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This 1999 conference challenged the way the current ideology had decreased inclusive education and criticized the special education system. Also in 1999, Scot Danforth submitted a proposal titled Ways of Constructing Lives and Disabilities: The Case for Open Inquiry to the national conference of The Association for Per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
This led to questions being asked about why research is important and then the expansion of what is considered legitimate research in special education journals, conferences, etc. It also led to new ways that ideate a different way of educating students with disabilities. Susan Gabel and Linda Ware insisted on affiliat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
DSE scholarship is based on a social conception of disability that identifies barriers, attitudes, and actions that serve to systematically exclude individuals with disabilities society. These may include lack of resources for students and knowledge on how to effectively teach individuals with disabilities. It is a rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Examples of the medical model may look like professionals in an individualized education plan (IEP) being the authority. Their goal is to fix the disability or "normalize" the individual. DSE has its origins in sociological theories of deviance, social stigma and labeling theory as social construction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
By 1970, there emerged critiques of labeling in special education, now referred to as ableism. Ableism is combated in schools through educators recognizing and challenging the idea of normalcy, as well as integrating individualizing programs that both recognize disability while creating learning opportunities in order ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
The problem therefore resides not within the individual with impairments, but in the attitudes toward and treatment of people with disabilities. A DSE perspective is grounded in the belief that a collective social response to disability has resulted in systematic inequality, marginalization, discrimination, and oppress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
DSE is concerned with critical issues concerning the education of people identified as disabled. Central questions of concern to DSE scholars are: 1. What is an appropriate education for students with disabilities?DSE scholars promote academic activism in that they seek to counter the dominant discourse of the disabled... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
They promote a social justice perspective in which the purpose of education is to accept and care for all students. When putting a label on what is appropriate versus what is not can be hard to navigate without knowing the definition. An appropriate education for students with disabilities can be defined under the Indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
This includes education services that meet the individual's needs on the same level as non-disabled students. Keeping the needs of the child at the forefront of the educational plan is essential in creating an appropriate education. It also includes being in the least restrictive environment possible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Creating an appropriate education plan for students with disabilities, services should be designed in order to meet the individual's education needs while also not being physically excluded from a mainstream focus. This also mean that a student with disabilities should receive the same quality of education services as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
The parents or guardians have legal rights to be involved, review records, and challenge placement or other IEP decisions. Lastly, a student with disabilities should be able to participate or experience nonacademic services and extracurricular activities, like P.E., transportation, and groups or clubs sponsored by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Using the medical model of disability in education is heavily criticized by DSE scholars. The medical model of disability assumes that someone's disability limits their autonomy and therefore needs to be fixed/cured. In education, it is the responsibility of the student to work hard to fix/cure their disability and not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Although it is the responsibility of the student to work towards "normalcy", they are not the authority. The professionals take the authoritative role over the caregivers/student and if the professionals believe that they cannot be "fixed", it may lead to social and/or educational exclusion. Exclusion is a consequence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
In actuality, these same attitudes are misguided because many learning disabilities are not caused by biological factors and most do not need constant medical services. 3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
What counts as research and inquiry?DSE scholars challenge research methodologies that serve to objectify, marginalize, and oppress disabled people. They promote research that is created by and accountable to disabled people, rather than portraying them as subjects. They recognize the value of interdisciplinary approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Research on DSE depends on who is telling their story, and who is being recorded in the research. The research is not intended to exclude some voices of the disability community, but to amplify all voices to share their stories. Research in DSE holds power because it can be used as a tool for others in society who dese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
In DSE research there is no evidence to claim the research is scientific. Most of the research is made up of beliefs and assumptions. This is because researches are not free from theory free observation, thus causing observations to be influenced. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Scientific research procedures can objectify people with disabilities because they are looked at as subjects instead of people. 4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
What is inclusion and who is included?A DSE perspective foregrounds the interests and voices of disabled students in their education. DSE scholars reject deficit models of disability and assume that all children have the right to equitable, full, and meaningful access to educational opportunities. At the same time, DSE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
When defining inclusion in the classroom, there is not a set definition. Rather, it is seen as more of a policy that has been created in the education realm for the integration of disabled and non-disabled children. When creating this outlook on inclusion, it was seen more as a teaching based approach rather than integ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
This teaching based approach can be supported by inclusive curriculum in which intersectionality is both taught and celebrated. Through understanding disabilities at the intersection of race, gender, sexuality, etc., students are likely to relate to the curriculum as well as feel represented, thus fostering a deeper un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
Some early attempts at creating an inclusive education stemmed from the United States Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which prohibited racially segregated public education. While this ruling did not directly affect the disability community, it ruled segregation in schools as unconstitutional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
This allowed for accommodations that granted full participation and inclusion in schools. Section 504 forced schools to foster a more inclusive environment and made sure that students with disabilities were granted similar opportunities, benefits, and achievements as students with disabilities. Section 504 has a large ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
DSE is one manifestation of the disability rights movement. Its roots are in the United States, but its effects may be felt globally. With the entry into force of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, issues underpinning DSE can extend to efforts to hold states accountable for failure to serve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Studies_in_Education |
The End of Course Test (EOCT, EOC, or EOC Test) is an academic assessment conducted in many states by the State Board of Education and Island of Bermuda. Georgia, for example, tests from the ninth to twelfth grades, and North Carolina tests for any of the four core class subjects (math, science, social studies, and Eng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
EOCTs are mandatory and require a minimum score for graduation eligibility. Additionally, a North Carolina student's EOCT score must account for at least 25% of the student's final grade in the relevant course.Georgia high schools are required to administer a standardized, multiple-choice EOCT, in each of eight core su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
The official purpose of the tests is to assess "specific content knowledge and skills." Although a minimum test score is not required for the student to receive credit in the course or to graduate from high school, completion of the test is mandatory. The EOCT score comprises 20% of a student's grade in the course. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
Since the EOCT is an official, state-administered test, any violation or interference can result in the invalidation of scores of all students taking the exam on that subject. Interferences can include cellphones, mp3 players, reading books on the same subject as the exam, and talking.Also, E.O.C. tests can be taken in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
For example, in the state of Florida, it is mandatory for 7th graders (middle school) to take a Civics E.O.C. Test. A student can pass only if they attain a level of 3, 4 or 5.Florida public schools administrate End of Course Examination for Grade 7 Civics, Algebra 1, Geometry, Biology 1, and US History. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
For all high school EOC courses, EOC are worth 30% of student's final grade and passing score are required in order to receive full credit (1). In addition, Students must pass Algebra 1 EOC and Grade 10 FAST ELA Progress Monitor #3 in order to receive high school diploma. For Civics EOC, student's exam score won't fact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
The Four Subjects End of Course Assessment is administer and mandatory in the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda. Language Art, Math, Science, and Social Study EOC are usually taken in 10th-11th Grade Year and covered 3 years of the subject materials (For example, Grade 9-11 science context are tested in the Science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
Scores are ranged from 0%-100% with about 2.25% curve. Students must score at least 73.50% with curve on each EOC Assessment in order to receive secondary diploma. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Course_Test |
The City Protocol is a new open, global, and progressive working framework for cities worldwide to assess and improve performance in environmental sustainability, economic competitiveness, quality of life, and city services, by innovating and demonstrating new leadership models, new ways of engaging society, and by lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
Cities can usefully be described as complex systems since their components interact and co-determine their future. Thus, urban planning is limited by the very nature of their complexity. The city has a metabolism and a rich ecosystem, it’s very heterogeneous. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
Like any complex system, it changes over time, it evolves, it is fragile and must adapt to changes. Resilience is the key to also ensure continuity of services in the city at any time of crisis. Two major vectors through the development of the city, the need, its uses and functions, and chance, hazard and risk. The cit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
The City Protocol has five fundamental goals: To facilitate and foster a new science of cities. To establish a cooperation framework among the city council, academia, companies, organizations and people/society. To lead and pave cities’ futures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
To understand the common driving forces of urban evolution and find common game-changing solutions. To find innovative economical opportunities and synergies: and deliver value-adding products and services.The City Protocol will move worldwide city thinking forward effectively and remain appealing and available to a wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
The City Protocol will be created through a number of stages that will span some 18 months: Stage 1, to July 2012: will enroll a discrete group of core Cities, Institutions, Industry, and Academia to agree the need for, and shape the City protocol Society. Kick start of Working Groups (CPWG) and areas of work. Stage 2,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
Stage 3, to November 2013: will establish from the core committed participants, visible initial products that the society can evidence as true and meaningful value. Once the CPS has been established, working groups (WG) will be set up. Said WG will work remotely under a periodical basis. Face to face meetings will take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Protocol |
The Free Culture Forum (FCForum) was an international meeting of relevant organisations and individuals involved in free culture, digital rights and access to knowledge. It took place in Barcelona every annually from 2009 to 2015, jointly with the oXcars, a free culture festival. The oXcars (or OXcars) are a non-compet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The Oxcars are an awards ceremony organised by Xnet (previously eXgae, until November 2010), a non-profit organisation that explores alternative models for cultural diffusion and royalties management. In 2008 and 2009 the oXcars were organised with the collaboration of Conservas, and in 2010 with Conservas, Red Sosteni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The award categories include: Music Film Dance Theatre Animation Literature Millions of Visits in Your Bedroom Great Human Tools Future Markets Culture existed before the Cultural Industry Great Leftovers of Spanish Culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The participants of the first Oxcars, on October 28, 2008, were Leo Bassi, The Pirate Bay, literary collective Wu Ming, filmmaker Guillermo Zapata (director of the short film Lo que tú quieras oír), Pablo Soto (developer of the Manolito P2P software), Platoniq, Alan Toner, FreeCinema, Griffi from Sólo los Solo, Mollein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
A series of activities related to free/libre culture were organised on October 29 and November 1, in conjunction with the 2008 oXcars. They included talks, debates, round table discussions and practical workshops on licences, examples of free culture, anonymity and cryptography on the net, production and royalties mana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The main objectives of the Free Culture Forum 2009 (from October 30 to November 1) were, on the one hand, building networks to optimise the efforts of the different groups and setting common demands against the proposals from industry and governments in their eagerness to control culture and information; and on the oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The Charter for innovation, creativity and access to knowledge contains suggested legal requirements, guidelines for education and access to knowledge, and structural requirements for a knowledge-based society. The guidelines were discussed by more than a hundred representatives at the forum. The Charter was used as an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The participants of the 2nd Oxcars were Duquende, the playwright Rodrigo García, the creators of the Internet series Malviviendo, Derivart, the Taller de Musics Original Jazz Orquesta, the writer Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Riot Cinema Collective, Jamendo, Illegal Art, FreeCinema, the publ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The second FCForum was held in Barcelona from October 28 to 31, 2010 and focused on economical models. It resulted in a Declaration and How to Manual on sustainability of creativity in the digital era The FCForum declaration was signed by 80 organisations and individuals, including Richard Stallman. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
In February 2011, two documents drafted by FCForum participants were released: Sustainable Models for Creativity and the How-To Manual for Sustainable creativity addressed at political reformers, citizens and free culture activists. Both documents are based on an understanding that current royalties management and cult... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The participants of the 3rd Oxcars in 2010 were the writer José Luis Sampedro, The Pinker Tones, Kate Madison and Actors at Work Productions (creators of the film Born of Hope), dance company Akram Khan, the writer Belén Gopegui, Miguel Brieva, Triolocría, design studio Lava with their Free Magenta campaign (against th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The third annual FCForum was held in Barcelona on October 28, 29 and 30, under the title ‘Networks for a R-evolution’. It included a round table on the current situation of film and the Internet in Spain, with Álex de la Iglesia, Juan Carlos Tous, Amparo Peiró, Eudald Doménech and the lawyer Josep Jover. This was follo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The participants featured in the 4th Oxcars included John Perry Barlow (co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation), who celebrated 15 years of the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace; digital newspaper El Mundo Today, which gives a satirical account of political and social current affairs; Stéphane Gru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The fourth FCForum was held at Ars Santa Mònica on October 26 and 27. It explored the theme of sustainable models for the creative sector, with practical examples from the fields of journalism, education (Freeangle) and publishing (Bookcamping). The report on crowdfunding "Crowdfunding Experiences in Spain and Cataloni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
One of the main sections looked at how cyber crime is being used as an excuse to criminalize and control the Internet,. It also covered democracy in the digital age, with debates on transparency in public institutions (Cuentas Claras, Discursia, Sueldos Públicos, Graba to Pleno, Qué hacen los diputados, Open Knowledge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The 5th Oxcars were held in Barcelona on 25 October 2012, and focused on identifying the defenders and detractors of the free circulation of culture and the new models of cultural creation. The show began with an adaptation of a speech by Cory Doctorow, "The Coming War on General Purpose Computation". Participants incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The FCForum 2013 took place on October 25 and revolved around four core themes: Creativity, Culture and Knowledge: New models of access and production; Data Science: The potential and limits of Big Data; Networked Democracy; and Electronic Money and Distributed Currency: Strengths and weaknesses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The sixth Oxcars were held in Barcelona on 24 October 2013. Participants included the lawyer David Bravo, a specialist in intellectual property and computer law, Toque a Bankia, My Open Source Cure, Paul Borons, Robocicla, Scann, and the electronic music group Kashba. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
The sixth edition of the FCForum was itinerant; it took place in different spaces and dates. The Barcelona Growth Center hosted on November 4 an all-day meeting on Networked Democracy and Technopolitics where eight participants with experience in these fields explained both dimensions and the practices in technopolitic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
Under the title Fighters & Makers, the seventh edition of the FCForum took place on October 30 and 31 and November 2, 2015, in different spaces in Barcelona.On October 30, Sala Conservas held a series of working groups on - Legislation on copyright and intellectual property. Net Neutrality.- Freedom of expression, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Culture_Forum |
Ann Nolan Clark, born Anna Marie Nolan (December 5, 1896 – December 13, 1995), was an American writer who won the 1953 Newbery Medal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
Born in Las Vegas, New Mexico in 1896, Clark graduated from New Mexico Normal School (now New Mexico Highlands University) in Las Vegas at age 21, and married Thomas Patrick Clark on August 6, 1919. She gave birth to an only son, Thomas Patrick, Jr., who later died as a pilot in World War II.She began her career teachi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
In the process of teaching the children about literature, she incorporated their voices and stories to write In My Mother's House, and other books for the 1st to 4th grade one-room schoolhouse. She wrote about this process, and about her travels to many parts of Central and South America, in her nonfiction book, Journe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
Her book In My Mother's House, illustrated by Pueblo artist Velino Herrera, was named a Caldecott Honor book in 1942.In 1945, the Institute for Inter-American Affairs sent Clark to live and travel for five years in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. Those experiences led her to write books such a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
She also won the Catholic Library Association's 1963 Regina Medal, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs' 1962 Distinguished Service Award. Clark died in 1995 in Arizona, after writing 31 books which took a glance at Native American culture, mostly through the eyes of its children.Mr. Clark's birth family was well known in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
Secret of the Andes Tia Maria's Garden The little Indian pottery maker The Little Indian Basket Maker Bear cub Little Herder in Spring Little Herder in Summer Little Herder in Autumn Little Herder in Winter Magic Money Year Walk Circle of Seasons Santiago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nolan_Clark |
PraxisAuril, formerly known as PraxisUnico, is a UK based national professional association for Knowledge Exchange & Commercialisation (KEC) practitioners. As of 2022, the association includes over 4,000 active KE practitioners who come from over 180 member organizations, working primarily in university and public sect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
The association has 170+ member organisations across Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) and Public Sector Research Establishments (PSREs), and a network of 5000+ individuals, who are involved in KEC. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
PraxisUnico was formed in 2009 from two separate organisations - Praxis (involved in training for technology transfer officers in universities and research centres) and UNICO which was a membership organisation including universities and PSRE organisations. In 2017, PraxisUnico joined forces with Auril to form a new or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
Chairs of PraxisAuril have included: Iain Thomas, University of Cambridge: 2021-present Sean Fielding, University of Exeter: 2019–2021 Angela Kukula, ICR: 2015–2019 Sue O’Hare, City University London: 2013-2015 Douglas Robertson, University of Edinburgh: 2011-2013 David Secher, University of Cambridge: 2009-2011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
It runs training courses for KEC professionals within the UK and outside and runs events and networking activities. It says that it aims to “facilitate interactions between the public sector research base, business and government by bringing together key stakeholders to debate, educate and inform.” It also works to rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
It is a founder member of the Alliance of Technology Transfer Professionals(ATTP). ATTP confers the world-recognized Registered Technology Transfer Professional (RTTP) designation. RTTP status recognizes the accomplishments, roles, skills, knowledge, and deal-making expertise of technology transfer professionals. There... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
The Impact Awards were introduced by PraxisUnico in 2009. In 2015, PraxisUnico partnered with Research Councils UK to deliver the awards jointly. The awards are open to members and non-members. The 2015 categories and winners included: Contribution to Business: University of Leicester, ASDEC Contribution to Society: Pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
PraxisAuril has represented the KEC and TT sector in numerous Government consultations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PraxisUnico |
Pandora FMS (for Pandora Flexible Monitoring System) is software for monitoring computer networks. Pandora FMS allows monitoring in a visual way the status and performance of several parameters from different operating systems, servers, applications and hardware systems such as firewalls, proxies, databases, web server... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
An agent is available for each platform. It can also monitor hardware systems with a TCP/IP stack, such as load balancers, routers, network switches, printers or firewalls. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
Pandora FMS has several servers that process and get information from different sources, using WMI for gathering remote Windows information, a predictive server, a plug-in server which makes complex user-defined network tests, an advanced export server to replicate data between different sites of Pandora FMS, a network... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
In Pandora FMS architecture, servers are the core of the system because they are the recipients of bundles of information. They also generate monitoring alerts. It is possible to have different modular configurations for the servers: several servers for very big systems, or just a single server. Servers are also respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
It is possible to have several Pandora Servers connected to a single Database. Different servers are used for different kind of monitoring: remote monitoring, WMI monitoring, SNMP and other network monitoring, inventory recollection, etc. Highly scalable (up to 2000 nodes with one single server), completely web-driven ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
Pandora's user interface allows people to operate and manage the monitoring system. It is developed in PHP and depends on a database and a web server. It can work in a wide range of platforms: Linux, Solaris, Windows, AIX and others. Several web consoles can be deployed in the same system if required. Web Console has m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
Agents are daemons or services that can monitor any numeric parameter, Boolean status, string or numerical incremental data and/or condition. They can be developed in any language (as Shellscript, WSH, Perl or C). They run on any type of platform (Microsoft, AIX, Solaris, Linux, IPSO, Mac OS or FreeBSD), also SAP, beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
The database module is the core module of Pandora. All the information of the system resides here. For example, all data gathered by agents, configuration defined by administrator, events, incidents, audit info, etc. are stored in the database. At present, MySQL database and MariaDB database is supported. Oracle suppor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
Pandora FMS has a software appliance based on a customized CentOS Linux, installable on CD, comes ready to use (including a live CD) or ready to install to hard disk. It have also an AMI Appliance based on Amazon AWS. A Docker image is also available at Docker Hub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_FMS |
Crofting is a form of land tenure and small-scale food production particular to the Scottish Highlands, the islands of Scotland, and formerly on the Isle of Man. Within the 19th-century townships, individual crofts were established on the better land, and a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Crofting communities were a product of the Highland Clearances (though individual crofts had existed before the clearances). They replaced the farms or bailtean, which had common grazing and arable open fields operated on the run rig system. This change was typically associated with two things. Firstly the tacksmen wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
A tacksman (a member of the daoine uaisle, sometimes described as "gentry" in English) was the holder of a lease or "tack" from the landowner. Where a lease was for a baile, the tacksman usually sublet to the farming tenants and may have provided some management oversight. By preventing this section of society from sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Secondly, landowners replaced the older farming methods with pastoral systems. In early cases, these were based on cattle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Much more common was the introduction of extensive sheep farms. In many clearances, the tenants of inland farms were moved to crofting communities in coastal areas, leaving the land they had left for sheep. This type of clearance was carried out mostly until the 1820s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Croft work was hard, back-breaking work which yielded a subsistence living. Aside from hay and oats, usually root vegetables, potatoes or cabbages were grown and peat would be cut by hand and left outside in various characteristic patterns of stacks to dry so as to serve later for fuel or sometimes for bedding for anim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Some crofters had the care of small numbers of cattle.The crofts created by clearance were not intended to support all the needs of those who lived there and consequently were restricted in size to a few acres of arable land with surrounding shared grazing. Landlords intended their crofting tenants to work in various i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
In the second half of the 19th century, many crofters provided a substantial migrant workforce, especially for lowland farms. Crofting communities in the period 1846-56 were badly hit by the Highland Potato Famine. The small arable plots had meant that the potato was an essential crop, due to its high productivity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The arrival of potato blight (and the collapse of the kelp industry a few years before) made some crofting communities inviable. This gave rise to the second phase of the Highland Clearances, when many tenants left the Highlands, often emigrating. : 45–49 In 1852, in response to the poverty in the Highlands, Sir Charle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
In 1883, the Napier Commission was established. Though its recommendations were not accepted, the problem of poverty and insecurity of tenure in the Highlands was investigated. Consequent on this, the first Scottish crofting legislation of 1886 was enacted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 provided for security of tenure, a key issue as most crofters remain tenants. The Act encouraged tenants to improve the land under their control, as it ensured that the control could be transferred within families and passed to future generations.Crofters were given the right ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The home is fully furnished and there are displayed farm and stable equipment.In 2018 a section of the Sutherland Estate was bought out by a crofting community initiative, Garbh Allt Community Initiative Estate. The area amounted to 1,214 hectares (3,000 acres) of land and included the crofting townships of Gartymore, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
A key feature of crofting tenure is the highly developed network of legislation that has evolved since 1886. Crofting has been established and regulated in accordance with a series of statutes that have varied over time. The following six statutes have been repealed: the Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886; the Small... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The Crofting Register is a public record available for consultation for free. It is kept by the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland. As at 12 September 2023 there were 9288 registered crofts and 335 registered common grazings. Registration can be voluntary but is compulsory in some circumstances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The Keeper offers online guidance in the form of a list as to events that trigger a mandatory registration. Registered boundaries of crofts are shown on a map and they are definitive. First registration may give rise to boundary disputes. The Scottish Land Court will determine the boundary and in the case of insufficie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
A crofting tenancy is one from year to year but it carries security of tenure under the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993 and in practice may therefore continue indefinitely whilst the tenant fulfils the terms of the tenancy. This reflects the basic protection granted in 1886. Other retained key features are now also contai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
Croft tenants are subject to the statutory conditions of tenure contained in section 5 and Schedule 2 of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993. Additionally, since 2010 they are subject to the statutory duties. These apply to all tenancies whether held under a written agreement or an oral agreement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
The written terms are invalid in so far as they are inconsistent with the statutory provisions. Grazings regulations prevail over the terms of a tenancy agreement. These are regulations created by the crofters to manage their common grazings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crofting |
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