime decreased. In fact, numerous criminological studies showed they made no impact whatsoever on the greater sense of public safety as first reported in the famous study by George Kell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
POP creates specific goals in tackling tangible problems. Productivity is determined by resolving problems. If tickets and arrests help do that, they are employed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
If they don't help that, then other more creative strategies are employed. Consequently, the actual reason tension and resentment arises is because officers are ill-trained in creative problem-solving and feel they do not get adequate supervision or time to do POP. Contrary to the tension and resentment issue in some a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
Increased discretion creates a risk for abuses of authority. POP encourages police to actively intervene in situations they had previously left alone, which presents more opportunities for abuse and a "net-widening" effect. The POP projects published to date (over 700 are listed in the POP library at www.popcenter.org)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
In summary, POP represents one of the more lasting and successful components of the community policing movement. It has stood the test of time thus far and delivered a plethora of successful projects in resolving community crime and disorder. Michael Scott's 20-year retrospective concludes: "After 20 years, problem-ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
The Center For Evidence-Based Crime Policy in George Mason University identifies the following randomized controlled trials on community policing as very rigorous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem-oriented_policing |
An electric fish is any fish that can generate electric fields. Most electric fish are also electroreceptive, meaning that they can sense electric fields. The only exception is the stargazer family (Uranoscopidae). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric fish, although a small minority, include both oceanic and freshwater species, and both cartilaginous and bony fishes. Electric fish produce their electrical fields from an electric organ. This is made up of electrocytes, modified muscle or nerve cells, specialized for producing strong electric fields, used to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric organ discharges are two types, pulse and wave, and vary both by species and by function. Electric fish have evolved many specialised behaviours. The predatory African sharptooth catfish eavesdrops on its weakly electric mormyrid prey to locate it when hunting, driving the prey fish to develop electric signals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
All fish, indeed all vertebrates, use electrical signals in their nerves and muscles. Cartilaginous fishes and some other basal groups use passive electrolocation with sensors that detect electric fields; the platypus and echidna have separately evolved this ability. The knifefishes and elephantfishes actively electrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Among these, only the stargazers, a group of marine bony fish, do not also use electrolocation.In vertebrates, electroreception is an ancestral trait, meaning that it was present in their last common ancestor. This form of ancestral electroreception is called ampullary electroreception, from the name of the receptive o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Ampullae of Lorenzini were lost early in the evolution of bony fishes and tetrapods. Where electroreception does occur in these groups, it has secondarily been acquired in evolution, using organs other than and not homologous with ampullae of Lorenzini. Most common bony fish are non-electric. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
There are some 350 species of electric fish.Electric organs have evolved eight times, four of these being organs powerful enough to deliver an electric shock. Each such group is a clade. Most electric organs evolved from myogenic tissue (which forms muscle), however, one group of Gymnotiformes, the Apteronotidae, deriv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
In Gymnarchus niloticus (the African knifefish), the tail, trunk, hypobranchial, and eye muscles are incorporated into the organ, most likely to provide rigid fixation for the electrodes while swimming. In some other species, the tail fin is lost or reduced. This may reduce lateral bending while swimming, allowing the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
There has been convergent evolution in these features among the mormyrids and gymnotids. Electric fish species that live in habitats with few obstructions, such as some bottom-living fish, display these features less prominently. This implies that convergence for electrolocation is indeed what has driven the evolution ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Weakly electric fish generate a discharge that is typically less than one volt. These are too weak to stun prey and instead are used for navigation, electrolocation in conjunction with electroreceptors in their skin, and electrocommunication with other electric fish. The major groups of weakly electric fish are the Ost... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Strongly electric fish, namely the electric eels, the electric catfishes, the electric rays, and the stargazers, have an electric organ discharge powerful enough to stun prey or be used for defence, and navigation. The electric eel, even when very small in size, can deliver substantial electric power, and enough curren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
In salt water, a small voltage can drive a large current limited by the internal resistance of the electric organ. Hence, the electric organ consists of many electrocytes in parallel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Freshwater fish have high voltage, low current discharges. In freshwater, the power is limited by the voltage needed to drive the current through the large resistance of the medium. Hence, these fish have numerous cells in series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric organs vary widely among electric fish groups. They evolved from excitable, electrically active tissues that make use of action potentials for their function: most derive from muscle tissue, but in some groups the organ derives from nerve tissue. The organ may lie along the body's axis, as in the electric eel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric organs are made up of electrocytes, large, flat cells that create and store electrical energy, awaiting discharge. The anterior ends of these cells react to stimuli from the nervous system and contain sodium channels. The posterior ends contain sodium–potassium pumps. Electrocytes become polar when triggered b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; this triggers acetylcholine receptors to open and sodium ions to flow into the electrocytes. The influx of positively charged sodium ions causes the cell membrane to depolarize slightly. This in turn causes the gated sodium channels at the anterior end of the cell to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Consequently, the anterior end of the electrocyte becomes highly positive, while the posterior end, which continues to pump out sodium ions, remains negative. This sets up a potential difference (a voltage) between the ends of the cell. After the voltage is released, the cell membranes go back to their resting potentia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric organ discharges (EODs) need to vary with time for electrolocation, whether with pulses, as in the Mormyridae, or with waves, as in the Torpediniformes and Gymnarchus, the African knifefish. Many electric fishes also use EODs for communication, while strongly electric species use them for hunting or defence. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Weakly electric fish can communicate by modulating the electrical waveform they generate. They may use this to attract mates and in territorial displays. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
In sexually dimorphic signalling, as in the brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus), the electric organ produces distinct signals to be received by individuals of the same or other species. The electric organ fires to produce an EOD with a certain frequency, along with short modulations termed "chirps" and "g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
Electric catfish (Malapteruridae) frequently use their electric discharges to ward off other species from their shelter sites, whereas with their own species they have ritualized fights with open-mouth displays and sometimes bites, but rarely use electric organ discharges.The electric discharge pattern of bluntnose kni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
It had been theorized as early as the 1950s that electric fish near each other might experience some type of interference. In 1963, Akira Watanabe and Kimihisa Takeda discovered the jamming avoidance response in Eigenmannia. When two fish are approaching one another, their electric fields interfere. This sets up a beat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
The jamming avoidance response comes into play when fish are exposed to a slow beat. If the neighbour's frequency is higher, the fish lowers its frequency, and vice versa. A similar jamming avoidance response was discovered in the distantly related Gymnarchus niloticus, the African knifefish, by Walter Heiligenberg in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fish |
A Letter of Understanding (LOU) is a formal text that sums up the terms of an undertakings of a contract which may have been negotiated up to this point only in spoken form or otherwise informally. It reviews the terms of an agreement for a service, a project or a deal and is often written as a step before a more detai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_understanding |
Fathali M. Moghaddam is an Iranian-born psychologist, author, professor of psychology at Georgetown University and director of the Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science (ICOS), Department of Government, Georgetown University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
Moghaddam has proposed that there are two types of behavior: a first that is causally determined and a second that is normatively regulated. The mistake of traditional psychology, and social sciences more broadly, is to try to explain all behavior by applying causal models. He has attempted to demonstrate how causal an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
Second, through concepts such as the embryonic fallacy and interobjectivity, Moghaddam gives priority to collective over individual processes, and argues that personal worldview and identity emerge from collective worldview and identity. This sets him apart from traditional research, which he argued is individualistic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
He has criticized what he claims is a 'wholesale' exportation of American psychology to the rest of the world, and argued for the need for an appropriate psychology for the non western world. His concept of double reification describes the process of Western culture being exported to the modern sector of non-Western so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
Since 9/11, Moghaddam has applied his 'collectivist/normative' approach to explaining radicalization and terrorism in the context of accelerating fractured globalization. His staircase model of terrorism is a concrete outcome of this approach. His solution to radicalization is a new policy to managing intergroup relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
His claim is that in terms of personality characteristics, there are potential dictators in all human groups. The key is to understand the conditions that give rise to the springboard, which enables a potential dictator to spring to power. Although Moghaddam was initially trained as an experimental researcher using the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
His interest in diverse methods have extended to cross-disciplinary interest in psychology and literature. Since 2013 he is the editor of Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology. Since 2010 he has introduced and focused his research on two new concepts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
The first is political plasticity, how fast and how much cognition and action in the political domain can change. Limits on political plasticity underlie the failure of political revolutions to create open societies and slow the pace of change toward democracy. The second new concept is mutual radicalization, the proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
Drawing from well‑established psychological principles, in his book ‘Mutual Radicalization’ Moghaddam presents a dynamic, cyclical three‑stage model of mutual radicalization that explains how groups gather under extremist ideologies, establish rigid norms under authoritarian leadership, and develop antagonistic worldvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
In 2021, Moghaddam is expected to publish a book exploring psychology in Shakespearean plays, having published on psychology theory in literature at least once before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathali_M._Moghaddam |
The Hungarian Electronic Library (Hungarian: Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár) is one of the most significant text-archives of the Hungarian Web space showcasing a variety of primary and secondary sources. Contains thousands of full-text works in the humanities and social sciences. Topics covered include science, math, tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Electronic_Library |
Sensory friendly is a designed environment which is an accommodation for people who have a sensory dysfunction or a sensory processing disorder. There are sensory friendly experiences which are offered by businesses and there is also sensory friendly furniture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
Adults and children who report a sensory dysfunction or a sensory-integration disturbance often also present with a learning disability. A sensory friendly environment is created to assist those with a sensory processing disorder (SDP). The disorder is characterized by a hypersensitivity to stimuli accompanied by anxie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
Autistic people often experience sensory overload when they are in their communities. To accommodate those with these specific disabilities, some businesses offer sensory friendly hours for shopping, eating or attending community events.For adults with autism, modification of the workplace environment includes softened... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
Sensory challenges are often experienced by people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia. Sensory friendly areas of venues might include noise-cancelling headphones or quieter areas where guests can relax. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
Some theaters offer sensory friendly film showings. For this type of showing, the sound is turned down, and the lights inside the theater are brighter. The theaters also allow attendees to move around during the presentation, and even converse with the screen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
The diminished stimulation is considered sensory friendly.The Betty Brinn Children's Museum sells a Sensory-Friendly Play Pass to accommodate children who are in need of a calmer, quieter space. The Marbles Kids Museum hosts an event for families to experience Marbles in a calmer, quieter environment, which is consider... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
The Target Corporation tailored furniture that they sell to what they called sensory-friendly designs. They also advertise weighted blankets which they say are "calming". In June of 2022 the Milwaukee Brewers major league baseball team announced that they would designate a quiet area at American Family Field with senso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
KultureCity is a Nonprofit organization which provides training, and certification for venues and events to accommodate those with sensory sensitivities. The organization also provides a software application for Apple and Android devices which lists Sensory friendly venues. The application also lists sensory inclusive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly |
In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written or transcribed from left to right, parse trees that grow down and to the right are right-branching, and parse trees that grow down and to the left are left-branching. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
Languages typically construct phrases with a head word (or nucleus) and zero or more dependents (modifiers). The following phrases show the phrase heads in bold. Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases): the house - Noun phrase (NP) very happy - Adjective phrase (AP) too slowly - Adverb phrase (AdvP)Ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
Left- and right-branching structures are illustrated with the trees that follow. Each example appears twice, once according to a constituency-based analysis associated with a phrase structure grammar and once according to a dependency-based analysis associated with a dependency grammar. The first group of trees illustr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
In the corresponding dependency-based structures in the lower row, the left-branching is clear; the dependent appears to the left of its head, the branch extending down to the left. The following structures demonstrate right-branching: The upper row again shows the constituency-based structures, and the lower row the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
This right-branching is completely visible in the lower row of dependency-based structures, where the branch extends down to the right. The (c)-examples contain one instance of right-branching (the upper branch) and one instance of left-branching (the lower branch). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The following trees illustrate phrases that combine both types of branching: The combination of left- and right-branching is now completely visible in both the constituency- and dependency-based trees. The head appears in a medial position, which means that the phrase combines both types of branching. Note that the (b)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The nature of branching is most visible with full trees. The following trees have been chosen to illustrate the extent to which a structure can be entirely left- or entirely right-branching. The following sentence is completely left-branching. The constituency-based trees are on the left, and the dependency-based trees... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The following sentence is completely right-branching: Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees illustrate what can be seen as a stereotypical combination of left- and right-branching in English: Determiners (e.g. the) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The X-bar schema combines left- and right-branching. The standard X-bar schema has the following structure: This structure is both left- and right branching. It is left-branching insofar as the bar-level projection of the head (X') follows the specifier, but it is right-branching insofar as the actual head (X0) precede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
Much work in Government and Binding Theory (GB), the Minimalist Program (MP), and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) assumes all branching to be binary. Other theories (both constituency- and dependency-based ones), e.g. early Transformational Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Meaning-Text Theory, Word Gramm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The two main possibilities in a phrase structure grammar are illustrated with the following trees: The binary branching on the left is closely associated with the structures of GB, MP, and LFG, and it is similar to what the X-bar schema assumes. The n-ary branching structure on the right is a more traditional approach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
For instance, the critics of the strictly binary branching structures charge that the strict binarity is motivated more by a desire for theoretical purity than by empirical observation. Strictly binary branching structures increase the amount of syntactic structure (number of nodes) to the upper limit of what is possib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
As stated above, the main branching trait for a language is just a tendency and it often shows exceptions. Spanish, for example, while overwhelmingly right-branching, puts numeral modifiers before nouns and, in certain cases, objects before verbs. Languages like English or Swedish, though regarded as being right-branch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
Some languages, however, are exclusively left-branching or right-branching. Japanese and most other languages of northeastern Asia and the Indian subcontinent, as well as the Turkic languages, are practically a model for rigidly left-branching languages. The Mon–Khmer and Austronesian languages of southeast Asia and ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_(linguistics) |
The Cancer Prevention Study (frequently abbreviated CPS) is the name of a series of cohort studies conducted in the United States by the American Cancer Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Prevention_Study |
The first Cancer Prevention Study, known as CPS-I, recruited subjects between October 1959 and February 1960. This study included more than 1 million men and women. The participants were followed until 1972. The study showed that the increase in lung cancer mortality rates in women during the study's time period occurr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Prevention_Study |
The second Cancer Prevention Study, known as Cancer Prevention Study II or CPS-II, is a prospective study involving about 1.2 million American men and women, recruited by 77,000 American Cancer Society volunteers. It began in 1982 under the direction of Lawrence Garfinkel. Subjects examined in this study include putati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Prevention_Study |
The third Cancer Prevention Study, known as CPS-3, began enrollment in 2006 and completed recruitment in December 2013. The study includes over 304,000 participants. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_Prevention_Study |
The Gallowglass (also spelled galloglass, gallowglas or galloglas; from Irish: gallóglaigh meaning "foreign warriors") were a class of elite mercenary warriors who were principally members of the Norse-Gaelic clans of Ireland and Scotland between the mid 13th century and late 16th century. It originally applied to Scot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The gallowglasses were attractive as heavily armoured, trained infantry to be relied upon as a strong defence for holding a position, unlike most Irish foot soldiers, who were less well armoured than the typical Irish noble who fought as cavalry. They were a significant part of Irish infantry before the advent of gunpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The Irish language gallóglach is derived from gall "foreign" and óglach; from Old Irish oac (meaning "youth") and Old Irish lóeg (meaning "calf" but later becoming a word for a "hero"). The Old Irish language plural gallóglaigh is literally "foreign young warriors". (The modern Irish plural is galloglagh.) According to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The OED, which prefers the spelling "galloglass", provides examples of various English plural forms, dating back to a c. 1515 use of "galloglasseis". The OED states that the conventional English plural, gallo(w)glasses, is "probably the result" of the duplicate, redundant plural suffix -es being added to the Irish plur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
(The OED notes that while the modern Irish plural galloglagh appears to be "etymologically correct", it is recorded later than English gallowglasses.) For instance, Shakespeare uses the form "gallowglasses" in Macbeth. The OED adds that "galloglasses is found ... in our earliest quot. ", even though "in some early inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The gallowglass were from the western coast of Scotland, principally Argyll and the Western Isles. Their weapons were swords and axes. Each was usually accompanied by a man to see to his weapons and armour and a boy to carry provisions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
A description from 1600 speaks of the gallowglass as "pycked and seelected men of great and mightie bodies, crewell without compassion. The greatest force of the battell consisteth in them, chosinge rather to dye then to yeelde, so that when yt cometh to handy blowes they are quickly slayne or win the feilde". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The first record of gallowglass service was in 1259, when Aedh Ó Conchobair, King of Connacht, received a dowry of 160 Scottish warriors from the daughter of Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri, the King of the Hebrides. They were organised into groups known as a corrughadh, which consisted of about 100 men. The importation of gall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
Even the English Lord Deputy of Ireland usually kept a company of them in his service. In return for military service, gallowglass contingents were given land and settled in Irish lordships, where they were entitled to receive supplies from the local population. By 1512, there were reported to be fifty-nine groups thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
Though initially they were mercenaries, over time they settled and their ranks became filled with both Scots-Norse and many native Irish men. In 1569, Turlough Luineach O'Neill (the O'Neill) married Lady Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll, and widow of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
Her dowry consisted of at least 1,200 gallowglass fighters. Along with two young men as support and friends on top to assist or fight this could easily have numbered over 5,000 current and future gallowglasses coming into the area.They were noted for wielding the massive two-handed sparth axe (a custom noted by Geraldu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
For armour, the gallowglass wore a mail shirt over a padded jacket and an iron helmet; he was usually accompanied by two boys (like a knight's squires), one of whom carried his throwing spears while the other carried his provisions. Shakespeare mentions gallowglasses in Macbeth, although along with other aspects of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
In 1517, "when the reformacion of the countrye was taken in hand", it was reported that the Irish forces in Thomond were 750 horses, 2,324 kerne, and six "batayles" of gallowglass, the latter including 60 to 80 footmen harnessed with spears; each of these had a man to bear his harness, some of whom themselves carried s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The 16th century in Ireland saw an escalation in military conflict, caused by the Tudor conquest of Ireland. Gallowglass fighters were joined by native Irish mercenaries called buanadha (literally "quartered men") and by newer Scottish mercenaries known as "redshanks". During the First Desmond Rebellion, Lord President... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
After the combined Irish defeat at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601, recruitment of gallowglasses waned, although Scottish Highland mercenaries continued to come to Ireland until the 1640s (notably Alasdair Mac Colla). They fought under the Irish general Owen Roe O'Neill at the Battle of Benburb when O'Neill had an overwh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallowglass |
The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would expect to be treated themselves. Various expressions of this rule can be found in the tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages. It can be considered an ethic of reciprocity in some religions, although different religions treat it differently. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
As part of the 1993 "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic", 143 leaders of the world's major faiths endorsed the Golden Rule. This idea also applies to what Jesus taught in Christianity, as recorded in the New Testament of the Bible, in the section called Matthew chapter 7. According to Greg M. Epstein, it is "a concept t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
The term "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers; the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity, reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at, appears in the story of "The Eloquent Peasant", which dates to the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040–1650 BCE): "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to make him do." This proverb embodies the do ut des principle. A L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
In Mahābhārata, the ancient epic of India, there is a discourse in which sage Brihaspati tells the king Yudhishthira the following about dharma, a philosophical understanding of values and actions that lend good order to life: One should never do something to others that one would regard as an injury to one's own self.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
In Chapter 32 in the Book of Virtue of the Tirukkuṛaḷ (c. 1st century BCE to 5th century CE), Valluvar says: Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself. Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt? Furthermore, in verse 312, Valluvar says that it is the determination or code of the spotless (virtuou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
The Golden Rule in its prohibitive (negative) form was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy. Examples of the general concept include: "Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." – Thales (c. 624 – c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
546 BCE) "What you do not want to happen to you, do not do it yourself either." – Sextus the Pythagorean. The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
"Ideally, no one should touch my property or tamper with it, unless I have given him some sort of permission, and, if I am sensible I shall treat the property of others with the same respect." – Plato (c. 420 – c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
347 BCE) "Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you." – Isocrates (436–338 BCE) "It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and well and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and well and justly without living pleasantly." – Epicurus (341–270 BC) where "justly" refers to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism (c. 300 BCE – 1000 CE) were an early source for the Golden Rule: "That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself." Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5, and "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BCE – 65 CE), a practitioner of Stoicism (c. 300 BCE – 200 CE) expressed a hierarchical variation of the Golden Rule in his Letter 47, an essay regarding the treatment of slaves: "Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
According to Simon Blackburn, the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition". A multi-faith poster showing the Golden Rule in sacred writings from 13 faith traditions (designed by Paul McKenna of Scarboro Missions, 2000) has been on permanent display at the Headquarters of the United Nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
A rule of reciprocal altruism was stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: ואהבת לרעך כמוך): You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD. Rashi commented what constitutes revenge and grudge, using the example of two men. One man would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
If the second man should say, "“I will not lend it to you, just as you did not lend to me," it constitutes revenge; if "Here it is for you; I am not like you, who did not lend me," it constitutes a grudge. Rashi concludes his commentary by quoting Rabbi Akiva on love of neighbor: "This is a fundamental principle of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
"Hillel the Elder (c. 110 BCE – 10 CE), used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule |
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