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On 25 October 1961, the company was acquired by the American corporation Johnson & Johnson. The negotiations with Johnson & Johnson were led by Frans Van den Bergh, head of the board of directors. On 10 February 1964, the name was changed to Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
and the seat of the company in Turnhout was also transferred to Beerse. The company was led by Paul Janssen, Bob Stouthuysen and Frans Van Den Bergh. When, in 1971-1972 the pharmaceutical production also moved to Beerse, the move from Turnhout was completed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Between 1990 and 2004, Janssen expanded worldwide, and the company grew in size to about 28,000 employees worldwide. From the beginning, Janssen emphasized as its core activity research for the development of new drugs. The research department which was established in Beerse in 1957, developed into a large research cam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 1987, the Janssen Research Foundation (JRF) was founded which performs research into new drugs at Beerse and in other laboratories around the globe. Janssen became the Flemish company with the largest budget for research and development. Beside the headquarters in Beerse with its research departments, pharmaceutical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
The Chemical Production plant in Geel makes the active ingredients for the company's medicines. In 1975, the first plant of a new chemical factory Plant I was established in Geel, Plant II was opened in 1977, Plant III' in 1984, and Plant IV in 1995. In 1999 the remaining chemical production in Beerse was transferred t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
About 80% of its active components are manufactured here. The site in Geel also manufactures about two-thirds of the worldwide chemical production of the pharmaceutical sector of Johnson & Johnson. In 1995, the Center for Molecular Design (CMD) was founded by Paul Janssen and Paul Lewi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 1999, clinical research and non-clinical development become a global organization within Johnson & Johnson. In 2001, part of the research activities was transferred to the United States with the reorganization of research activities in the Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Development (JJPRD) organization. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute (PRI) (United States) were merged into the new global research organization. A new building for pharmaceutical development was completed in Beerse in 2001. In 2002, a new logistics and informatics centre was opened at a new site, Beerse 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 2003 two new research buildings were constructed, the Discovery Research Center (DRC), and the Drug Safety Evaluation Center (DSEC). On 27 October 2004, the Paul Janssen Research Center, for discovery research, was inaugurated. In 2011, Johnson & Johnson subsidiary Centocor became Janssen Biotech, part of Janssen Ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
The acquisition of Crucell provided Janssen with a disease prevention arm. By 2014, Crucell was renamed as Janssen Vaccines.In March 2015, Janssen licensed tipifarnib (a farnesyl transferase inhibitor) to Kura Oncology who will assume sole responsibility for developing and commercialising the anti-cancer drug. Later in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
The deal could net MacroGenics more than $740 million.In September 2017 it was announced that Janssen teamed up with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), a unit of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to create pandemic flu vaccines. BARDA is giving Janssen $43 million in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
One of the projects in the contract is the development of a universal flu vaccine. The intent of the vaccine would be to protect people against all or most flu strains.On 5 March 2019, the Food and Drug Administration approved Janssen's Spravato (esketamine nasal spray) for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
The subsidiary Janssen Biotech, Inc. was founded in Philadelphia in 1979 as Centocor Biotech, Inc., with an initial goal of developing new diagnostic assays using monoclonal antibody technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 1982, Centocor transitioned into a publicly traded company. In the early 1980s, the company moved to Malvern, Pennsylvania. In 1984, Centocor opened an overseas plant in Leiden, the Netherlands.In 1997, eighteen years after its foundation, Centocor achieved its first year of operating profitability. In 1998, Centoco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 2008, Centocor, Inc. and Ortho Biotech Inc. merged to form Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc. In June 2010, Centocor Ortho Biotech acquired RespiVert, a privately held drug discovery company focused on developing small-molecule, inhaled therapies for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In June 2011, Centocor Ortho Biotech changed its name to Janssen Biotech, Inc. as part of a global effort to unite the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies around the world under a common identity.In December 2014, the company announced it would co-develop MacroGenics cancer drug candidate (MGD011) which targets both CD19 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
On 27 March 2020, the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) allocated $456 million for J&J (Janssen) to develop a vaccine against the novel coronavirus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Janssen Pharmaceuticals was the first Western pharmaceutical company to set up a pharmaceutical factory in the People's Republic of China.In 1976, Paul Janssen met Ma Haide (born George Shafik Hatem), a Lebanese-American doctor who had started working in China in 1933. After three days of meetings, the two agreed to br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Janssen Pharmaceuticals has developed and brought to the market about 70 new active substances (NCE), of which the most well-known are (name may differ): Imodium (against diarrhoea. Active substance: loperamide) Motilium (against flatulence and bowel impairments. Active substance: domperidone) Reminyl (against Alzheime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Active substance: miconazole) Nizoral (against dandruff, Active substance: ketoconazole) Duragesic (fentanyl patch for pain suppression. Active substance: fentanyl) Vermox (against intestinal worms. Active substance: mebendazole) Risperdal (antipsychotic, against mental illness such as schizophrenia. Active substance: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Eight original Janssen drugs have been included on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: Imodium (loperamide) Haldol (haloperidol) Ergamisol (levamisole) Daktarin (miconazole) Vermox (mebendazole) Nizoral (ketoconazole) (Removed in 2005) Risperdal (risperidone) Sirturo (bedaquiline) – an diarylquinoline anti-tuber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 1984, Centocor developed their first product approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – a diagnostic test used to detect the rabies virus.In 1998, the company launched its top-selling monoclonal antibody Remicade (infliximab) for its first FDA approved indication in Crohn's disease. Subsequently, Remi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
Centocor also markets ReoPro (abciximab), a biologic agent indicated as an adjunct to coronary angioplasty (PTCA). In 2009, the U.S. FDA approved Simponi, a human monoclonal antibody for treatment for arthritis, which was co-developed with Medarex, Inc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
In 2004, the United States Department of Justice began investigating sales practices surrounding the antipsychotic drug risperidone (Risperdal). In 2010, the agency joined a whistleblower suit alleging that despite being warned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration not to promote Risperdal as effective and safe for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceuticals |
The meridian 155° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 155th meridian west forms a great circle with the 25th meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 155th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_meridian_west |
VisLab is an Italian company working on computer vision and environmental perception for vehicular applications. It was founded in the early 90s as a research laboratory at University of Parma. It started its activities in 1990, with its involvement in the Eureka PROMETHEUS Project. Since then the research group has fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisLab |
VisLab, directed by Alberto Broggi, undertakes basic and applied research, including the perception of the surrounding environment in vehicular applications using cameras and fusion with other sensors. Its researchers contribute to fields such as artificial vision, image processing, machine learning, neural networks, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisLab |
In the early years, the research group formed by Broggi, Massimo Bertozzi and Alessandra Fascioli designed, realized, and tested an autonomous car known as ARGO. ARGO was a passenger car able to perceive the environment through the use of micro cameras, analyze the surroundings, plan a trajectory, and drive itself on n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisLab |
It was the first test in the world to use off-the-shelf and low cost technology (a Pentium 200 MHz PC and two low-cost video-phone cameras) in normal conditions of traffic, environment, and weather.In 2005 a vehicle called TerraMax was able to successfully conclude the DARPA Grand Challenge; VisLab's vision system was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisLab |
VisLab is located in the University of Parma main campus, south of Parma, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisLab |
William Irons is an American evolutionary anthropologist and professor emeritus in anthropology at the Northwestern University known for his research on the Yomut Turkmen, in northern Iran. His research interests include evolutionary ecology, reproductive strategies, demography and the evolutionary foundations of moral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Irons |
President of the Evolutionary Anthropology Society, a Section of the American Anthropological Association (2004 – 2005) President of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, 2001-3. Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (elected 1980). Lifetime Achievement Award for the Study of Pastoral No... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Irons |
The Sindh Cities Improvement Program (SCIP) is a program initiated by the Government of Sindh with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), with the aim of improving municipal services and development of major urban centers of Sindh, Pakistan. The first phase of the program was implemented in selected towns ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh_Cities_Improvement_Program |
A regulated market (RM) or coordinated market is an idealized system where the government or other organizations oversee the market, control the forces of supply and demand, and to some extent regulate the market actions. This can include tasks such as determining who is allowed to enter the market and/or what prices m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Secondly, it is common for some markets to be regulated under the claim that they are natural monopolies, or that a monopoly would very likely appear should there be no regulation. It is crucial to prevent misuse of monopoly power, as this can lead to delivery of poor services with very high prices. This includes for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Often, regulated markets are established during the partial privatisation of government controlled utility assets. A variety of forms of regulations exist in a regulated market. These include controls, oversights, anti-discrimination, environmental protection, taxation, and labor laws.In a regulated market, the governm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Regulation is subject to changes over time, due to both technological advances as well as the change in attitude towards regulation in general. An example for industries that are no longer regulated is the rail service or airlines in the US. On the other hand, there are also industries that did not need regulation in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Another category are the markets that encountered major changes in regulatory approaches due to various crises. A prime example are stock exchanges following stock market crashes.The practice of regulating markets dates back centuries when ancient societies relied on standardised weights and measurements and practised ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
For the most part, market regulations have been imposed by the central governments and to a lesser extent by interest groups. One notable example of such interest groups is medieval guilds. They were associations of merchants and artisans that controlled the practise of their profession in their particular area. Guilds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Generally, regulation is a very polarising issue. Those who are in favour of regulating usually see it as beneficial to the wider society. This has to do for example with regulations targeting ecological, racial, or religion related issues. On the contrary, those against regulation see it as a tool for lobbying or as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_market |
In the theoretical works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and subsequent Marxist writers, socialization (or the socialization of production) is the process of transforming the act of producing and distributing goods and services from a solitary to a social relationship and collective endeavor. With the development of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism) |
Karl Marx defined socialization as a general phenomenon where the labor process comes to embody the capabilities and constraints developed in society as opposed to private experiences, with objective socialization of the forces of production being the deepening of the social division of labor including specialization o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism) |
Socialization is a process that begins to take place in capitalism as large-scale manufacturing based on a vertical division of labour displaces "cottage industry" - the small-scale production shops, guilds and family-run businesses that existed in feudal economies. This process transforms the act of production into an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism) |
The socialization and centralization of industry and capital under capitalism lays the foundations for a socialist economy. Socialism entails ownership of the socialized means of production by the workers engaged in the production either in the form of worker ownership or social ownership by all of society. The establi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism) |
As workers gain more autonomy, they also gain more collective decision-making power and control over their work processes. Socialization of the ownership of the means of production is different from nationalization, which can, but usually does not imply the socialization of the workplace. In a capitalist economy, socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism) |
Heritage science is the interdisciplinary domain of scientific study of cultural or natural heritage. Heritage science draws on diverse humanities, sciences and engineering disciplines. It focuses on enhancing the understanding, care and sustainable use of heritage so it can enrich people's lives, both today and in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Heritage science is an umbrella term encompassing all forms of scientific enquiry into human works and the combined works of nature and humans, of value to people The term has become widely used after 2006, when it became increasingly evident that the more traditional terms conservation science or preservation science ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
The field still requires its literature canon, and opinions on whether heritage science is a domain in its own right or a field of research diverge. However, this appears to be a matter of academic recognition, rather than a matter of research practice. Heritage science is an old field of research: in his Royal Institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Heritage science is neither fundamental nor experimental: work with actual heritage objects, buildings or sites cannot be repeatable, because heritage is not an experiment. On the other hand, the scientific method and deductive reasoning is easily applied when working with models and model objects, which heritage scien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Heritage that is accessible, in its preserved authentic form or as a (digital) reproduction, is also a "resource for economic growth, employment and social cohesion". Through improved access, heritage science can contribute to people's well-being. Heritage science is proof that there is no world of 'Two Cultures'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
A scientist, researching heritage defies the existence of the divide: there can be no scientific research of heritage without a contribution by humanities research. Heritage science also successfully bridges science and notions of culture, because it provides an attractive vehicle to convey ideas and concepts related t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Heritage science can be considered an anthropogenic analogue to environmental geography, which was defined by Halford Mackinder in 1887 as a discipline that aims to "bridge one of the greatest of all gaps" between "the natural sciences and the study of humanity". A different definition of heritage as part of a group's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Heritage science is an increasingly lively science domain. Materials and techniques of the past are often very difficult to study and state-of-the-art techniques and methods need to be employed. Discoveries new to science are often the result of such endeavours, e.g. new antibiotics from bacteria discovered in the Cave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
In order to support conservation, access, interpretation and management, heritage science must be based on an interdisciplinary palette of knowledge, from fundamental sciences (chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology) to arts and humanities (conservation, archaeology, philosophy, ethics, history, art history etc.), in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
This could be taken to estimate the domain size – with the number of outputs in 2014 being 6,800 (Source: Web of Science), it could be assumed that there are about 3,000 heritage scientists active in the field (publishing on average 2 academic publications per year). This goes against the generally held view that the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
While the results of the field are published in a large number of journals from the application and methodology field that accept interdisciplinary publications, since 2013, a specific journal was developed for the field, Heritage Science. In 2013, the Mind the Gap project, funded by the UK EPSRC/AHRC Science and Herit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
However, there was less satisfaction with heritage science research in relation to its impact on practice, in comparison to its academic impact.In 2017, in the frame of H2020-INFRADEV-2016-2 , the European Commission funded the Preparatory Phase of the project European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E-RI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
The heritage science career paths are various. Due to the cross-disciplinary nature of heritage science, any academic background is suitable, from formal sciences, natural sciences to social sciences. Most researchers have entered the field by carrying out doctoral research in the field, because there is currently no u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
In Italy, students can obtain undergraduate and/or graduate degrees in conservation science at the University of Florence, University of Bologna, and a recently created programme at the University of Venice. Several other universities in Italy have faculty members whose primary research focus is in heritage science; th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Brandenburg University of Technology in Germany offers the international Master's programme World Heritage Studies and PhD programme Heritage Studies.At University College London, University of Oxford and University of Brighton, the Centre for Doctoral Training in Science and Engineering in Arts, Heritage and Archaeolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Many major heritage institutions have heritage science departments. A UK body, the National Heritage Science Forum was established to enable the 'users' and 'doers' of heritage science to access information on heritage science research, to exchange knowledge and increase collaboration. In 2016, the forum had 20 institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
There are major heritage science events including conferences, symposia, and meetings. In addition, conferences organised by the Institute of Conservation, American Institute for Conservation and International Institute for Conservation usually feature heritage science sessions and talks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
Notable journals often or exclusively publishing academic papers in heritage science include: Analytical Chemistry Archaeometry Heritage Journal of Cultural Heritage Journal of the American Institute for Conservation Studies in Conservation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_science |
The culture of poverty is a concept in social theory that asserts that the values of people experiencing poverty play a significant role in perpetuating their impoverished condition, sustaining a cycle of poverty across generations. It attracted policy attention in the 1970s, and received academic criticism (Goode & Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Critics of the early culture of poverty arguments insist that explanations of poverty must analyze how structural factors interact with and condition individual characteristics (Goode & Eames 1996; Bourgois 2001; Small, Harding & Lamont 2010). As put by Small, Harding & Lamont (2010), "since human action is both constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
De Antuñano, E. (2019) states the theory of the culture of poverty was popularized in 1958 by anthropologist Oscar Lewis, following his research in Mexico City. The culture of poverty frames low-income earners as existing within a culture that perpetuates poverty in a generational cycle. The theory suggests that the ec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Those existing within a culture of poverty largely bring poverty upon themselves through acquired habits and behaviours. Oscar Lewis’s work sparked debates in the following decades. Many people disagree with his theory and believe it has little to no merit, De Antuñano, E. (2019) quotes that the culture of poverty was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
The term "culture of poverty" (previously "subculture of poverty") made its first appearance in Lewis's ethnography Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. Lewis struggled to render "the poor" as legitimate subjects whose lives were transformed by poverty. He argued that although the burdens of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
According to anthropologist Oscar Lewis, "The subculture develops mechanisms that tend to perpetuate it, especially because of what happens to the worldview, aspirations, and character of the children who grow up in it". (Lewis 1969, p. 199) Lewis gave 70 characteristics (Lewis (1996), Lewis (1998)) that indicated the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Oscar Lewis's interest in poverty inspired other cultural anthropologists to study poverty. Their interest was based on his idea of a culture of poverty.The people in the culture of poverty have a strong feeling of marginality, of helplessness, of dependency, of not belonging. They are like aliens in their own country,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Along with this feeling of powerlessness is a widespread feeling of inferiority, of personal unworthiness. This is true of the slum dwellers of Mexico City, who do not constitute a distinct ethnic or racial group and do not suffer from racial discrimination. In the United States the culture of poverty of African Americ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
People with a culture of poverty have very little sense of history. They are a marginal people who know only their own troubles, their own local conditions, their own neighborhood, their own way of life. Usually, they have neither the knowledge, the vision nor the ideology to see the similarities between their problems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
In other words, they are not class conscious, although they are very sensitive indeed to status distinctions. Although Lewis (1998) was concerned with poverty in the developing world, the culture of poverty concept proved attractive to US public policy makers and politicians. It strongly informed documents such as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
The culture of poverty emerges as a key concept in Michael Harrington's discussion of American poverty in The Other America. For Harrington, the culture of poverty is a structural concept defined by social institutions of exclusion that create and perpetuate the cycle of poverty in America. Some later scholars contend ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Since the 1960s, critics of the culture of poverty explanations for the persistence of the underclasses have attempted to show that real world data does not fit Lewis's model (Goode & Eames 1996). In 1974, anthropologist Carol Stack issued a critique of it, calling it "fatalistic" and noticed that believing in the idea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
It is, Lewis (1971) argues, “an idea that people believe, want to believe, and perhaps need to believe.” They want to believe that raising the income of the poor would not change their life styles or values, but merely funnel greater sums of money into bottomless, self-destructing pits. This fatalistic view has wide ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
She demonstrates the way that political interests to keep the wages of the poor low create a climate in which it is politically convenient to buy into the idea of culture of poverty (Stack 1974). In sociology and anthropology, the concept created a backlash, pushing scholars to look to structures rather than "blaming-t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
It is often reluctant to divide explanations into "structural" and "cultural," because of the increasingly questionable utility of this old distinction.An example of this is discussed by critical race theorist Gloria Ladson-Billings (2017). She observed the culture of poverty theory used to explain why some urban schoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Hill, R. (2002) states that some recent scholars believe the work of Oscar Lewis on the culture of poverty was misinterpreted. They believe his theory was not intended to suggest that low-income earners choose to live in poverty. They believe the culture of poverty is a result of coping mechanisms developed by low-inco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
It helps them accept their circumstances, which takes a great deal of personal strength. Recent scholars also suggest that Oscar Lewis acknowledged institutional shortcomings.According to Kurtz, D. (2014), Oscar Lewis studied and acknowledged how traumatic poverty is. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
During his research in Mexico in the 1950s, he discovered ways people cope and manage their impoverished state. Oscars Lewis's work inspired cultural anthropologists to study the culture of poverty. Kurtz, D. (2014) states the research concludes that “ Poverty has always been more than a social and economic issue. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_poverty |
Cyclopean image is a single mental image of a scene created by the brain through the process of combining two images received from both eyes. The mental process behind the Cyclopean image is crucial to stereo vision. Autostereograms take advantage of this process in order to trick the brain to form an apparent Cyclopea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
The single refers to the way stereo sighted viewers perceive the center of their fused visual field as lying between the two physical eyes, as if seen by a cyclopean eye. Alternative terms for cyclopean eye include third central imaginary eye and binoculus. The term cyclopean stimuli refers to a form of visual stimuli ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
It was named after the one-eyed Cyclops of Homer’s Odyssey. The term cyclopean in the terms of binocular disparity was coined by Bela Julesz. Julesz was a Hungarian radar engineer who predicted that stereopsis might help to discover hidden objects, which could prove useful in the finding of camouflaged objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
The important aspect of this research was that Julesz showed using random dot stereograms was sufficient for stereopsis, whereas Charles Wheatstone had only shown that binocular disparity was necessary for stereopsis.There is a point of irony to the origin of the term cyclopean. The Cyclops from Homer's Odyssey would n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
Binocular disparity as it relates to cyclopean images has become an interest in research due to a rise in three dimensional technology usage. Three dimensional technology exists not only in research settings but in entertainment industries as well. Because cyclopean images are created using binocular depth cues, cyclop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
Images with greater salience allow for an optimal use of a cyclopean image as important details can be extracted. In other words, an image of higher quality has more meaning to the eye. Although it has limitations due to the surroundings, cyclopean images can be very adaptive.Proposed technology wishes to use the ideas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
Because images with higher salience provide meaning and context to a situation, technology utilizing this software would be able to sift through information and find what constitutes high and low quality images. A current topic in research is to create an artificial intelligence that would examine an image and generate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
Another concern is whether the technology still functions when images are distorted in various ways. The connection between technology and the human body is not a new idea. For years, researchers have compared the human mind to an advanced computer, and have used this comparison to elevate the technology we use today. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopean_image |
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation is a highly controversial mental health diagnosis that was included in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from 1980 to 1987 (under the name ego-dystonic homosexuality) and in the World Health Organization's (WHO) Internation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
The addition of ego-dystonic homosexuality to the DSM-III in 1980 constituted a political compromise between those who believed that homosexuality was a pathological condition and those who believed it was a normal variant of sexuality. Under pressure from members of the psychiatry and psychology fields and mounting sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
Ego-dystonic homosexuality was first introduced as a mental health diagnosis in 1980 with the publication of the DSM-III. It was removed from the DSM-III-R in 1987. Ego-dystonic sexual orientation was introduced in the ICD-10 in 1990, and was removed from the ICD-11 in 2019. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
The decision to include ego-dystonic homosexuality in the DSM-III came after years of debate and controversy between two competing schools of thought within the psychiatry field: the view that homosexuality was a pathological condition and the view that homosexuality was a normal variation of sexuality. Scientific evid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
Spitzer felt that it was important to take "a middle position regarding the pathological status of homosexuality"; nine members of the task force agreed with him and five disagreed, leading to a deadlock. Classifications of "homodysphilia," "dyshomophilia," and "homosexual conflict disorder" were discussed, until final... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
A proposal to include additional information such as a note about how internalized homophobia can be a contributing factor eventually swayed enough critics; others, including Richard Green and Richard Pillard, remained opposed to including homosexuality in the DSM in any form, but they were eventually overruled. The di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
Leading up to the publication of the DSM-III-R, it had become clear to more and more people that the inclusion of "sexual orientation disturbance" and later "ego-dystonic homosexuality" in the DSM was the result of political compromises rather than scientific evidence, and that neither diagnosis actually met the defini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
"Eventually, a new compromise was reached: ego-dystonic homosexuality would be deleted from the DSM-III-R. In its place, "persistent and marked distress about one's sexual orientation" would be added to the description of the category "sexual disorder not otherwise specified" as an example of the disorders that this ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
The ninth edition of the ICD (ICD-9), published in 1975, retained homosexuality as a category of mental disorder under "Sexual Deviations and Disorders," in contrast with the APA's 1973 decision to remove homosexuality from the DSM, and the authors seemingly rationalized this decision by way of a confusingly worded dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation |
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