text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
The Universal Short Title Catalogue (USTC) brings together information on all books published in Europe between the invention of printing and the end of the sixteenth century, creating a powerful resource for the study of the book and print culture. The project has a searchable interface, which brings together data fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The project team has also collected and analysed information on books published in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. Meanwhile, partners in University College Dublin created a bibliography of books published in the Iberian Peninsula (IB). In 2011 this was all brought together with information on books published in Italy,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
This provides access to the full bibliographic information, locations of surviving copies and, where available, digital full text editions that can be accessed through the database. All told, this information encompasses approximately 350,000 editions and around 1.5 million surviving copies, located in over 5,000 libra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The project is also associated with the Library of the Written Word published by Brill, also the publishers of the printed bibliographies. The USTC is funded via a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council. A related project on medical books in the sixteenth century is funded by the Wellcome Trust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The USTC project began as the St Andrews French Vernacular Books Project in 1997 with a survey of all books printed in the French language. This led to a world-wide search, with the team conducting research in over 150 libraries over the course of a ten-year research project. The St Andrews project team were able to de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The project was sustained by a sequence of grants from the Arts and Humanities Research Council and British Academy. With the most recent grant for the new USTC project, this is the largest sequence of grants won in open competition by a Humanities project at the University of St Andrews. At its conclusion the French p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The invention of printing in the fifteenth century revolutionised information culture, vastly multiplying the number of books in circulation. It had a transforming impact on the intellectual culture of the Renaissance. The invention attracted enormous attention, and the art of printing spread quickly through the Europe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
These included thousands of Bibles as well as milestones of scientific publication. Printing also stimulated the production of new types of books, such as news pamphlets, and the influential propaganda works of the Protestant Reformation. Overall this amounted to a huge volume of books: at least 350,000 separate editio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The history of print has always played a central role in the development of modern European society. Despite this, the knowledge base on which such interpretations are based is surprisingly flimsy. Astonishingly, to this point, it has never been possible to create a complete survey of all printed books in the first age... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The corpus of materials is very large, and widely dispersed. Many books from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries survive in only one copy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
These unique items are distributed between around 6000 separate archives and libraries around the world. Until this point data on early printed books has been available principally through national bibliographical projects. These have achieved some notable results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
The German VD 16 has gathered information on some 90,000 editions published in German lands. The Italian Edit 16 lists 60,000 editions published in Italy. The English Short Title Catalogue is a comprehensive survey of all books published in English. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
Nevertheless, this tradition of national bibliography has two main drawbacks. Firstly, national bibliographies are seldom complete. For practical and funding reasons the German VD 16 and Italian Edit 16 both confine their searches to books presently located in German and Italian libraries respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
Yet sixteenth-century books were dispersed very widely; many books survive only in libraries far away from their place of production. Secondly, the coverage of Europe by these projects is far from comprehensive. There has as yet been no complete survey of France, the third major language domain of early print. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
There is no survey of printing in Spain and Portugal. The surveys for Belgium and the Netherlands are seriously deficient. Printing in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia has been surveyed only in small disparate projects dealing with a single language domain (Bohemia, Denmark, Hungary). There is no survey for Poland.The US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue |
Hot pressing is a high-pressure, low-strain-rate powder metallurgy process for forming of a powder or powder compact at a temperature high enough to induce sintering and creep processes. This is achieved by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. Hot pressing is mainly used to fabricate hard and brittle mate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
The densification works through particle rearrangement and plastic flow at the particle contacts. The loose powder or the pre-compacted part is in most of the cases filled to a graphite mould that allows induction or resistance heating up to temperatures of typically 2,400 °C (4,350 °F). Pressures of up to 50 MPa (7,30... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
In this process heat is produced within the mould when it is subjected to a high frequency electromagnetic field, generated by using an induction coil coupled to an electronic generator. The mold is made out of graphite or steel, and pressure is applied by one or two cylinders onto the punches. The mold is positioned w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
Even powders with a liquid phase are amenable to this process and low pressures are possible, too. Among the disadvantages are the expense of a high-frequency generator and the need for proper alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
If the mold is placed off centre, the heat distribution is uneven. But the main disadvantage is the dependence of the process on good inductive coupling and thermal conductivity of the mold. The magnetic field can penetrate the mold only 0.5mm to 3mm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
From there on, the heat has to be "transported" into the mold by the thermal conductivity of the mould material. Uniform heating is much more difficult if the air gap between the mold and the inductive coil is not the same all along the mould profile. Another potential problem is heating rate. Too high a heat up rate w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
With indirect resistance heating technology, the mold is placed in a heating chamber. The chamber is heated by graphite heating elements. These elements are heated by electric current. The heat is then transferred into the mold by convection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
As the electrical energy heats the heating elements that then heat the mold in a secondary manner, the process is called indirect resistance heating. Advantages are high achievable temperatures, independent from the conductivity of the mold and independent from heat and pressure. Main disadvantage is the time that it t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
The basic idea of sintering with electric current going through the mold is quite old. Resistance heating of cemented carbide powders was patented by Tayler as early as 1933. This method is currently undergoing renewed interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
Current can be pulsed or unpulsed DC or AC. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a common name for this technique, however, it is technically incorrect since no spark and no plasma have been validated so far. Other common names for this technique are Direct Current Sintering, Rapid Hot Pressing, Direct Hot Pressing, amongst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
All these techniques are summarized under the generic term "Field Assisted Sintering Technique (FAST)".The compelling reason for shortening the cycle time then was to avoid grain growth and also save energy. In direct hot pressing, the mold is directly connected to electrical power. The resistivity of the mold and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
This results in very high heating rates. Additionally, this leads to significant increase in the sintering activity of fine metal powder aggregates which makes short cycle times of a few minutes possible. Further, this process lowers the threshold sintering temperature and pressure compared to that required in conventi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
The previous two methods are both closely dependent on an intrinsic property of the mold material, i.e., its thermal conductivity. With direct resistance heating, however, the heat is generated where it is needed. Latest research suggests that there is no basic difference between sintering with pulsed or unpulsed curre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
Recently, the manufacture of such critical items as sputtering targets and high-performance ceramic components, such as boron carbide, titanium diboride, and sialon, have been achieved. Using metal powder, the conductivity of the mold is ideal for fast heating of the work-piece. Molds with a large diameter and relative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
This applies to materials that can only be held at high temperatures briefly, or for processes requiring rapid heating rates for high productivity. With direct hot pressing technology, materials can be sintered to their final density. The near net-shape precision achieved is very high and often eliminates mechanical re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
In the friction material industry, direct hot pressing plays an increasing role in production of sintered brake pads and clutches. Sintered brake pads are increasingly used for high speed train and motorcycle applications, as well as wind energy, ATVs, mountain bikes and industrial applications. Sintered clutch discs a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
Research facilities such as universities and institutes take advantage of the short sinter cycles, which speeds the research process. Recent development work includes metal-diamond-composite heat sinks, for example in LED and laser applications. Sintering metal-diamond compounds with direct hot presses goes back to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_pressing |
The 100 percent corner is the busiest area in a city. Often it is a crossroads of several major streets, and the place with the highest land value and/or where grid plan numbering is based upon. The term is also used for the place for ideal real estate projects, sometimes considered the intersection of two highways in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_percent_corner |
Maoism–Third Worldism (MTW) is a broad tendency which is mainly concerned with the infusion and synthesis of Marxism—particularly of the Marxist–Leninist–Maoist persuasion—with concepts of non-Marxist Third Worldism, namely dependency theory and world-systems theory. There is no general consensus on part of Maoist–Thir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism–Third_Worldism |
Maoism–Third Worldism is theoretically defined by a variety of political principles which emphasize the enormous economic, social and political divisions which exist currently between the "overdeveloped" First World and the "underdeveloped" Third World. This is expressed through the lens of Maoist theory and practice, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism–Third_Worldism |
However, the foundations of Maoism–Third Worldism extend to encapsulate a great many strategic and theoretical developments in Marxist theory over the 20th century. Among them is the understanding of a global people's war being necessary as a military strategy for bringing an end to the historically unequal relationshi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism–Third_Worldism |
in 1965: Taking the entire globe, if North America and Western Europe can be called 'the cities of the world', then Asia, Africa and Latin America constitute 'the rural areas of the world'. Since World War II, the proletarian revolutionary movement has for various reasons been temporarily held back in the North America... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism–Third_Worldism |
Also fundamental to Maoism–Third Worldism is an understanding of the joint-dictatorship of the proletariat of oppressed nations (JDPON) and/or global new democratic revolution (GNDR) which is proposed as a form of alter-globalization aimed at breaking the political and economic foundations of the economic parasitism be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism–Third_Worldism |
A social welfare model is a system of social welfare provision and its accompanying value system. It usually involves social policies that affect the welfare of a country's citizens within the framework of a market or mixed economy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Taxation is concerned with how the state taxes the people, whether by a flat tax, regressive tax or a progressive tax system. The most common guiding rule of taxation is to levy taxes by the ability to pay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Social insurance is concerned with how the state implements benefits for the unemployed, pensions, maternity and paternity leave and disabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Services such as health care can be almost entirely state funded, private insurance-based, or somewhere in-between. For example, the United Kingdom has an almost entirely publicly funded health service, the National Health Service (NHS), and Canada offers public health care offered at a provincial level. Conversely, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Economies with a more laissez-faire approach to employment will do nothing to provide job security. Other countries will rely on some degree of regulation to protect workers from arbitrary firings. A high degree of regulation such as expensive severance fees is often cited reason for making employers reluctant to hire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Used by the UK, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Asian countries the British model tends to have a welfare state of roughly average size, relative to high-income OECD countries, but less comprehensive than those in Scandinavia and much of continental Europe. They have somewhat more poverty and hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Used by Austria, France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg, the Continental model has strict rules on job protection and a large amount of regulation in industry. However, the labour market has proven to be inflexible and slow to react to globalization. Generous insurance-based unemployment benefits and a well funded wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Used by Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, the Mediterranean model is similar to the Continental model, but focuses welfare on generous state-pensions. The labour market is inflexible with the same job protectionism as in the Continental model, but is not good at reducing poverty within the lower end of society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
The Nordic Model, mainly refers to Nordic countries Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland but some include the Netherlands, also called 'Nordic corporatist' model because of strong influence of the corporatist elements such as labor unions and employers' organizations, advocates a highly developed and government-fu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
As a result of the policy, Sweden, Denmark and Norway have the lowest income disparities in the world. Nordic countries have been enjoying high economic and productivity growth, but most remarkably they consistently conquer top spots in world happiness surveys.The welfare systems within the Nordic Model also emerge as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
Before the Great Depression, the United States adhered to a social model that could be summarized by the term "rugged individualism": the understanding that because most people are capable of taking care of themselves, each person should be left to succeed or fail on their own, only fettered by the bounds of the law, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
New programs included relief for the poor, unemployed, and those who cannot work due to youth, old age, or disability. However, since the Great Depression, the United States has not followed other developed democracies in the establishment of a more comprehensive model for assuring its citizens' well being. One possibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_model |
The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal was founded by its editors, Robert Jameson and David Brewster in 1819 as a scientific journal to publish articles on the latest science of the day. In 1826 the two editors fell out, and Jameson continued publication as the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Jameson died in 1854, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal |
The journal covered emerging scientific developments in chemistry, optics, electricity, magnetism, and natural history, as well as related topics including practical mechanics, inventions, and scientific instruments. As well as articles by the editors, it published contributions by many of the leading scientists at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Philosophical_Journal |
Schadenfreude (; German: ; lit.Tooltip literal translation 'harm-joy') is the experience of pleasure, joy, or self-satisfaction that comes from learning of or witnessing the troubles, failures, or humiliation of another. It is a borrowed word from German, with no direct translation, that originated in the 18th century... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Schadenfreude is a term borrowed from German. It is a compound of Schaden ("damage/harm") and Freude ("joy"). The German word was first mentioned in English texts in 1852 and 1867, and first used in English running text in 1895. In German, it was first attested in the 1740s. The earliest seems to be Christoph Starke, "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Researchers have found that there are three driving forces behind schadenfreude – aggression, rivalry, and justice.Self-esteem has a negative relationship with the frequency and intensity of schadenfreude experienced by an individual; individuals with lower self-esteem tend to experience schadenfreude more frequently a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Aggression-based schadenfreude primarily involves group identity. The joy of observing the suffering of others comes from the observer's feeling that the other's failure represents an improvement or validation of their own group's (in-group) status in relation to external (out-groups) groups (see In-group and out-group... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Rivalry-based schadenfreude is individualistic and related to interpersonal competition. It arises from a desire to stand out from and out-perform one's peers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
This is schadenfreude based on another person's misfortune eliciting pleasure because the observer now feels better about their personal identity and self-worth, instead of their group identity. Justice-based schadenfreude comes from seeing that behavior seen as immoral or "bad" is punished. It is the pleasure associat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Schadenfreude has equivalents in many other languages (such as: in Dutch leedvermaak and Swedish skadeglädje), but no commonly-used precise English single-word equivalent. There are other ways to express the concept in English. Epicaricacy is a seldom-used direct equivalent, borrowed from Greek epichairekakia (ἐπιχαιρε... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
If someone were to feel joy by the victim's fall from grace, they would be experiencing schadenfreude. Roman holiday is a metaphor from Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, where a gladiator in ancient Rome expects to be "butchered to make a Roman holiday" while the audience would take pleasure from watching his su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
French writer Pierre Klossowski maintained that the appeal of sadism is morose delectation. "Gloating" is an English word of similar meaning, where "gloat" means "to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight" (e.g., to gloat over an enemy's misfortune).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
Permutations of the concept of pleasure at another's unhappiness are: pleasure at another's happiness, displeasure at another's happiness, and displeasure at another's unhappiness. Words for these concepts are sometimes cited as antonyms to schadenfreude, as each is the opposite in some way. There is no common English ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The pseudo-German coinage freudenfreude is occasionally used in English. Writers on Buddhism speak of mudita and polyamorists speak of compersion. The Hebrew slang term firgun refers to happiness at another's accomplishment.Displeasure at another's happiness is involved in envy, and perhaps in jealousy. The coinage "fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The word schadenfreude had been blended with other words to form neologisms as early as 1993, when Lincoln Caplan, in his book Skadden: Power, Money, and the Rise of a Legal Empire, used the word Skaddenfreude to describe the delight that competitors of Skadden Arps took in its troubles of the early 1990s. Others inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The Biblical Book of Proverbs mentions an emotion similar to schadenfreude: "Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he stumbleth: Lest the LORD see it, and it displease him, and he turn away his wrath from him." (Proverbs 24:17–18, King James Version). In East Asia, the emotion of fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The phrase Xing zai le huo (Chinese: 幸災樂禍) first appeared separately as xing zai (幸災), meaning the feeling of joy from seeing the hardship of others, and le huo (樂禍), meaning the happiness derived from the unfortunate situation of others, in the ancient Chinese text Zuo zhuan (左傳). The phrase xing zai le huo (幸災樂禍) is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The epikhairekakos (ἐπιχαιρέκακος) person takes pleasure in another's ill fortune.Lucretius characterises the emotion in an extended simile in De rerum natura: Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis, e terra magnum alterius spectare laborem, "It is pleasant to watch from the land the great struggle of someone els... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
"The song "Schadenfreude" in the musical Avenue Q, is a comedic exploration of the general public's relationship with the emotion.Rabbi Harold S. Kushner in his book When Bad Things Happen to Good People describes schadenfreude as a universal, even wholesome reaction that cannot be helped. "There is a German psychologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
A New York Times article in 2002 cited a number of scientific studies of schadenfreude, which it defined as "delighting in others' misfortune". Many such studies are based on social comparison theory, the idea that when people around us have bad luck, we look better to ourselves. Other researchers have found that peopl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The results of this study indicated that the emotion of schadenfreude is very sensitive to circumstances that make it more or less legitimate to feel such malicious pleasure toward a sports rival.A 2011 study by Cikara and colleagues using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examined schadenfreude among Boston... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
A 2006 experiment about "justice served" suggests that men, but not women, enjoy seeing "bad people" suffer. The study was designed to measure empathy by watching which brain centers are stimulated when subjects observed via fMRI see someone experiencing physical pain. Researchers expected that the brain's empathy cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
This was indeed the case, but for male subjects, the brain's pleasure centers also lit up when someone got a shock that the male thought was "well-deserved".Brain-scanning studies show that schadenfreude is correlated with envy in subjects. Strong feelings of envy activated physical pain nodes in the brain's dorsal ant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
The study was designed to determine whether or not there was a possibility that events containing objective misfortunes might produce schadenfreude. It was reported in the study that the likelihood of experiencing feelings of schadenfreude depends upon whether an individual's own party or the opposing party is sufferin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude |
A vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate measurement reading between two graduation markings on a linear scale by using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and reducing measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human estimation error. It may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Such an arrangement can go to a higher resolution by using a higher scale ratio, known as the vernier constant. A vernier may be used on circular or straight scales where a simple linear mechanism is adequate. Examples are calipers and micrometers to measure to fine tolerances, on sextants for navigation, on theodolite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
The first caliper with a secondary scale, which contributed extra precision, was invented in 1631 by French mathematician Pierre Vernier (1580–1637). Its use was described in detail in English in Navigatio Britannica (1750) by mathematician and historian John Barrow. While calipers are the most typical use of vernier s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
In English, this term was used until the end of the 18th century. Nonius now refers to an earlier instrument that Nunes developed. The name "vernier" was popularised by the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807) through his Traité d'astronomie (2 vols) (1764). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
The use of the vernier scale is shown on a vernier caliper which measures the internal and the external diameters of an object. The vernier scale is constructed so that it is spaced at a constant fraction of the fixed main scale. So for a vernier with a constant of 0.1, each mark on the vernier is spaced 9/10 of those ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Only when a full ten marks are counted, is there alignment, because the tenth mark is 10/10—a whole main scale unit—short, and therefore aligns with the ninth mark on the main scale. (In simple words, each VSD = 0.9 MSD, so each decrement of length 0.1 adds 10 times to make one MSD only in 9 divisions of vernier scale ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Now if you move the vernier by a small amount, say, 1/10 of its fixed main scale, the only pair of marks that come into alignment are the first pair, since these were the only ones originally misaligned by 1/10. If we move it 2/10, the second pair aligns, since these are the only ones originally misaligned by that amou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
The difference between the value of one main scale division and the value of one vernier scale division is known as the least count of the vernier, also known as the vernier constant. Let the measure of the smallest main-scale reading, that is the distance between two consecutive graduations (also called its pitch) be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Vernier scales work so well because most people are especially good at detecting which of the lines is aligned and misaligned, and that ability gets better with practice, in fact far exceeding the optical capability of the eye. This ability to detect alignment is called vernier acuity. Historically, none of the alterna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Zero error is defined as the condition where a measuring instrument registers a reading when there should not be any reading. In case of vernier calipers it occurs when a zero on main scale does not coincide with a zero on vernier scale. The zero error may be of two types: when the scale is towards numbers greater than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Positive zero error refers to the case when the jaws of the vernier caliper are just closed and the reading is a positive reading away from the actual reading of 0.00 mm. If the reading is 0.10 mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.10 mm. Negative zero error refers to the case when the jaws of the vernier caliper are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
If the reading is 0.08 mm, the zero error is referred to as −0.08 mm. If positive, the error is subtracted from the mean reading the instrument reads. Thus if the instrument reads 4.39 cm and the error is +0.05, the actual length will be 4.39 − 0.05 = 4.34. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
If negative, the error is added to the mean reading the instrument reads. Thus if the instrument reads 4.39 cm and as above the error is −0.05 cm, the actual length will be 4.39 + 0.05 = 4.44. (Considering that, the quantity is called zero correction which should always be added algebraically to the observed reading to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Direct verniers are the most common. The indicating scale is constructed so that when its zero point coincides with the start of the data scale, its graduations are at a slightly smaller spacing than those on the data scale and so none but the last graduation coincide with any graduations on the data scale. N graduatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
A retrograde vernier is similar to the direct vernier, except its graduations are at a slightly larger spacing than on the main scale. N graduations of the indicating scale cover N + 1 graduations of the data scale. The retrograde vernier also extends backwards along the data scale. Direct and retrograde verniers are r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
This section includes references to techniques which use the Vernier principle to make fine-resolution measurements. Vernier spectroscopy is a type of cavity-enhanced laser absorption spectroscopy that is especially sensitive to trace gases. The method uses a frequency-comb laser combined with a high-finesse optical ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier_scale |
Hip replacement is a surgical procedure performed in dogs and cats as a salvage procedure, to alleviate severe pain in the hip due to, for example, hip dysplasia or irreparable bone fracture. The procedure replaces the head of the femur and the acetabulum with prosthetic implants. Because animals under about 40 pounds ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
As a result, while hip replacement on animals can be seen in any animal of any size, from cats upwards, it is most often performed in the medium-large breeds of dogs. An animal suffering from hip dysplasia may have been in some degree of chronic pain all its life from a very young age but may show no overt sign of pain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Animal hip replacements are usually made from the same material as human replacements were, historically, made—a metal (cobalt chrome or titanium) femoral component, and an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular component. Since animals have a shorter life than humans, their hip replacements can safely be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Other treatments may give a good quality of life with fewer attendant risks. Surgery for dogs, as with humans, is a final alternative when non-invasive methods are unable to treat a condition, since they are irreversible and carry risk. Conditions such as hip dysplasia and arthritis can often be treated with appropriat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Since the reduced joint mobility seen in conditions such as dysplasia may result in loss of muscle mass and quality as a dog ages, there is often an advantage in having hip replacement whilst the dog is at an early age, while muscle is more likely to re-develop, rather than in old age when convalescence is longer and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Thus the benefits of hip replacement at a younger age must be set against the risks and the existing quality of life attainable with medication, lifestyle change, or non-surgical handling. Usually a course of medications is tried in any event, to assess how the animal responds to them. An animal will usually need a min... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
This allows the new artificial acetabular cup (the caput, or hip socket) to bond properly to the pelvis (hip bone). During this period, the animal must be restricted to carefully limited mobility and exercise, as the joint is still bonding and new bone is being laid down. So animals must be prevented from over exercise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
The animal must also be kept away from slippery or smooth flooring such as tiles, marble or polished wood since these put considerable lateral (sideways) strain on the hips. This can be a difficult process for a dog as many usual behaviors must be strictly prevented for this period. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
A pet crate may be a sensible precaution, if in doubt. Usually, in the case of a double replacement (both hips), whenever possible one hip is operated on at a time and allowed to heal before the other is replaced. This ensures that there is always the maximum natural support during the healing process, although bilater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Some vets will recommend hip replacement at any age over puberty, if suitable conditions are met. Others view it as a surgery to be avoided at all costs unless there is no alternative. The issue here appears to be threefold: consideration of cost, avoidance of surgery where possible, and historical reasons that this ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Some vets recommend as little as 1–2 days in hospital after replacement, others as much as 4–7 days. All vets agree that movement must be restricted for a significant time after surgery. Some suggest that normal activity can be resumed after 5 weeks, others state it is unsafe until after 8 weeks. In both cases, a cauti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_replacement_(animal) |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.