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High tariffs against Indian textile workshops, British power in India through the East India Company, and British restrictions on Indian cotton imports transformed India from the source of textiles to a source of raw cotton. Cultivation was also attempted in the Caribbean and West Africa, but these attempts failed due ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton's versatility allowed it to be combined with linen and be made into velvet. It was cheaper than silk and could be imprinted more easily than wool, allowing for patterned dresses for women. It became the standard fashion and, because of its price, was accessible to the general public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
New inventions in the 1770s—such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the spinning mule—made the British Midlands into a very profitable manufacturing centre. In 1794–1796, British cotton goods accounted for 15.6% of Britain's exports, and in 1804–1806 grew to 42.3%.The Lancashire textile mills were major parts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Richard Arkwright created a textile empire by building a factory system powered by water, which was occasionally raided by the Luddites, weavers put out of business by the mechanization of textile production. In the 1790s, James Watt's steam power was applied to textile production, and by 1839 thousands of children wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Anglo-French warfare in the early 1790s restricted access to continental Europe, causing the United States to become an important—and temporarily the largest—consumer for British cotton goods. In 1791, U.S. cotton production was small, at only 900 thousand kilograms (2000 thousand pounds). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Several factors contributed to the growth of the cotton industry in the U.S. : the increasing British demand; innovations in spinning, weaving, and steam power; inexpensive land; and a slave labour force. The modern cotton gin, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, enormously grew the American cotton industry, which was pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
By 1801 the annual production of cotton had reached over 22 million kilograms (48.5 million pounds), and by the early 1830s the United States produced the majority of the world's cotton. Cotton also exceeded the value of all other United States exports combined. The need for fertile land conducive to its cultivation le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
prior to the Civil War. In the non-slave-owning states, farms rarely grew larger than what could be cultivated by one family due to scarcity of farm workers. In the slave states, owners of farms could buy many people and thus cultivate large areas of land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
By the 1850s, slaves made up 50% of the population of the main cotton states: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. An unpaid labor force was the most important asset in cotton cultivation, and their sale brought profits to slaveowners outside of cotton-cultivating areas. Thus, the cotton industry contributed s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Although the Southern small-farm owners did not grow cotton due to its lack of short-term profitability, they were still supportive of the system in the hopes of one day owning slaves.Slaves were fobidden to use for themselves commercial cotton, selected to produce fibers as white as possible, but it seems that their u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton diplomacy, the idea that cotton would cause Britain and France to intervene in the Civil War, was unsuccessful. It was thought that the Civil War caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine, a period between 1861–1865 of depression in the British cotton industry, by blocking off American raw cotton. Some, however, sugge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Prior to the Civil War, Lancashire companies issued surveys to find new cotton-growing countries if the Civil War were to occur and reduce American exports. India was deemed to be the country capable of growing the necessary amounts. Indeed, it helped fill the gap during the war, making up only 31% of British cotton im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The main European purchasers, Britain and France, began to turn to Egyptian cotton. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports, sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The farmer said to the merchantI need some meat and meal. Get away from here, you son-of-a-gun, You got boll weevils in your field. Going to get your home, going to get your home. Boll weevils, small, cotton eating insects, entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, created 100 years of problems for the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was successful, and pesticide use reduced significantl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
After the Cotton Famine, the European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton. The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply. Taxes and extra-market means again discouraged local textile production. Working conditions were brutal, especially in the Congo, Angola, and Mozambique... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Several revolts occurred, and a cotton black market created a local textile industry. In recent history, United States agricultural subsidies have depressed world prices, making it difficult for African farmers to compete. India's cotton industry struggled in the late 19th century because of unmechanized production and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
India, ceasing to be a major exporter of cotton goods, became the largest importer of British cotton textiles.Mohandas Gandhi believed that cotton was closely tied to Indian self-determination. In the 1920s he launched the Khadi Movement, a massive boycott of British cotton goods. He urged Indians to use simple homespu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton became an important symbol in Indian independence. During World War II, shortages created a high demand for khadi, and 16 million yards of cloth were produced in nine months. The British Raj declared khadi subversive; damaging to the British imperial rule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Confiscation, burning of stocks, and jailing of workers resulted, which intensified resistance. : 309–311 In the second half of the 20th century, a downturn in the European cotton industry led to a resurgence of the Indian cotton industry. India began to mechanize and was able to compete in the world market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
In 1912, the British cotton industry was at its peak, producing eight billion yards of cloth. In World War I, cotton couldn't be exported to foreign markets, and some countries built their own factories, particularly Japan. By 1933 Japan introduced 24-hour cotton production and became the world's largest cotton manufac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
India's boycott of British cotton products devastated Lancashire, and in Blackburn 74 mills closed in under four years. In World War II, the British cotton industry saw an upturn and an increase in workers, with Lancashire mills being tasked with creating parachutes and uniforms for the war. In the 1950s and '60s, many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
An increase in the work force allowed mill owners to introduce third (night) shifts. This resurgence in the textile industry did not last long, and by 1958, Britain had become a net importer of cotton cloth. Modernization of the industry was attempted in 1959 with the Cotton Industry Act. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Mill closures occurred in Lancashire, and it was failing to compete with foreign industry. During the 1960s and '70s, a mill closed in Lancashire almost once a week. By the 1980s, the textile industry of North West Britain had almost disappeared. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Textile mills have moved from Western Europe to, more recently, lower-wage areas. Industrial production is currently mostly located in countries like India, Bangladesh, China, and in Latin America. In these regions labour is much less expensive than in the first world, and attracts poor workers. Biotechnology plays an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
: 277 Organically grown cotton is becoming less prevalent in favour of synthetic fibres made from petroleum products. : 301 The demand for cotton has doubled since the 1980s. The main producer of cotton, as of December 2016, is India, at 26%, past China at 20% and the United States at 16%. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The leading cotton exporter is the United States, whose production is subsidized by the government, with subsidies estimated at $14 billion between 1995 and 2003. The value of cotton lint has been decreasing for sixty years, and the value of cotton has decreased by 50% in 1997–2007. The global textile and clothing indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
A continuing education unit (CEU) or continuing education credit (CEC) is a measure used in continuing education programs to assist the professional to maintain their license in their profession. Continuing education or professional development is required in many fields, including teachers, insurance professionals, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education_unit |
The term CEU is not a trademarked term; therefore, any educational institution may use it to describe their courses. In this regard, there are no requirements for educator qualifications that are attached to each institutions courses when offering CEUs. There have been some bodies created which are attempting to standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education_unit |
Spray forming, also known as spray casting, spray deposition and in-situ compaction, is a method of casting near net shape metal components with homogeneous microstructures via the deposition of semi-solid sprayed droplets onto a shaped substrate. In spray forming an alloy is melted, normally in an induction furnace, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The process is arranged such that the droplets strike the substrate whilst in the semi-solid condition, this provides sufficient liquid fraction to 'stick' the solid fraction together. Deposition continues, gradually building up a spray formed billet of metal on the substrate. The gas atomised spray forming (GASF) proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Professor Singer at the Swansea University first developed the idea of gas atomised spray forming in the 1970s in which a high pressure gas jet impinges on a stable melt stream to cause atomisation. The resulting droplets are then collected on a target, which can be manipulated within the spray and used to form a near-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Spray forming offers certain advantages over both conventional ingot metallurgy and more specialized techniques such as powder metallurgy. Firstly, it is a flexible process and can be used to manufacture a wide range of materials, some of which are difficult to produce by other methods, e.g. Al-5wt% Li alloys or Al-SiC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
These microstructural aspects offer advantages in material strength because of fine grain size, refined distribution of dispersoid and/or secondary precipitate phases, as well as tolerance to impurity 'tramp' elements. This fine structure in the 'as sprayed' condition means homogenising heat treatments can often be avo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Because of the complex solidification path (i.e. the rapid transition from superheated melt to solid, liquid or semi-solid droplet to temperature equilibration at semi-solid billet top and final slow cooling to fully solid) of the spray formed material, extended solubility of alloying elements and the formation of meta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
There are two major disadvantages to the gas atomisation spray forming process. The most significant disadvantage is the relatively low process yield with typical losses of ~30%. Losses occur because of overspray (droplets missing the emerging billet), splashing of material from the billet surface, and material 'bounci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The second major disadvantage is one of process control. As it is essentially a free-forming process with many interdependent variables, it has proved difficult to predict the shape, porosity or deposition rate for a given alloy. Much of the control is based on operator experience and empirical relationships. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
It is partly the process complexity and lack of robust process control that has prevented the widespread commercialisation of this process. Some developments using feed-back control have proved successful in improving the variations in billet diameter and improving yield in specific systems but these have yet to find w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Porosity resulting from gas entrapment and solidification shrinkage is a significant problem in spray formed materials. A typical spray formed billet will contain 1-2% porosity with a pore size dependent on alloy freezing range and various process parameters. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) or thermo-mechanical processing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Despite these disadvantages, spray forming remains an economic process for the production of difficult to manufacture, niche alloys. Large-scale porosity is more difficult to heal effectively and must be minimised by careful process control. In some cases, porosity is controlled by alloy additions which react with diss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
In spite of the problems associated with the spray forming process there has been sustained industrial interest in spray forming over the last 35 years. Sandvik-Osprey (former Osprey Metals Ltd) of Neath, South Wales holds the patents on the process and have licensed the technology to a range of industries. There are c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The earliest spray forming work was based on a resistively heated electric holding furnace. The melt then passed through a 3 mm diameter Al2O3 nozzle. However the low flow rate made a high superheat necessary to prevent solidification in the nozzle. The next generation melting procedures in spray forming applications w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
In this system, the melting crucible is directly above the atomiser head with a ceramic nozzle feeding directly from the furnace to the atomiser. A stopper rod runs through the melt to the top of the pouring nozzle, the rod is withdrawn when the melt reaches the designated temperature for spraying, typically 50 to 150 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Another problem associated with bottom pour furnaces is the change in flow rate associated with the reducing metalo-static head in the crucible. In some cases, introducing an inert gas overpressure during pouring can compensate for this effect. An alternative approach is the tilt-pour furnace whereby an induction furna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The tilt pour system provides the advantage that melting is decoupled from the spraying procedure so that melting problems and remedial solutions do not affect or disturb the critical set-up of the melt delivery nozzle. In the most complex melting arrangement, used only for production of nickel superalloy turbine forgi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
There are many different techniques for atomisation of molten metals, many of which are derived from the powder metallurgy industry and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. There are two major atomisation techniques used in spray forming: centrifugal atomisation for the manufacture of near net shape rings and gas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Centrifugal atomisation involves pouring molten metal at relatively low flow rates (0.1– 2 kg/min) onto a spinning plate, dish or disc, whereby the rotation speed is sufficient to create high centrifugal forces at the periphery and overcome surface tension and viscous forces so the melt is fragmented into droplets. Dro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The melt stream exits the melt delivery nozzle into the spray chamber. The melt stream is protected from being destabilised by the turbulent gas environment in the spray chamber by primary gas jets operating at intermediate inert gas pressure of 2 to 4 bar, the resulting gas flow is parallel to the melt stream to stabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Typical droplet diameters follow a log-normal distribution with powder diameters up to ~600 μm with a mass median diameter of ~150 μm. The atomising gas mass flow rate to molten metal mass flow rate ratio is a key parameter in controlling the droplet diameter and hence the cooling rate, billet temperature and resulting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Typically at low (1.5) GMR, yield is 75%, if the GMR is increased to 5.0 with all other parameters remaining constant, the process yield is reduced to 60%. Scanning atomisers have been developed which allow the production of billets of up to 600 mm diameter, approximately twice the diameter possible with a static atomi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
By using programmable oscillating atomiser drives it was possible to improve the shape and shape reproducibility of spray formed deposits. It has been demonstrated that parallel sided, flat topped billets could be sprayed in a reproducible manner if the substrate rotation and atomiser oscillation frequency were synchro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Atomising gas used in spray forming is generally either N2 and can be either protective or reactive depending on the alloy system, or Ar which is generally entirely inert but more expensive than N2. Reactive gasses can be introduced in small quantities to the atomising gas to create dispersion strengthened alloys e.g. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Comparisons of N2 and Ar based spray forming showed that with all other factors remaining constant, the billet top temperature was lower with N2 than with Ar, because of the differences in thermal diffusivity of the two atomising gases: Ar has a thermal conductivity of 0.0179 W/mK which is approximately a third less th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Investigations show that in all cases gas atomisation of molten metal yields a broad range of droplet diameters, typically in the range 10-600 μm diameter, with a mean diameter of ~100 μm. Droplet diameter governs the dynamic behaviour of the droplet in flight which in turn determines the time available for in-flight c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Droplets cool in-flight predominantly by convection and radiation, and can experience undercooling of up to 300 °C (572 °F) prior to nucleation. Models and experimental measurements show that small droplets (<50 μm) very rapidly become fully solid prior to deposition, 50-200 μm droplets will be typically semi-solid and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
During spraying it is essential to maintain a constant top surface temperature and hence maintain steady-state conditions if a billet with consistent microstructure is to be produced. At the billet surface, during spraying an enthalpy balance must be maintained where the rate of enthalpy lost (Hout) from the billet by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
If Hout is much greater Hin then a steady temperature is maintained at the billet top surface. The top surface should be in a mushy condition in order to promote sticking of incoming droplets and partial re-melting of solid particles. The necessary partial re-melting of solid droplets explains the absence of dendritic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
If Hin is insufficient to cause significant re-melting, a 'splat' microstructure of layered droplets will form, typical of thermal spray processes such as vacuum plasma spraying (VPS), arc spraying and high velocity oxy-fuel. Processing maps have been produced for plasma spraying and spray forming using a steady-state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
These maps show the boundaries between banded un-fused microstructure and an equiaxed homogeneous structure. The final phase of solidification occurs once droplets have impacted the mushy billet surface and thermal equilibration has taken place between the droplets and the billet. At this stage residual liquid is prese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The cooling rates during solidification of the billet is several orders of magnitude slower than the cooling rate in the spray, at 1-20 Ks−1. Although one of the benefits of spray forming is purportedly the ability to produce bulk material with fine scale microsegregation and little or no macrosegregation work on Al-Mg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
These macrosegregation patterns were explained in terms of inverse segregation in which solute rich liquid from the billet centre is sucked back through the primary Al-rich network to feed solidification shrinkage at the billet periphery. This effect was suggested to be exacerbated by centrifugal effects from the bille... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
The very top of the billet often shows increased porosity because the top is rapidly chilled by the atomising gas which continues to chill the billet for 10–60 seconds after spraying. There has also been little progress in understanding and quantifying the underlying physics that controls as-sprayed porosity. In most c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
Ultrasonic inspection is sometimes used to determine the depth of the chill zone regions to prevent unnecessary wastage. Depending on the alloy system and the final application, the remaining bulk material is usually processed to close porosity and subjected to a range of thermo-mechanical treatments. Spray formed mate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_forming |
White roll is the white line that borders the top of the upper lip. It's an adnexal mass of specialized glands and fat. White roll occurs naturally for nearly everyone, although it can be not white and less visible for dark skinned individuals. Well defined white roll indicates youthfulness and is considered aesthetica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_roll |
This is due to sun damage, changes in facial fat, and decreasing collagen in the area right above the lip. White roll can also be accentuated using injectable fillers.Sometimes white roll is absent or damaged, due to trauma or cleft lip, in which case it could be reconstructed with plastic surgery. However, it is diffi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_roll |
Sociometer theory is a theory of self-esteem from an evolutionary psychological perspective which proposes that self-esteem is a gauge (or sociometer) of interpersonal relationships. This theoretical perspective was first introduced by Mark Leary and colleagues in 1995 and later expanded on by Kirkpatrick and Ellis. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Based on this theory, self-esteem is a measure of effectiveness in social relations and interactions that monitors acceptance and/or rejection from others. With this, an emphasis is placed on relational value, which is the degree to which a person regards his or her relationship with another, and how it affects day-to-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
The main concept of sociometer theory is that the self-esteem system acts as a gauge to measure the quality of an individual's current and forthcoming relationships. Furthermore, this measurement of self-esteem assesses these two types of relationships in terms of relational appreciation. This is how other people might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
If relational appreciation of an individual differs negatively, relational devaluation is experienced. Relational devaluation exists in the format of belongingness, with a negative alteration allowing the sociometer gauge to highlight these threats, producing emotional distress to act to regain relational appreciation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
A study was conducted to see just how much people depend on peers and outside factors and relational values to regulate their life. The objective of the study was to pick groups for an activity based on the evaluations given by the students. In the study, two groups were assigned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Both groups consisted of college students that submitted and were subjected to a peer evaluation. The difference being that the control group of students chose if they 1) wanted to interact with the person or 2) dissociated from the person. When previously asked, some students stated that they were indifferent or did n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
However, when results were analyzed there was a great deal of fluctuation in overall self-esteem. Those who were placed in the second group (of dissociation), receiving a low relational value, displayed a lowered self-esteem. As a result, this compromised the way they assessed a/the situation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
In the first group, where perceived relational value was high, self-esteem was also high. This provides some evidence for an evolutionary basis in the fundamental human need for inclusion in a group, and the burden of being on the outskirts of social acceptance.Cameron and Stinson further review the sociometer theory d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
State self-esteem gauges the person's level of current relational appreciation and assesses the likelihood to which the individual is to be accepted and included versus rejected and excluded by other people in the immediate situation. The state self-esteem system monitors the person's behaviour and social environment f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Global self-esteem is a stable, internal measure of self-esteem that an individual elicits to assess the potential global outlook that different races, ethnicities and communities might say about an individual. Often, this internal measure of self-esteem is beneficial in restoring relational appreciation if an individu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Support for Sociometer Theory has come from an international, cross sequential study conducted in the Netherlands, assessing self-esteem in 1599 seven and eight year olds. The study examined firstly how self-esteem would develop in childhood, and secondly whether self-esteem develops alongside changing peer and family ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Additionally, both within and between person level assessments elicited positive reports of self esteem, showing a more robust social network from self-report measures that participants completed after these assessments.Cameron and Stinson again showed evidence in support for Sociometer Theory by demonstrating acceptan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
In a laboratory setting, these alterations are due to future projections of social rejection/acceptance or remembering past experiences in which social rejection/acceptance occurred which can allow an individual's self-esteem to subjectively deviate from normal levels. Global self-esteem is associated with perceptions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
In this top-down process, the traits that are normally associated with the sense of belongingness in social situations act to mediate self-esteem. Additionally, if this top-down manner of global self-esteem influences self-views, then an individual's perceptions of their belongingness and social worth should be positiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociometer |
Hacienda de Carlos Vassallo is a historic place in the town and municipality of Dorado, in Puerto Rico. It is also known as Casa Hacienda de Don Oscar Nevárez, or Hacienda de Río Nuevo.It is the agriculture, architecture and industry surrounding this hacienda that makes it an important part of Puerto Rican history and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda_de_Carlos_Vassallo |
Historic New England, previously known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), is a charitable, non-profit, historic preservation organization headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the Unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
William Sumner Appleton Jr. founded the Society for the Preservation of new England Antiquities in 1910 for "the purpose of preserving for posterity buildings, places and objects of historical and other interest." Fearing that "our New England antiquities are fast disappearing because no society has made their preserva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
The first annual meeting was held at the 41 Brimmer Street Boston home of Mary Lee Ware, a noted philanthropist in the area as well at the patroness of Harvard University's famed Glass Flowers collection.Accession records for 1910 list 19 items. Appleton considered everything from the mundane to the singular worth pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
The organization's mission statement outlines its goals: "We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage." The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, and stories. Founder William Sumner Appleton was succeeded as Director by Bertram K. Little, Abbott Lowell Cumming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
Historic New England currently owns and operates 37 house museums and 1,284 acres of farmland and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a wide-ranging collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance, the largest such assem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in a former shoe factory building. While not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent spac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
A traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. Exhibitions have included America's Kitchens, which appeared at the New Hampshire Historical Society in 2009; Drawing Toward Home, an architectural drawing exhibition that ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on 97 (as of 2015) privately owned New England properties. It works with the owners of these properties to ensure preservation of their character-defining historic features. The program provides comprehensive pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for an annual membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to and including mid-20th-century homes. The annual membership includes two consultations with staff experts, one on historic paint colors, and a second on a topic chosen by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
Historic New England is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
The following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the warmer months (typically June to mid-October), and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are open only a few days each year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
The grounds and facilities of some properties (notable ones being the Lyman Estate and the Langdon House) are available for private functions. Connecticut: Roseland Cottage. Maine: Castle Tucker, Hamilton House, Sarah Orne Jewett House, Marrett House, Nickels-Sortwell House, and Sayward-Wheeler House. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
Massachusetts: Beauport, Sleeper-McCann House, Boardman House, Browne House, Codman House, Coffin House, Cogswell's Grant, Cooper-Frost-Austin House, Winslow Crocker House, Dole-Little House, Eustis Estate, Gedney House, Gropius House, Lyman Estate, Merwin House, Harrison Gray Otis House, Pierce House, Josiah Quincy Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_New_England |
Disability Studies in Education (DSE) is a field of academic study concerned with education research and practice related to disability. DSE scholars promote an understanding of disability from a social model of disability perspective to "challenge social, medical, and psychological models of disability as they relate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Special education (SPED) in the United States emerged after the signing of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1975, marking the shift in educational rights by explicitly making the refusal of educational access illegal. Over the past few decades, special education has grown into an established academic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Through SPED, students should be able to engage in learning and have opportunities for growth through education each and every day. Though SPED has good intentions for creating learning opportunities for students, there is a constant tension between DSE and SPED, primarily around the idea that disability studies in edu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
DSE became more prominent around the 1990s when educators became leaders within the Society for Disability Studies (SDS) and research became more visible in the United States (U.S.) disability studies community. The SDS became a place in the U.S. that was labelled as the "clearinghouse of disability studies", and also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
At the forefront of the SDS was three members in the Disability Studies in Education, Phil Ferguson, Susan Gabel, and Susan Peters. In the 1990s, these three individuals were highly active in the disability studies realm, keeping the connection between educational research visible within the disability studies communit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
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