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In 1994, and afterwards, textual evidence that the Walam Olum was a hoax was supplied by David M. Oestreicher in "Unmasking the Walam Olum: A 19th Century Hoax". Oestreicher examined Rafinesque's original manuscript and "found it replete with crossed-out Lenape words that had been replaced with others that better match... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Oestreicher argued that Rafinesque crafted the linguistic text from specific sources on the Delaware Language published by the American Philosophical Society and elsewhere. Further, he said that the supposedly "Lenape" pictographs were hybrids from published Egyptian, Chinese, and Mayan sources. Barnhart concurs, stati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
David Oestreicher asserted that the stories were a conglomerate assembled from numerous sources from different cultures that spanned the globe. Barnhart was of the opinion that Rafinesque created the Walam Olum in hopes of winning the international Prix Volney contest hosted in Paris, and Barnhart thought that Rafinesq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Later David Oestreicher wrote that he had received a direct communication from Joe Napora. Oestreicher wrote that Napora wrote, "e now recognises that the 'Walam Olum' is indeed a hoax ... and was dismayed that the sources upon whom he relied had been so negligent in their investigation of the document and that the hoa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
It was a damaging, culpably dishonest act, which misled scholars in search of the real truth, far more damaging than his childish creations, which could be easily dismissed; this was more than mischief. "Many traditional Lenape believe they have lived in their homeland (that is, in the New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Paula Gunn Allen's poetry collection, Shadow Country, from 1982 contains a reference to the Walam Olum. In Part II of the poem, ANOTHER LONG WALK, it says: "the Red Score" is the reference, and is also related to the mention of Lenape in line 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walam_Olum |
Clinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. Clinical research is diff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
The term "clinical research" refers to the entire bibliography of a drug/device/biologic, in fact any test article from its inception in the lab to its introduction to the consumer market and beyond. Once the promising candidate or the molecule is identified in the lab, it is subjected to pre-clinical studies or animal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
Clinical research review criteria will depend on which federal regulations the research is subject to (e.g., (Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) if federally funded, FDA as already discussed) and will depend on which regulations the institutions subscribe to, in addition to any more stringent criteria added... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
These academic medical centers often have their internal Institutional Review Boards that oversee the ethical conduct of medical research.The clinical research ecosystem involves a complex network of sites, pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions. This has led to a growing field of technologies used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
This study typically lasts several months and its purpose is to prove safety and an effective dosage. Phase II includes a larger number of individual participants in the range of 100–300, and Phase III includes some 1000-3000 participants to assess efficacy and safety of the drug at different doses. Only 25-30% of drug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research |
A flag is a distinctive piece of fabric used as a symbol, a signalling device, or for decoration. While the origin of flags is unknown, flag-like symbols have been described as far back as 11th century BC China and have been used by other ancient civilisations such as Egypt and Rome. During the Medieval period, silk fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
Flags began to be regularly used on board ships for identification and communication in the Age of Sail. In the 18th century and onwards, a rising tide of nationalism around the world meant that common people began to regularly identify themselves with nation-states and their symbols, including flags. In the modern day... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
While the exact etymological origin is unknown, the word 'flag' first appears in English in the late 15th century. Possible origins include a variation of Middle English flakken, "to flap, flutter" which may further originate from Old Norse flaka, "to flicker, flutter, hang loose." These may be derived from Proto-Germa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
The origin of flags is unknown. Some of the earliest known banners come from ancient China to identify different parts of the army. For example, it is recorded that the armies of the Zhou dynasty in the 11th century BC carried a white banner before them, although no extant depictions exist of these banners. An early re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
Early representations of standards can be found on Egyptian bas-reliefs such as the Narmer Palette, which is said to be the earliest representation. These vexilloids, or flag-like standards, were symbols of the nomes of pre-dynastic Egypt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
In fact, ancient Greek writers attributed the creation of standards to the Egyptians. According to Diodorus, Egyptian standards generally consisted of figures of sacred animals on the end of a staff or spear. Another often used symbol was a figure resembling an expanded semi-circular fan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
While the Persians used cloth banners to designate their armies, it was the Romans who first made widespread use of these symbols to represent their armies. These banners, also known as a vexillum, were used to represent each army unit starting around 100 BC. The vexillum was composed of a piece of cloth fastened to a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
It is an almost square piece of coarse linen cloth with the image of the goddess Victoria.Roman emperors used a banner similar in form called a labarum. It frequently bore upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family. It became associated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
These Roman standards were guarded with religious veneration in the temples of the metropolis and chief cities of the empire.Another Roman standard that was wide spread by the time of the 4th century author Vegetius was the draco or dragon, a symbol originally borrowed from the Parthians some time after the death of Tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
With the innovation of silk in China and subsequent propagation along the Silk Road, flags as we know them today began to develop. Flags that comprise cloth attached to an upright pole at one side seem to have first been regularly used by the Saracens who introduced it to the Western world, although they would not gain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
There is evidence of such standards being used by the grandsons of the Muhammad during the Rashidun Caliphate onward which were generally triangular and flown from a vertical flag pole. Subsequent Islamic dynasties used a variety of different coloured banners to identify themselves and were often drawn from flags suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
A major stage in the development of flags in the west was the art of heraldry. Heraldry, which developed in approximately the second quarter of the 12th century, primarily deals with identification by means of devices placed on shields, with these symbols becoming the means by which knights and later other upper-class ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
To start with, the banners were extensions of the gonfanon, which consisted of a flag tied to a lance, but soon became diverse displays of important people's arms. Traditionally, there are several types such as, pennons, heraldic standards, or banners of arms.The pennon was a small, elongated flag with either pointed o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
A banner of arms is square or oblong and larger than the pennon, bearing the entire coat of arms of the owner and composed precisely, as upon a shield, but in a square or rectangular shape. The heraldic standard appeared around the middle of the 14th century, and it was in general use by personages of high rank during ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
The standard was often more versatile than a banner of arms because no one could possess more than one banner, since it displayed a set of unchangeable heraldic arms. A single individual; however, could possess as many standards as they wanted, since this flag displayed badges, which could be created at any time the ow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
During the Crusades, beginning at the end of the 11th century, there were developments of flags. During the first crusade banners were used by kings and nobles in an extensions of the practices in Europe with the addition of some holy orders adopting them. However, about a century into the period the rank and file from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
In 1188 Philip II of France decreed that his colours be added to a cross (a red cross on a white field) and soon after Henry II of England decreed the use of a white cross on a red field. These coloured crosses would for some unknown reason be swapped, but remained in use in England and France as symbols of the kingdom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
Flags have probably been used at sea as a form of communication since the earliest days of trading ships, with some evidence of the practice as far back as the Ancient Greeks. However, as international trade increased during the Age of Sail in the early 17th century, European ships began displaying flags depicting thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
Originally, flags representing a country would generally be the personal flag of its rulers; however, over time, the practice of using personal banners as flags of places was abandoned in favour of flags that had some significance to the nation, often its patron saint. Early examples of these were the maritime republic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
It is notable for being one of the first European flags that broke with the tradition set down in the medieval context of cross flags representing realms.Although some flags date back earlier, widespread use of flags outside of military or naval context begins only with the rise of idea of the nation state at the end o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
Flags also began fostering a sense of unity between different peoples, such as the Union Jack representing a union between England and Scotland, or began to represent unity between nations in a perceived shared struggle, for example, the Pan-Slavic colors or later Pan-Arab colors.As Europeans colonised significant port... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_flags |
The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) is a database of pictures designed to provide a standardized set of pictures for studying emotion and attention that has been widely used in psychological research. The IAPS was developed by the National Institute of Mental Health Center for Emotion and Attention at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
It is the essential property of the IAPS that the stimulus set is accompanied by a detailed list of average ratings of the emotions elicited by each picture. This shall enable other researchers to select stimuli eliciting a specific range of emotions for their experiments when using the IAPS. The process of establishin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
The normative rating procedure for the IAPS is based on the assumption that emotional assessments can be accounted for by the three dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance. Thus, participants taking part in the studies that are conducted to standardize the IAPS are asked to rate how pleasant/unpleasant, how calm/e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
The official normative ratings for the IAPS pictures were obtained from a sample of 100 college students (50 women, 50 men, presumably predominantly US-American) who each rated 16 sets of 60 pictures. The rating was carried out in groups using paper-and-pencil versions of the SAMs. Pictures were presented for 6 seconds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
/dominance. Average valence, arousal and dominance ratings are available for the overall sample, men, and women. Normative ratings were also obtained from children ages 7–9 years, 10-12, and 13-14. The rating procedure for children was mildly adapted; among other modifications, children were tested in classrooms, given... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
Researchers from institutes other than the National Institute of Mental Health have also conducted studies to establish normative ratings for the IAPS in languages other than English and cultures other than US-American culture including Hungarian, German, Portuguese, Indian, and Spanish. One of these studies also inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
IAPS pictures have been used in studies using a variety of psychophysiological measurements such as fMRI, EEG,magnetoencephalography,skin conductance,heart rate, and electromyography.The IAPS has also been used in the psychology laboratory to experimentally manipulate anxiety and induce negative affect, enabling resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
To maintain novelty and efficacy of the stimulus set, the IAPS images themselves are typically not shown in any media outlet or publications. The IAPS may be received and used upon request by members of recognized, degree-granting, academic, not-for-profit research or educational institutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
A group of researchers at Harvard University has published an alternative set of images that they claim to be comparable to the IAPS in 2016. The OASIS image database consists of 900 images that have been rated on valence and arousal by a sample of US-Americans recruited via amazon mechanical Turk. As opposed to the IA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
The authors of the IAPS have developed a number of non-image alternatives for eliciting emotion such as the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) and International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System |
The theory of narrative thought (TNT) is designed to bridge the gap between the neurological functioning of the brain and the flow of everyday conscious experience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
TNT is a refinement of image theory, which was developed as an alternative to rational choice theory. The essence of image theory is that decisions are shaped by long-term attempts to manage the future rather than short-term results. The image theory model of the decision process, called the compatibility test, held up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
The theory begins with the observation that the brain bundles sequences of sensations into events. In a causal world, sequentially implies causation and causation implies time. The result is that sensed events are organized by time and causation. The formal name for this form of organization is narrative; a chain of ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
The theory posits that the evolutionary value of this organization lies in its use of the causal implications of the past and present to infer what may reasonably be expected to occur in the immediate future. This allows potential threats to be identified and evaluated and action to be taken to avoid or to reduce poten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
The more straightforward the causal chain from the past, through the present, and into the implied future, the more coherent the prime narrative is. The more coherent it is, the more plausible it is and hence the more certain one is that it represents reality. Absent this, one would have no reliable basis for anticipat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
By the time one is able to speak in meaningful sentences, one has experienced a rich and varied world involving a large number of causally related events that can be used for predicting events in the future. This experience is absorbed into the prime narrative, enriching and expanding understanding about what is going ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
It is further abridged for communicating with ourselves (thinking) in the form of subvocalization and imagery. These abridged versions of the prime narrative are themselves narratives; they retain the temporal/causal structure of the original but they are pared down, the gist, the strongest causal links and events, rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
Derived narratives are key to an expanded vision of the future. The prime narrative’s implied future is limited to the immediate consequences of what is happening now and what led up to it. This frequently allows insufficient time for identification and mitigation of threats before they occur. A longer lead time requir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
With the acquisition of language comes the ability to receive communications from significant others about the rules of one’s social group. These rules, called standards, are about how the world should work. Standards define security, enduring values and beliefs, and transient preferences. Security includes physical an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
Values and beliefs include morals, ethics, and ideals—equity, justice, solidarity, stewardship, truth, beauty, and goodness—together with civic and religious ideologies and the responsibilities one should assume in the course of performing one’s daily duties and engaging in social interactions. Preferences include part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
This allows one to anticipate consequences, threats, and work to avoid them or soften the blow. Threats are defined as discrepancies between expectations about how things will be and standards for how they should be. The greater the discrepancy between expectations and standards, the more intense the anticipated threat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
All decisions are about anticipated threats—about discrepancies between expectations and values or preferences, between what one anticipates will happen and what one wants to happen. When the threat is sufficiently large, a plan of action must be chosen to mitigate the anticipated negative consequences. The best action... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
A plan is a derived narrative about how to go from the present to a more desirable future—how to influence the course of ongoing events to make the future, when it arrives, conform to one's standards. Like other narratives, plans must be causally coherent; the sequence of proposed actions must create a feasible causal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
Other than the information processing metaphor, cognitive science has produced no encompassing theory. It seems to be widely assumed that when such a theory appears, it will necessarily be in terms of the neurology underlying brain functioning, of which conscious experience is subsidiary and derivative. TNT challenges ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative_thought |
In psychology, inferiority complex is a consistent feeling of inadequacy, often resulting in the belief that one is in some way deficient, or inferior, to others.According to Alfred Adler, a feeling of inferiority may be brought about by upbringing as a child (for example, being consistently compared unfavorably to a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
According to the Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology, "n Adlerian psychology, a combination of an erroneous belief of an individual that they are unable to cope with some aspect of life because of a real or imagined physical or psychological deficiency, feelings of depression, and a cessation of coping efforts in that a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
The notion of an inferiority complex was introduced into the psychoanalytic branch of psychology by Alfred Adler, founder of classical Adlerian psychology, paralleling what Pierre Janet had called a feeling of incompleteness (sentiment d’incomplétude). The idea appears in many of Sigmund Freud's works, but has fallen o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
An inferiority complex occurs when the feelings of inferiority are intensified in the individual through discouragement or failure. Those who are at risk for developing a complex include people who: show signs of low self-esteem or self-worth or have low status in their peer group. They may also display symptoms simila... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
Children reared in households where the parents are perceived as having overbearing expectations may also develop an inferiority complex. According to Adler, "Everyone (...) has a feeling of inferiority. But the feeling of inferiority is not a disease; it is rather a stimulant to healthy, normal striving and developmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
Classical Adlerian psychology makes a distinction between primary and secondary inferiority feelings. A primary inferiority feeling is said to be rooted in the young child's original experience of weakness, helplessness and dependency, where there is also a lack of parental acceptance and affection, or an actual consti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
When an inferiority complex is in full effect, it may impact the performance of an individual as well as impact an individual's self-esteem. Unconscious psychological and emotional processes can inhibit a student's ability to receive and understand new information in addition to an excessive guardedness that results fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
Related to the inferiority complex is a "superiority complex", a psychological defense mechanism in which a person's outward display of superiority displaces or conceals their feelings of inferiority. Differentiated by Adler from a normal desire for social recognition, the superiority complex results in vulgar displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex |
Synchrony and diachrony are two complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis. A synchronic approach (from Ancient Greek: συν- "together" and χρόνος "time") considers a language at a moment in time without taking its history into account. Synchronic linguistics aims at describing a language at a specific point of tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
The concepts were theorized by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of general linguistics in Geneva from 1896 to 1911, and appeared in writing in his posthumous Course in General Linguistics published in 1916. Saussure's teachers in historical-comparative and reconstructive linguistics such as Georg Cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
Therefore, in Saussure's view, language change (diachrony) does not form a system. By contrast, each synchronic stage is held together by a systemic equilibrium based on the interconnectedness of meaning and form. To understand why a language has the forms it has at a given stage, both the diachronic and the synchronic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
Saussure likewise rejected the idea of the Darwinian linguists August Schleicher and Max Müller, who considered languages as living organisms arguing that linguistics belongs to life sciences. Saussure illustrates the historical development of languages by way of his distinction between the synchronic and the diachroni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
In a similar manner, the "life" of language—simply language change—consists of a series of static points, which are physically independent of the previous stage. In such a context, Saussure warns against the confusion of synchrony and diachrony expressing his concern that these could be not studied simultaneously.Follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
In 1979, Joseph Greenberg stated "One of the major developments of the last decade or so in linguistics has been a revived and apparently still expanding interest in historical linguistics (..) As a minimum, the strict separation of synchronic and diachronic studies—envisaged by Saussure, but never absolute in practice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diachrony_and_synchrony |
The Boondocks is an American adult animated sitcom created by Aaron McGruder for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. It is based upon his comic strip of the same name. The series premiered on November 6, 2005. The show focuses on a dysfunctional black American family, the Freemans, settling into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The perspective offered by this mixture of cultures, lifestyles, social classes, stereotypes, viewpoints and racialized identities provides for much of the series' satire, comedy, and conflict. The series ended its run on June 23, 2014, with a total of 55 episodes over the course of the show's four seasons, the last of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Widely regarded as one of the greatest animated series of all time, The Boondocks has received several accolades including an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series and a Peabody Award. On June 12, 2019, it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation would be producing a reboot of the television se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Boondocks began as a comic strip on Hitlist.com, one of the first music websites. The strip later found its way into The Source magazine. Following these runs, McGruder began simultaneously pitching The Boondocks as both a syndicated comic strip and an animated television series. The former goal was met first, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
In the meantime, the development of the TV series continued. McGruder and film producer/director Reginald Hudlin (President of Entertainment for BET from 2005 to 2008) created a Boondocks pilot for the Fox network, but found great difficulty in making the series acceptable for network television. Hudlin left the projec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Mike Lazzo, president of Adult Swim and executive producer for Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Space Ghost Coast to Coast, stumbled across the pilot and declared it "too networky". He then ordered a 15-episode season and told McGruder to "just tell stories". The series has a loose connection with the continuity of the comic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
He introduced Uncle Ruckus into the strip, and the comic-strip version of Riley's hair was braided into cornrows to match the character's hair in the series. During Season 1, McGruder put the strip on a 6-month hiatus beginning in March 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
He did not return to the strip the following November, and the strip's syndicate, Universal Press Syndicate, announced that it had been canceled.The opening theme song used in the series (slightly remixed for Season 2 and 3) is performed by hip-hop artist Asheru. The series was produced in widescreen since the beginnin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Since the third season, the series has been produced in 16:9 high definition and presented in its original aspect ratio and resolution. In 2014, it was announced that McGruder would not be involved in the show's fourth season. Adult Swim stated, "a mutually agreeable production schedule could not be determined." The fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The series opens with the Freemans settling into the fictional, peaceful, and mostly white suburb of Woodcrest. Evidence for the real-world location of the fictional Woodcrest is mixed. Proponents of the Chicago's South Side theory cite the real-life suburb of Crestwood, Illinois and the similarity of the two names. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
More conclusive evidence is presented in "The Trial of Robert Kelly", in which Riley asks Grandad, "Can you take us into the city tomorrow to watch the R. Kelly trial?". Grandad denies his request and tells him to walk, and Riley replies "But it's 40 miles!" R. Kelly is from Chicago, and his trial was held there, givin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Another reference to Chicago is Martin Luther King Drive, a major street running through South Chicago, mentioned for its violent activity in the 9th episode of season 1, "Return of the King". Additionally, in "Let's Nab Oprah", Ed Wuncler III, Gin Rummy and Riley go to Oprah Winfrey's television studio in an attempt t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
In the comics, Huey's cellphone number has a 443 area code, which belongs to the Baltimore metropolitan area. In "Wingmen", the Freemans fly 'home' to Chicago, where they lived before moving to Woodcrest, to attend a funeral. In "The Fried Chicken Flu", a reporter on a passing television screen reports on the titular d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Huey Freeman (voiced by Regina King) – 10-year-old Huey Freeman is the family's moral compass and voice of reason. He is an intelligent, wise-beyond-his-years avid reader who is knowledgeable about a variety of subjects. He is heavily influenced by the theories of various left-wing social movements and social justice l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
It is mentioned that he has been declared a "domestic terrorist". While he promotes various social causes, he is openly contemptuous of Urban Gangster Rap/Hip Hop as portrayed in mainstream media for glamorizing wasteful extravagance, self-defeating lifestyles, and ignorance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Huey, unlike the other characters, rarely smiles; in the episode "Let's Nab Oprah" he smiles after his duel with Riley; he also smiles when Riley begins to win basketball games in "Ballin'". He is a highly skilled kung-fu fighter, and beats Riley with ease in all of their fights. He has only lost to a few opponents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Riley Freeman (voiced by Regina King) – Riley Freeman is Huey's mischievous, rebellious 8-year-old brother, an enthusiastic follower of Urban Gangster Rap/Hip Hop. Though he is otherwise charming, clever, and artistically gifted, Riley maintains loyalty to those Gangster Rap ideals, even in the face of their self-destr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The bulk of the series focuses on Riley's misadventures (most of which are fueled by his love of gangsta rap and a desire to emulate other people he admires) or on his various outlandish schemes, which his grandfather often endorses and aids. Despite his wild nature and attempts to appear tough, Riley occasionally show... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Robert Jebediah "Granddad" Freeman (voiced by John Witherspoon) – is the grandfather and legal guardian of Huey and Riley. While he loves his two grandsons, he sometimes explodes in tirades of angry frustration over their wisecracking observations, constant schemes, and misadventures, although he has his own moments; f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Both the comic strip and the cartoon were influenced by McGruder's love of anime and manga. He cites Cowboy Bebop and Samurai Champloo as sources of inspiration for the series' fight scenes. The opening sequence of Season 1 contains similarities to that of Samurai Champloo. Some of the humor is based on the characters'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
In 2006, McGruder explained in an interview, "We now have a Japanese anime studio named Madhouse to help us out", but at some point, the deal with Madhouse fell through. Instead, the Emmy Award-winning South Korean studio Moi Animation, handled the animation for season two onwards. As a result, the following seasons of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The episode "Pause" presents a thinly veiled parody of Tyler Perry, presented as using his religion to hide his cross-dressing. The episode reportedly angered Perry, with the network responding to his complaints by saying that they should have warned him before the episode aired.While the series was originally going to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Boondocks gives commentary on American politics from a black perspective. The series accomplishes this by using satire and controversial statements, such as one of the opening lines in the series, "Jesus was Black, Ronald Reagan was the devil, and the government is lying about 9/11." The show has also given input o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The series typically features appearances by well-known entities (singers, rappers, public figures) within Black popular culture as well as parodies of them. Episodes often feature cameos, as in the episode "Let's Nab Oprah", which features appearances from Whitney Winfrey, Maya Angelou, and Bill Cosby. Other appearanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The series also parodies famous news reports including a broadcast in which a freshman in high school was called a "nigga" by his teacher, who thought the word was acceptable to use. The Boondocks recreates this incident with Riley and his teacher.The series often challenges the ways African Americans behave and think.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
McGruder was interviewed by Nightline in early 2006 on the episode "Return of the King", which sparked much controversy after Martin Luther King Jr. was portrayed reprimanding a crowd of African Americans for being lazy and unaware of their political climate. In the interview, McGruder said, "In the episode, King is cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Boondocks is known for its frequent usage of the word "nigga", which has been a source of controversy for the show throughout its tenure. McGruder once said about the word, "I think it makes the show sincere... the word Nigga is used so commonly now, not only by myself but people I know, that I feel it's fake to wr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
Writer Terence Latimer asserts that many of the characters in The Boondocks can be seen as caricatures and personifications of recurring identities and ideologies in the Black-American community: Riley Freeman personifies Black pop culture, Huey Freeman represents Black counterculture, Jazmine Dubois is representative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
The Boondocks received critical acclaim even though the fourth and final season was poorly received. In January 2006, it was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 37th NAACP Image Awards alongside The Bernie Mac Show, Everybody Hates Chris, Girlfriends, and Half & Half. The show won a Special Honorary Academy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boondocks_(2005_TV_series) |
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