text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
Its purpose was to link the Greenwich and Paris' observatories. The survey is very significant as the forerunner of the work of the Ordnance Survey which was founded in 1791, one year after William Roy's death. Johann Georg Tralles surveyed the Bernese Oberland, then the entire Canton of Bern. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Soon after the Anglo-French Survey, in 1791 and 1797, he and his pupil Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler measured the base of the Grand Marais (German: Grosses Moos) near Aarberg in Seeland. This work earned Tralles to be appointed as the representative of the Helvetic Republic on the international scientific committee meeting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
A discovery made in 1672-1673 by Jean Richer turned the attention of mathematicians to the deviation of the Earth's shape from a spherical form. This astronomer, having been sent by the Academy of Sciences of Paris to Cayenne, in South America, for the purpose of investigating the amount of astronomical refraction and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In the late 19th century the Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung (Central European Arc Measurement) was established by several central European countries and a Central Bureau was set up at the expense of Prussia, within the Geodetic Institute at Berlin. One of its most important goals was the derivation of an international e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In 1811 Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler was selected to direct the U.S. coast survey, and sent on a mission to France and England to procure instruments and standards of measurement. The unit of length to which all distances measured in the U.S. coast survey were referred is the French metre, of which Ferdinand Rudolph Hassl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
The Scandinavian-Russian meridian arc or Struve Geodetic Arc, named after the German astronomer Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, was a degree measurement that consisted of a nearly 3000 km long network of geodetic survey points. The Struve Geodetic Arc was one of the most precise and largest projects of earth measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
The flattening of the earth was estimated at 1/294.26 and the earth's equatorial radius was estimated at 6378360.7 metres.In the early 19th century, the Paris meridian's arc was recalculated with greater precision between Shetland and the Balearic Islands by the French astronomers François Arago and Jean-Baptiste Biot.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Some thought that the base of the metric system could be attacked by pointing out some errors that crept into the measurement of the two French scientists. Méchain had even noticed an inaccuracy he did not dare to admit. As this survey was also part of the groundwork for the map of France, Antoine Yvon Villarceau check... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Some of the errors in the operations of Delambre and Méchain were corrected. In 1866, at the conference of the International Association of Geodesy in Neuchâtel Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero announced Spain's contribution to the remeasurement and extension of the French meridian arc. In 1870, François Perrier was in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
This new survey of the Paris meridian arc, named West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc by Alexander Ross Clarke, was undertaken in France and in Algeria under the direction of François Perrier from 1870 to his death in 1888. Jean-Antonin-Léon Bassot completed the task in 1896. According to the calculations made at the centra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Of the greatest moment is the measurement near the parallel of 52° lat., which extended from Valentia in Ireland to Orsk in the southern Ural mountains over 69 degrees of longitude. F. G. W. Struve, who is to be regarded as the father of the Russo-Scandinavian latitude-degree measurements, was the originator of this in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In order to combine the measurements, it was necessary to compare the geodetic standards of length used in the different countries. The British Government invited those of France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, Austria, Spain, United States and Cape of Good Hope to send their standards to the Ordnance Surv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
The Toise of Peru had been constructed in 1735 for Bouguer and De La Condamine as their standard of reference in the French Geodesic Mission, conducted in actual Ecuador from 1735 to 1744 in collaboration with the Spanish officers Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa. Friedrich Bessel was responsible for the nineteenth-cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Indeed, the reversible pendulum as it was used by geodesists at the end of the 19th century was largely due to the work of Bessel, because neither Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, its inventor, nor Henry Kater who used it in 1818 brought the improvements which would result from the precious indications of Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Indeed, the determination of gravity by the pendulum is subject to two types of error. On the one hand the resistance of the air and on the other hand the movements that the oscillations of the pendulum impart to its plane of suspension. These movements were particularly important with the device designed by the Repsol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
While Emile Plantamour was carrying out a series of experiments with this device, Adolphe Hirsch found a way to highlight the movements of the pendulum suspension plane by an ingenious optical amplification process. Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier, a Genevan mathematician and Charles Sanders Peirce would independently d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
As Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero stated. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. Indeed, how to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs as a function of a single unit, and all the determinations of the force of gravity with the pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimeter would geodesy be able to link the works of the different nations one with another, and then proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe.Alexander Ross Clarke and Henry James published the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
After an in-depth discussion in which Charles Sanders Peirce took part, the association decided in favor of the reversion pendulum, which was used in Switzerland, and it was resolved to redo in Berlin, in the station where Bessel made his famous measurements, the determination of gravity by means of apparatus of variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In 1886 the association changed its name to the International Geodetic Association and Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero was reelected as president. He remained in this position until his death in 1891. During this period the International Geodetic Association gained worldwide importance with the joining of United States... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In 1804 Johann Georg Tralles was made a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1810 he became the first holder of the chair of mathematics at the Humboldt University of Berlin. In the same year he was appointed secretary of the mathematics class at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Tralles maintained an important c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In that work he claimed to have been in possession of the method of least squares since 1795. This naturally led to a priority dispute with Adrien-Marie Legendre. However, to Gauss's credit, he went beyond Legendre and succeeded in connecting the method of least squares with the principles of probability and to the nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
He had managed to complete Laplace's program of specifying a mathematical form of the probability density for the observations, depending on a finite number of unknown parameters, and define a method of estimation that minimises the error of estimation. Gauss showed that the arithmetic mean is indeed the best estimate ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In this attempt, he invented the normal distribution. In 1810, after reading Gauss's work, Pierre-Simon Laplace, after proving the central limit theorem, used it to give a large sample justification for the method of least squares and the normal distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
In 1822, Gauss was able to state that the least-squares approach to regression analysis is optimal in the sense that in a linear model where the errors have a mean of zero, are uncorrelated, and have equal variances, the best linear unbiased estimator of the coefficients is the least-squares estimator. This result is k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Here was found the method of least squares applied to the calculation of a network of triangles and the reduction of the observations generally. The systematic manner in which all the observations were taken with the view of securing final results of extreme accuracy was admirable. Bessel was also the first scientist w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy |
Cue validity is the conditional probability that an object falls in a particular category given a particular feature or cue. The term was popularized by Beach (1964), Reed (1972) and especially by Eleanor Rosch in her investigations of the acquisition of so-called basic categories (Rosch & Mervis 1975;Rosch 1978). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
Formally, the cue validity of a feature f i {\displaystyle f_{i}\ } with respect to category c j {\displaystyle c_{j}\ } has been defined in the following ways: As the conditional probability p ( c j | f i ) {\displaystyle p(c_{j}|f_{i})\ } ; see Reed (1972), Rosch & Mervis (1975), Rosch (1978). As the deviation of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
Other definitions; see Restle (1957), Martignon et al. (2003).For the definitions based on probability, a high cue validity for a given feature means that the feature or attribute is more diagnostic of the class membership than a feature with low cue validity. Thus, a high-cue validity feature is one which conveys more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
As an example, consider the domain of "numbers" and allow that every number has an attribute (i.e., a cue) named "is_positive_integer", which we call f p - i n t {\displaystyle f_{p{\mbox{-}}int}\ } , and which adopts the value 1 if the number is actually a positive integer. Then we can inquire what the validity of thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
Thus, p ( c i r r a t i o n a l | f p - i n t ) = 0 {\displaystyle p(c_{irrational}|f_{p{\mbox{-}}int})=0\ } , the cue validity for is_positive_integer as a cue for the category irrational number is 0. If we know only that a number is a positive integer, then its chances of being even or odd are 50-50 (there being the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
In much of the work on modeling human category learning, there has been the assumption made (and sometimes validated) that attentional weighting tracks the cue validity, or tracks some related measure of feature informativeness. This would imply that attributes are differently weighted by the perceptual system; informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cue_validity |
In social psychology, social salience is the extent to which a particular target draws the attention of an observer or group. The target may be a physical object or a person. If the target is a person, they may be alone or a member of a group (of which the observer may also be a part) or else in a situation of interper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
These evaluations are then transferred to the linguistic feature. An observer's attention may be drawn to a target as a result of certain general features of that target. These features include: General object attributes – vivid colors, object's proximity to observer Difference between object attribute and its immediat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
Difference between observer's expectations of an object and the observable attributes of that object. Observer's goal – an object that matches goal-oriented searching.Social salience allows for observers to quickly detect changes in their environment. Given the limited cognitive capacity of humans, this is advantageous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
Awareness of this heuristic does not always completely mitigate its effect. Social salience is also distinguished from cognitive salience in the sense that it consists of the variation along with attitudes, cultural stereotypes, and social values associated with it. In addition, the variation has already been used to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
While there are colors and patterns that are objectively more vivid, salience is a function of the difference between the target object and its environment, or "ground". The greater the difference between the target and the ground, the stronger the social salience of that target. In the case of social salience, this di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
When an object’s attributes violate those pre-set expectations, it is socially salient. The strength of an object's social salience may also be underscored when it is the target of a goal-oriented search by an observer. An observer looking for a target object is more attuned to the object’s attributes and will be able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
The social salience of an individual is a compilation of that individual's salient attributes. These may be changes to dress or physical attributes with respect to a previous point in time or with respect to the surrounding environment. Salient attributes of an individual may include the following: Clothing (e.g., bold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
As with the salience of objects, the social salience of an individual in a group depends on the attributes of the other members of that group. Little is known about social salience between groups but within-group preferences lead to greater social salience for members of an observer’s own group than for members outside... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
Machines with multiple channels of communication allow for interpersonal communication among many active parties. Fewer channels lead to a decreased social salience of other members as perceived by any one participant. Compared with direct communication, communication over digital interfaces result in fewer nonverbal c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
Oxytocin has a positive impact on the awareness of social cues in individuals with social impairment. The release of oxytocin both mediates directly prosocial behavior and increases perception of social salience.The salience of mortality is also an active moderator of social salience. Mechanistically, increasing salien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_salience |
In medical terms, an insult is the cause of some kind of physical or mental injury. For example, a burn on the skin (the injury) may be the result of a thermal, chemical, radioactive, or electrical event (the insult). Likewise sepsis and trauma are examples of foreign insults, and encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult_(medical) |
The Settlers (German: Die Siedler) is a city-building video game with real-time strategy elements, developed and published by Blue Byte Software. Released in Germany for Amiga in June 1993, and in the United Kingdom in November, it is the first game in The Settlers series. In 1994, Blue Byte and Massive Development por... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
In 2018, the game was re-released for Microsoft Windows as The Settlers: History Edition. The game is set in a medieval milieu, and controlled via a point and click interface, with the primary goal on each map being to build a settlement with a functioning economy, producing sufficient military units so as to conquer r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The game can be played in one of two modes; a series of fifty sequential missions against computer controlled opponents of increasing difficulty, or a free-game style mode, in which the player competes in individual games involving either computer-controlled opponents, human opponents, or a combination of both. Origina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
However, due to the complexities of writing a codebase which understood and could realistically duplicate such a system, as well as ensuring the computer could handle military and economic matters simultaneously, the game required over two years of development. Wertich worked on the programming for a year, writing 70,0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Critics especially praised the complexity of the economic system and the interrelatedness of the various buildings, as well as the graphics and sound effects. While some saw it as a god game, comparing it favourably to Populous, others saw it as a city-building game, comparing it favourably to SimCity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Others, however, felt it defined a new genre altogether by blending elements of god games and city-building games. It is often cited as one of the best Amiga games ever made. It was also a commercial success, selling over 400,000 units worldwide across both systems, considerably more than Blue Byte had anticipated. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The Settlers is a city-building game with real-time strategy elements, controlled via a point and click interface, in which the primary goal on each map is to build a settlement with a functioning economy, producing sufficient military units so as to conquer rival territories, ultimately gaining control of the entire m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The game can be played in one of two modes. The first is a series of thirty sequential missions where the player, either alone, or teaming with a second player, competes against computer controlled opponents of increasing difficulty. The second is a free-game style mode, played on either a randomly generated map, or a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The player can then refine the game by selecting the number of races (from two to four), choosing which commander should lead each race (there are ten different commanders, ranging from peaceful and placid to warlike and aggressive), refining the amount of raw materials available to each player at the start of the game... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Whether playing a mission or a free-game, each game begins the same way; the player is presented with part of the map, usually a green area on which it is easy to build, and must construct their castle/headquarters so as to begin their settlement. The basic gameplay revolves around serfs (the titular "settlers") who tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
As the settlement continues to grow in size, the castle's quota of settlers will eventually be reached, and the player will need to build a warehouse to generate more settlers. At no point does the player directly control any individual settler - instead, general orders are issued (such as ordering the construction of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
To build a road, the player must place a flag, and then manually build the road using a series of on-screen prompts advising as to the best direction in which to build. To maximize distribution, the player must set as many flags as possible on each road. Flags can only be set a certain distance apart, and serve as tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The more flags the player has, the more settlers will operate on a given road, cutting down the distance each settler must travel, and reducing the time to transport one item and return for the next, thus avoiding item congestion at each flag. When more than one item is placed at a flag, the game has an adjustable good... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The economy is under the player's control throughout the game, and is adjustable in multiple ways. For example, the player can control the distribution of goods by selecting how much of a given resource is transported to a given building, under five separate headings; food, wood, iron, coal and wheat. In a similar mann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The player's territory can only be expanded by building a military complex near the territory border. Each complex must have at least one knight garrisoned for the territory to expand. Knights are automatically created from the pool of existing settlers in the headquarters, with each individual soldier requiring a swor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
They can also be promoted through five ranks, receiving training in the castle, or when stationed in a building, although they rank up slower when stationed.The player also has control over the structure of their military; and is free to change the number of settlers who become knights, the rank of first-line defence k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Volker Wertich, the game's designer and programmer, was initially inspired to create The Settlers by titles such as Little Computer People, Populous and SimCity. Originally, he intended the game to be similar to existing god games, with early development working to that end, but wanting to create something different, W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
In The Settlers, the player would be responsible for the raw materials upon which the economic system was built, by way of constructing and maintaining each link in the chain-of-production. For example, to create weapons, the player would need iron ore and coal, which could only be mined. However, for miners to be will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
This could only be done if the player had built a grain farm to grow crops, which would be converted into flour, and a well, which would produce water to be mixed with the flour to make bread. According to producer Thomas Hertzler, the main driving force behind much of the development was "to create an economy simulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The Settlers isn't like most games where the player has just one or two characters to guide through the game. The Settlers' world is a unique place with all the elements of the real world". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Wertich worked on the programming of the game for a year, writing 70,000 lines of 68000 assembly code, before any work began on the graphics.His biggest challenge was getting the computer to understand and accurately simulate supply and demand, which, once the necessary buildings have been constructed, is handled almos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
But what if the street is crowded? The computer then has to work out the best route for the farmer to take his goods". He further states: Everything the human player doesn't do, the computer has to do. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The people do their daily work on their own as long as the player doesn't give them orders. Essentially you have to create a computer player to aid the human player. Then you have to create a powerful computer opponent to play against; it's a lot of work for the computer as it has to manage all its little people and ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
As the game runs in 'real time', it can't slow down when a lot of things happen on-screen at once. The amount of possible on-screen action in the game depended on which model Amiga the player used, with the upper limit of settlers different on different machines. An Amiga 500 was capable of supporting up to roughly 8,0... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
More precisely, because the game works on a 16-bit integer, the maximum number of settlers possible is 65,536. As any map capable of generating so many settlers must contain four races, the most settlers one player can ever control at any one time is 16,384. Additionally, the game features twenty-five different roles t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Each individual settler's head is only 5x5 pixels, the space available for artist Christoph Werner to create twenty-five different looks. Furthermore, when the player zooms in, workers can be seen at work inside buildings, and sound effects change depending on where in the settlement the player is currently situated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
All of this variety and variation added to the complexity when programming the game. The game's numbers are also important in open-game mode, where the player can create the world by inputting a 16-digit code, with each digit ranging from 0 to 9, allowing for roughly 270 billion combinations, hence 270 billion slightly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
To implement it, we used a team that had written a compiler for the assembly code. With that, the Amiga source was compiled to a PC assembly code and assembled afterwards. This was, of course, very complex and prone to errors". The only significant graphical difference between the Amiga version and the DOS version was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The Settlers received positive reviews upon its release, especially on Amiga, where it was more widely reviewed than on DOS. Amiga User International scored the game 97%, calling it "a true masterpiece" and "an awesome piece of programming that could only have been achieved by creative talent of the highest order". The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Amiga Format's Rob Mead rated it 94%, giving it an "Amiga Format Gold" award, and calling it "a major contender for the game of the year". He too praised the economic system and the connections between the buildings, saying "the game oozes quality". He also cited the graphics and sound effects as especially noteworthy.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
He too lauded the economic system, the connections between the buildings, the graphics and the sound effects, and he too found the game superior to Populous, writing "with so many of this type of title knocking around, it really is refreshing to see a product that is fresh and entertaining". CU Amiga's Tony Dillon scor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
He particularly praised the variety of gameplay, arguing "there are so many variations on the basic game, that you will wonder if you could ever play the same game twice". He also lauded the "intelligent sounds, and graphics that actually mean something".The One's Simon Byron scored it 90%, writing "it's definitely a g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Amiga Power's Cam Winstanley scored it 88%, comparing it favourably to Populous, A-Train and SimCity, and writing "The Settlers is like lots of things, but still manages to be a unique game, which is truly a rare and satisfying thing to see these days". He praised the interface's use of charts and graphs, and the atten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
It's as complex or as simple as you want it to be and thoroughly absorbing".Computer Gaming World's Robert L. Hayes, Jr. scored the DOS version 4.5 out of 5, praising the complexity of the game's economic system and the interconnectedness of the buildings, and calling it "possibly the most realistic medieval economic m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
He was also impressed with the interface, graphics, and animations. However, he called combat as dull and predictable, criticising the limited control players have. PC Player's Jörg Langer scored it 83%, finding it slightly inferior to Populous II. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Although he praised the economic system, the interrelatedness of the buildings, the graphics, and the interface, he was critical of both VGA and SVGA modes, arguing that VGA mode didn't give a wide enough view, and in SVGA mode, the menus and icons were too small. He also criticised combat as "impossible to influence".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
She also criticised the pace of the game, arguing that for much of the playing time, the player is "reduced to a passive observer". She ultimately found the game inferior to SimCity 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
PC Gamer's T. Liam McDonald scored it 75%, arguing "it's fun and modestly challenging, but it could have been better". Criticisms included a lack of humour, a confusing interface, an inability to influence combat, and a lack of gameplay depth. He concluded that "it stands as a lightweight, if entertaining game". Dragon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The game was a commercial success. By June 1996, it had sold over 215,000 units worldwide across both systems, well beyond Blue Byte's expectations. By May 1998, it had sold over 400,000 units. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
The game has been cited as one of the best Amiga games ever made. In Amiga Joker's 1994 Reader's Choice Awards, it won both "Best Game" and "Best Strategic Game". In 1996, Amiga Power ranked it at #25 in their "Amiga Top 100". In 2010, the Polish edition of CHIP ranked it at #1 in their "Top Ten Amiga Games". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
In 2011, Wirtualna Polska ranked it at #16 in their "30 best games for the Amiga".The game formed the basis for The Settlers series, leading to nine further titles, and becoming one of Blue Byte's best selling franchises. Upon the success of the first game, Blue Byte began work immediately on a sequel, seeking out feed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Outside the official series, The Settlers has given rise to two free, open source games released under the GNU General Public License. Widelands, written in C++ and built on the SDL libraries, is an ongoing project begun in 2001. Inspired by and based upon The Settlers and, to a larger extent, The Settlers II, Wideland... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
In a 2009 review of Build13 for Linux Journal, John Knight wrote: "Widelands is a breath of fresh air in an extremely stale genre, whose roots ironically stem from way back in the past in RTS history. Whether you're chasing a fix of that original Settlers feel or just want a different direction in RTS, this game is wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Settlers_(1993_video_game) |
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Accordingly, conflict theories represent attempts at the macro-level analysis of society. Many political philosophers and sociologists have been framed as having conflict theories, dating back as far as Plato's idea of the tripartite soul of The Republic, to Hobbes' ideas in The Leviathan. Other historical political ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Two early conflict theorists were the Polish-Austrian sociologist and political theorist Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838–1909) and the American sociologist and paleontologist Lester F. Ward (1841–1913). Although Ward and Gumplowicz developed their theories independently they had much in common and approached conflict from a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
The winner of a war would enslave the losers; eventually a complex caste system develops. Horowitz says that Gumplowicz understood conflict in all its forms: "class conflict, race conflict, and ethnic conflict", and calls him one of the fathers of conflict theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
What happened in India, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and Rome may sometimes happen in modern Europe. European civilization may perish, over flooded by barbaric tribes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
But if anyone believes that we are safe from such catastrophes he is perhaps yielding to an all too optimistic delusion. There are no barbaric tribes in our neighborhood to be sure — but let no one is deceived, their instincts lie latent in the populace of European states. Conflict theories were popular in early sociol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) saw society as a functioning organism. Functionalism concerns "the effort to impute, as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable, cohesive system," The chief form of social conflict that Durkheim addressed was crime. Du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
The collective conscience defines certain acts as "criminal." Crime thus plays a role in the evolution of morality and law: " implies not only that the way remains open to necessary changes but that in certain cases it directly prepares these changes. "Max Weber's (1864–1920) approach to conflict is contrasted with tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
While Marx focused on the way individual behavior is conditioned by social structure, Weber emphasized the importance of "social action," i.e., the ability of individuals to affect their social relationships.Karl Marx (1818–1883) based his conflict theory on a dialectical materialist account of history, Marxism posited... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Just as modern individuals see private property (and the right to pass that property on to their children) as natural, many of the members in capitalistic societies see the rich as having earned their wealth through hard work and education, while seeing the poor as lacking in skill and initiative. Marx rejected this ty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
In general, Marx wanted the proletarians to rise up against the capitalists and overthrow the capitalist system. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
In the social productions of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or – this merely expresses the same thing in legal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Then an era of social revolution begins. The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure. In studying such transformations it is always necessary to distinguish between the material transformation of the economic conditions of production, which can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_theories |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.