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IGN named it the 94th-best animated series, describing it as a sharp satirical look at American society.Critic Jeffrey M. Anderson of the San Francisco Examiner said, "Each episode is beautifully crafted, with an eye on lush, shadowy visuals and a pulsing, jazz-like rhythm... the show is almost consistently funny, cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Boondocks has been a frequent subject of controversy since its comic-strip debut in 1999, with ABC News noting, "Fans and critics of The Boondocks loved and hated the strip for the same reasons: its cutting-edge humor and unapologetic, sometimes unpopular, views on various issues, including race, politics, the war ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Cartoon Network released a statement in response defending McGruder: "We think Aaron McGruder came up with a thought-provoking way of not only showing Dr. King's bravery but also of reminding us of what he stood and fought for, and why even today, it is important for all of us to remember that and to continue to take a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
An exclusive clip of "The Hunger Strike" was given to HipHopDX.com in late January 2008, before both episodes were included in full on the Season 2 DVD release in June 2008. An anonymous source close to the show told HipHopDX.com that they heard BET had been pressuring Sony (the studio behind The Boondocks) to ban the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Lee or Mr. Hudlin". However, BET's parent company, Viacom, did threaten legal action against Sony if said episodes were broadcast to air in the United States.Tyler Perry was reportedly infuriated by his depiction in the Season 3 episode "Pause", first aired in June 2010, although he has officially given no response. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Soon after the episode aired, Perry got in touch with executives at Turner Broadcasting and "complained loudly" about the episode, threatening to rethink his relationship with the company.In 2010, Time magazine named The Boondocks as sixth out of 10 of the Most Controversial Cartoons of All Time.In June 2020, when the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
McGruder launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise $200,000 in order to produce a live-action film focusing on the character Uncle Ruckus. He stated that crowdfunding would be the sole source of funding for the film's budget. The campaign was from January 30 through March 1, 2013, 7:00 p.m. EST, ending with 2,667 backer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
At Annecy 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced it would be producing a "reimagining" of the television series. On June 12, 2019, a reboot of the series was officially announced with McGruder and voice actor John Witherspoon confirmed to be returning from the original series, before his death on October 29, 2019. On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The service ordered two seasons, 24 episodes total with a 50-minute special. The complete run of the original 2005 series was also made available on the service. In February 2022, it was announced by actor Cedric Yarbrough that Sony had shelved the reboot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Outside the U.S., The Boondocks airs on NITV and The Comedy Channel in Australia. In Canada, Teletoon aired the first two seasons as part of its late-night Teletoon at Night programming block, including several episodes that didn't air in the U.S. It also aired in Quebec on Télétoon's Télétoon la nuit block on March 9,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
It has also been aired on TV3 and TV6 in Sweden, and it aired in New Zealand on Comedy Central. MTV Italy and Comedy Central Italy in Italy (but only seasons 1 and 2,seasons 3 and 4 are unedited in that country, because Sony Entertainment Italy, who owned the rights to the series, is failed), and on channel TV3+ in Den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
In Russia, The Boondocks is aired on channel 2×2 under the name of Гетто (Getto, Russian for Ghetto). In Poland, it is broadcast on AXN as Boondocks. In France, it airs on MCM. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
It airs on Sony Entertainment Television in Latin America, as well as Sony Yay in India. It also airs uncensored and uncut in the Arab World on OSN. In Japan, it was broadcast on Animax but Seasons 1 and 2 only. That intro theme song is Megalopolis Patrol by the Japanese hip-hop trio, Soul'd Out. It also aired in Latin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
All four seasons have been released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, both individually and as a box set spanning the entire series. Seasons 1 and 2 are presented in the original 16:9 aspect ratio used for production, rather than the 4:3 ratio achieved by cropping the image to fit television screens in use at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Refugee Studies Centre (RSC) was established in 1982, as part of the University of Oxford's Department of International Development (Queen Elizabeth House), in order to promote the understanding of the causes and consequences of forced migration and to improve the lives of some of the world's most marginalised peop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
The RSC is regarded as one of the world's leading centres for multidisciplinary research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration. In 2002, the RSC was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education in recognition of its pioneering research and innovative education, training... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
The RSC carries out independent, multidisciplinary research on the causes, consequences, and responses to forced migration, with the emphasis on understanding the experiences of forced migration from the point of view of affected peoples. Its academic staff have expertise across various different disciplines, including... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
The first focuses on the political, economic and social contexts which are significant in understanding forced migration. The second area involves primarily anthropological, psychosocial and sociological research on the lived reality and experience and management of displacement. The third research area entails legal a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
The MSc in Refugee and Forced Migration Studies course offered by the RSC places forced migration in a historical, global and human context, encouraging informed reflection on international and national responses to both internal and international displacement. The two-week International Summer School in Forced Migrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
Forced Migration Review (FMR) is regarded by the humanitarian community as the world's most widely read journal on international refugee, statelessness and displacement issues. Published in English, Arabic, Spanish and French, it is distributed without charge to a global readership of over 12,000 organisations and indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
FMO was set up to offer free access to comprehensive information in an impartial environment and to promote increased awareness of human displacement issues to an international community of users. Its range of resources include a digital library of over 200,000 pages, access to back issues of journals, thematic and cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
Its current catalogued collection comprises over 39,000 bibliographic records. In August 2009 the collection was integrated into the Bodleian Social Science Library. The RSC organises events in response to emerging research agendas as well as to the policy needs of international NGOs, intergovernmental and government a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
The RSC's weekly seminars and annual lectures are open to the public. The RSC has a programme of institutional links with Southern-based agencies and academic centres involved in the study of forced migration; it works in partnership with academics, policy makers and practitioners in the South and North concerned with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
Dr Barbara Harrell-Bond OBE, Founder and Director from 1982 to 1996 Emeritus Reader David Turton, Director from 1997 to 2001 Professor Stephen Castles, Director from 2001 to 2006 Emeritus Professor Roger Zetter, Director from 2006 to 2011 Emerita Professor Dawn Chatty, Director from 2011 to 2014 Professor Alexander Bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Studies_Centre |
Damning with faint praise is an English idiom, expressing oxymoronically that half-hearted or insincere praise may act as oblique criticism or condemnation. In simpler terms, praise is given, but only given as high as mediocrity, which may be interpreted as passive-aggressive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damning_with_faint_praise |
The concept can be found in the work of the Hellenistic sophist and philosopher Favorinus (c. 110 CE) who observed that faint and half-hearted praise was more harmful than loud and persistent abuse.The explicit phrasing of the modern English idiomatic expression was first published by Alexander Pope in his 1734 poem, "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damning_with_faint_praise |
1917, Lucy Maud Montgomery, The Alpine Path: The Story of My Career:"They wrote that 'Our readers report that they find some merit in your story, but not enough to warrant its acceptance'. "1975, Paul Grice, giving an example of conversational implicature:A professor is writing a testimonial about a pupil who is a cand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damning_with_faint_praise |
KnowRob (Knowledge processing for robots) is a system which combines knowledge representation and reasoning methods to acquire and ground knowledge. This system is the backbone of openEASE. both under developing at the Institute for Artificial Intelligence at the University of Bremen, Germany. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
KnowRob can serve as a common sense framework for the integration of knowledge. This knowledge can be static encyclopedic knowledge, common sense knowledge, task descriptions, environment models, object information, observed actions, etc., which can come from different sources, like manually axiomatized, derived from o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
To represent the knowledge, KnowRob uses the OWL ontology language and an extended first-order logic knowledge representation with computable predicates. To give the order of subactions, KnowRob includes a pair-wise ordering constrain, which gives a partial ordering. KnowRob adopts the closed-world assumption Prolog, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
In its second version, KnowRob provides a logic interface to the hybrid reasoning kernel as a logic based language. This language presents the hybrid reasoning kernel as if everything were entities retrievable by providing partial descriptions for them. This entities descriptions include objects, their parts, and artic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
Episodic memory is related to the experience information, which is organized temporally and spatially, alongside combined with context information. In KnowRob, an episodic memory is understood as a recording that the agent makes of the ongoing activity, which includes very detailed information about the actions, motion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
The knowledge is computed by external methods using Prolog queries. In the second version of the KnowRob system, is included a better structure of the packages and documentations. Which includes some extensions from the previous version, as well as a logic based language. For example, a cup description from perception ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
The goal of the KnowRob framework is to make semantic knowledge available for service robots. It is able to answer queries about missing information in vague instructions for tasks. This is possible with the actions hierarchical representation and information about objects which can be included in certain action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_processing_for_robots |
Google Assistant is a virtual assistant software application developed by Google that is primarily available on mobile and home automation devices. Based on artificial intelligence, Google Assistant can engage in two-way conversations, unlike the company's previous virtual assistant, Google Now. Google Assistant debute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Alongside the announcement of a software development kit in April 2017, Assistant has been further extended to support a large variety of devices, including cars and third-party smart home appliances. The functionality of the Assistant can also be enhanced by third-party developers. Users primarily interact with the Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Assistant is able to answer questions, schedule events and alarms, adjust hardware settings on the user's device, show information from the user's Google account, play games, and more. Google has also announced that Assistant will be able to identify objects and gather visual information through the device's camera, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Google Assistant was unveiled during Google's developer conference on May 18, 2016, as part of the unveiling of the Google Nest smart speaker and new messaging app Allo; Google CEO Sundar Pichai explained that the Assistant was designed to be a conversational and two-way experience, and "an ambient experience that exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
For system-level integration outside of the Allo app and Google Nest, the Google Assistant was initially exclusive to the Google Pixel smartphones. In February 2017, Google announced that it had begun to enable access to the Assistant on Android smartphones running Android Marshmallow or Nougat, beginning in select Eng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
The Assistant is also integrated in Wear OS 2.0, and will be included in future versions of Android TV and Android Auto. In October 2017, the Google Pixelbook became the first laptop to include Google Assistant. Google Assistant later came to the Google Pixel Buds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In December 2017, Google announced that the Assistant would be released for phones running Android Lollipop through an update to Google Play Services, as well as tablets running 6.0 Marshmallow and 7.0 Nougat. In February 2019, Google reportedly began testing ads in Google Assistant results.On May 15, 2017, Android Pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In January 2018 at the Consumer Electronics Show, the first Assistant-powered "smart displays" were released. Smart displays were shown at the event from Lenovo, Sony, JBL and LG. These devices have support for Google Duo video calls, YouTube videos, GMaps directions, a GCalendar agenda, viewing of smart camera footage... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In December 2016, Google launched "Actions on Google", a developer platform for the Google Assistant. Actions on Google allows 3rd party developers to build apps for Google Assistant. In March 2017, Google added new tools for developing on Actions on Google to support the creation of games for Google Assistant. Origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
To incentivize developers to build Actions, Google announced a competition, in which first place won tickets to Google's 2018 developer conference, $10,000, and a walk-through of Google's campus, while second place and third place received $7,500 and $5,000, respectively, and a Google Home.In April 2017, a software dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
The features include: Third-party device makers can incorporate their own "Actions on Google" commands for their respective products Text-based interactions and many languages Users can set a precise geographic location for the device to enable improved location-specific queries.On May 2, 2018, Google announced a new p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Google Assistant launched using the voice of Kiki Baessell for the American female voice, the same actress for the Google Voice voicemail system since 2010. It is speculated that from 2016 until present day, the Assistant's default voice is portrayed by Antonia Flynn.On October 11, 2019, Google announced that Issa Rae ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Google Assistant, in the nature and manner of Google Now, can search the Internet, schedule events and alarms, adjust hardware settings on the user's device, and show information from the user's Google account. Unlike Google Now, however, the Assistant can engage in a two-way conversation, using Google's natural langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Google Assistant can maintain a shopping list; this was previously done within the notetaking service GKeep, but the feature was moved to Google Express and the Google Home app in April 2017, resulting in a severe loss of functionality.In May 2017, Google announced that the Assistant would support a keyboard for typed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In November 2017, it became possible to identify songs currently playing by asking the Assistant.The Google Assistant allows users to activate and modify vocal shortcut commands in order to perform actions on their device (both Android and iPad/iPhone) or configure it as a hub for home automation. This feature of the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
This was made possible by WaveNet, a voice synthesizer developed by DeepMind, which significantly reduced the amount of audio samples that a voice actor was required to produce for creating a voice model. However, John Legend's Google Assistant cameo voice was discontinued on March 23, 2020.In August 2018, Google added... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
The voice in the assistant has been able to add expression to the games. For instance, in the Crystal Ball game, the voice would speak slowly and softly during the intro and before the answer is revealed to make the game more exciting, and in the Lucky Trivia game, the voice would become excitable like a game show host... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
The games used the text-to-speech voice which makes the voice more robotic. In May 2019 however, it turned out to be a bug in the speech API that caused the games to lose the studio-quality voices. These audio games were fixed in May 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
On December 12, 2019, Google debuted an interpreter mode in Google Assistant smartphone apps for Android and iOS. It provides translation of conversations in real-time and was previously only available on Google Home smart speakers and displays. Google Assistant won the 2020 Webby Award for Best User Experience in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In May 2018, Google revealed Duplex, an extension of the Google Assistant that allows it to carry out natural conversations by mimicking human voice, in a manner not dissimilar to robocalling. The assistant can autonomously complete tasks such as calling a hair salon to book an appointment, scheduling a restaurant rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Duplex is currently in development and had a limited release in late 2018 for Google Pixel users. During the limited release, Pixel phone users in Atlanta, New York, Phoenix, and San Francisco were only able to use Duplex to make restaurant reservations. As of October 2020, Google has expanded Duplex to businesses in e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
After the announcement, concerns were made over the ethical and societal questions that artificial intelligence technology such as Duplex raises. For instance, human operators may not notice that they are speaking with a digital robot when conversing with Duplex, which some critics view as unethical or deceitful. Conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
PC World's Mark Hachman gave a favorable review of the Google Assistant, saying that it was a "step up on Cortana and Siri." Digital Trends called it "smarter than Google Now ever was". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
In July 2019 Belgian public broadcaster VRT NWS published an article revealing that third-party contractors paid to transcribe audio clips collected by Google Assistant listened to sensitive information about users. Sensitive data collected from Google Home devices and Android phones included names, addresses, and othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
Google officially acknowledged that 0.2% of recordings are being listened to by language experts to improve Google's services. On August 1, 2019, Germany's Hamburg Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information initiated an administrative procedure to prohibit Google from carrying out corresponding evaluat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Assistant |
The Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design (HKIUD, Chinese: 香港城市設計學會) is a professional body for urban designers in Hong Kong. It was founded on 17 June 2010 with the support of Hong Kong Government who sent the Secretary for Development to officiate the inaugural launch. The founding president is Bernard Lim Wan-fung JP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Urban_Design |
The institute is mainly involved in accreditation of urban design professionals, advisory on urban issues, and education in the field. It is also a medium for networking between urban design professionals in Hong Kong. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Urban_Design |
HKIUD holds community workshops, exhibitions and other events in conjunction with the Hong Kong government, the Hong Kong Institute of Architects, the Hong Kong Institute of Planners and local universities. It regularly makes recommendations to government on urban design-related issues, particularly the various urban r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Urban_Design |
HKIUD participates in many ongoing urban projects in Hong Kong including the enhancement of Hong Kong waterfronts through the involvement in Harbourfront Commission as a sitting member, the Land Development Advisory Committee and subcommittees, the Transport Advisory Committee and the Common Spatial Data Advisory Commi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Urban_Design |
The Accumulation of Capital (full title: The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals: Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus) is the principal book-length work of Rosa Luxemburg, first published in 1913, and the only work Luxembu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital |
It is in three sections as described below: The Problem of Reproduction The Historical Exposition of the Problem Round I: Sismondi--Malthus vs. Say--Ricardo, MacCulloch Round II: The Controversy between Rodbertus and von Kirchmann Round III: Struve-Bulgakov-Tugan Baranovski vs. Vorontsov-Kikolayon The Historical Condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital |
In the polemic, she argued that capitalism needs to constantly expand into noncapitalist areas in order to access new supply sources, markets for surplus value, and reservoirs of labor. According to Luxemburg, Marx had made an error in Capital in that the proletariat could not afford to buy the commodities they produce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital |
The Accumulation of Capital was harshly criticized by both Marxist and non-Marxist economists, on the grounds that her logic was circular in proclaiming the impossibility of realizing profits in a close-capitalist system, and that her "underconsumptionist" theory was too crude. Her conclusion that the limits of the cap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital |
Since the removal from Easter Island in 1868 of the moai now displayed at the British Museum, a total of 12 moai are known to have been removed from Easter Island and to remain overseas. Some of the moai have been further transferred between museums and private collections, for reasons such as the moai's preservation, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
The following table lists the most prominent moai held in museums and collections: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
The issue of authenticity of moai heads may never be fully resolved. The fact is that the rocks used to carve the heads are as old as the volcano eruption that formed them, so carbon 14 testing reveals no evidence of authenticity. The age of the moai heads on the island cannot be determined, and off the island, heads c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
Field experts make judgments and express opinions about what tools they feel were used and attempt to tie an age to that opinion. Such a condition means that moai heads cannot be tested with hope of determining authenticity; they may, however, be brought under suspicion of being fakes. As with any object of antiquity, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
It was obtained in the first half of the 20th century by the founder of the park Dr. Hubert Eaton. Dr. Eaton allegedly received the moai in a legal transaction between Rapanui fishermen at Easter Island who were using the head (approx 1m height) as ballast for a boat. The Memorial Park has no plans for authenticating o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
In 2003, the Chilean government began an investigation into two moai heads within a set of 15 other Easter Island artefacts — the possessions of Hernan Garcia de Gonzalo Vidal — which were put on sale at The Cronos gallery in Miami. After a photographic inspection by Patricia Vargas, an archaeologist at the University ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
In 1968, a moai (possibly Moai 35-001) was taken from Rapa Nui and displayed in New York City as a publicity stunt to oppose the building of a jet refueling facility on Easter Island. Around the time of the campaign and the following tour to Washington D.C. and Chicago, the moai was received by the Lippincott company o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_moai |
AD OPT is the airline crew planning division of IBS Software. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Opt |
AD OPT was founded in 1987 by Jean Éthier, Pierre Lestage, Daniel McInnis, François Soumis and Pierre Trudeau all operational researchers from the decision analysis research group, GERAD, and the CRT (Centre de Recherche sur les Transports/ Research Center on Transportation) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Originally, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Opt |
Some of Ad Opt's clients (present and past) include: Air Canada easyJet Emirates Airlines Etihad Airways FedEx Qantas Airways South African Airlines United Airlines UPS US Airways Virgin Australia == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Opt |
The history of cotton can be traced to domestication for an important role in the history of India, the British Empire, and the United States, and continues to be an important crop and commodity. The history of the domestication of cotton is very complex and is not known exactly. Several isolated civilizations in both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The word "cotton" has Arabic origins, derived from the Arabic word قطن (qutn or qutun). This was the usual word for cotton in medieval Arabic. The word entered the Romance languages in the mid-12th century, and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient Romans as an import but cotton was rare in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton has been cultivated and used by humans for thousands of years, with evidence of cotton fabrics dating back to ancient civilizations in India, Egypt, and Peru. The cotton industry played a significant role in the development of the American economy, with the production of cotton being a major source of income for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The oldest cotton textiles were found in graves and city ruins of civilizations from dry climates, where the fabrics did not decay completely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The oldest cotton fabric has been found in Huaca Prieta in Peru, dated to about 6000 BCE. It is here that Gossypium barbadense is thought to have been domesticated at its earliest. Some of the oldest cotton bolls were discovered in a cave in Tehuacán Valley, Mexico, and were dated to approximately 5500 BCE, but some do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum Linnaeus) may have been domesticated around 5000 BCE in eastern Sudan near the Middle Nile Basin region, where cotton cloth was being produced. The cultivation of cotton and the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in Meroë reached a high level in the 4th century BC. The export of textiles ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The latest archaeological discovery in Mehrgarh puts the dating of early cotton cultivation and the use of cotton to 5000 BCE. The Indus Valley civilization started cultivating cotton by 3000 BCE. Cotton was mentioned in Hindu hymns in 1500 BCE.Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, mentions Indian cotton in the 5th ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Handheld roller cotton gins had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Egyptians grew and spun cotton from 600 to 700 CE.Cotton was a common fabric during the Middle Ages, and was hand-woven on a loom. Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
1350, improved the speed of cotton spinning. By the 15th century, Venice, Antwerp, and Haarlem were important ports for cotton trade, and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable.Christopher Columbus, in his explorations of the Bahamas and Cuba, found natives wearing cotton ("the costlie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
India had been an exporter of fine cotton fabrics to other countries since ancient times. Sources such as Marco Polo, who traveled throughout India in the 13th century, Chinese travelers, who traveled to Buddhist pilgrim centers in India even earlier, Vasco Da Gama, who entered Calicut in 1498, and Tavernier, who visit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. During the 19th century, two people using a churka could produce 28 pounds of cotton per day. During the early 16th century to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton and indigo, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton textile manufacturing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan. The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal Subah province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka.Bengal accounted for more than 50% of te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton cloth started to become highly sought-after for the European urban markets during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. Vasco da Gama (d. 1524), a Portuguese explorer, opened Asian sea trade, which replaced caravans and allowed for heavier cargo. Indian craftspeople had long protected the secret of how to creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
However, some converted to Christianity and their secret was revealed by a French Catholic priest, Father Coeurdoux (1691–1779). He revealed the process of creating the fabrics in France, which assisted the European textile industry.In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for cotton textiles such as chintz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Egypt under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world, in terms of the number of spindles per capita. The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as animal power, water wheels, and windmills, which were also the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Cotton's rise to importance in Europe came about as a result of the cultural transformation of Europe and Britain's trading empire. Calico and chintz, types of cotton fabrics, became popular in Europe, and by 1664 the East India Company was importing a quarter of a million pieces into Britain. By the 18th century, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
Imports of calicoes, cheap cotton fabrics from Kozhikode, then known as Calicut, in India, found a mass market among the poor. By 1721 these calicoes threatened British manufacturers, and Parliament passed the Calico Act that banned calicoes for clothing or domestic purposes. In 1774 the act was repealed with the inven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports. At the same time, the East India Company's rule in India opened up a new market for British goods, while the capital amassed from its rule ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods, though it took in only a small fraction of Britain's textiles and almost no other exports. Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
British cotton products were successful in European markets, constituting 40.5% of exports in 1784–1786. Britain's success was also due to its trade with its own colonies, whose settlers maintained British identities, and thus, fashions. With the growth of the cotton industry, manufacturers had to find new sources of r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cotton |
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