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However, specific diagnostic impurities are not very reliable in practice, and it is generally preferable for forensic technicians to evaluate a larger profile of trace compounds.A common adulterant is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other adulterants include di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Colorful flavored pills containing methamphetamine and caffeine are known as ya ba (Thai for "crazy medicine"). An impure form of methamphetamine is sold as a crumbly brown or off-white rock, commonly referred to as "peanut butter crank". It may be diluted or cut with non-psychoactive substances like inositol, isopropy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Another popular method is to combine methamphetamine with other stimulant substances, such as caffeine or cathine, into a pill known as a "Kamikaze", which can be particularly dangerous due to the synergistic effects of multiple stimulants. Reports in 2007 of the appearance of flavored "Strawberry Quik meth" circulated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Until the early 1990s, the U.S. market for methamphetamine was supplied mostly by labs run by drug traffickers in both Mexico and California. As of 2007, drug and lab seizure data suggests that approximately 80% of the methamphetamine used in the United States originates from larger laboratories operated by Mexican-bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_culture_of_substituted_amphetamines |
Celticisation, or Celticization, was historically the process of conquering and assimilating by the ancient Celts, or via cultural exchange driven by proximity and trade. Today, as the Celtic inhabited-areas significantly differ, the term still refers to making something Celtic, usually focusing around the Celtic natio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
During the 1st millennium BC, the early Celts expanded from a core territory in Atlantic Europe to Iberia, the British Isles and later also the Balkans and Central Europe, and are assumed to have "Celticized" (Pre-Celtic) earlier populations such as Illyrians and Thracians in the Balkans and Basques elsewhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
The Celticization in Pannonia began as early as the 4th century BCE. La Tene type finds are characteristic in Pre-Roman Pannonia and are considered a marker to variations in the degree of Celticization. Among the Illyrian tribes some were Celticized to varying degrees (some completely) like the Pannoni and the Dalmatae... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
Illyrian chiefs and kings wore bronze torcs around their necks much as the Celts did. The Celts had two settlements that later became cities in Illyria, namely Navissos and Segestica. In Thrace they had Serdica (modern Sofia, Bulgaria), Tylis, founded by Gauls, Dunonia, Singidunum and Taurunum.Many Celtic tribes or par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
The gradual Celticization of all of Pannonia took place in the 3rd century BCE. Names became Celtic, as seen in Roman times, and Celts had established control north of the Sava and south and west of the Danube. In the western half and west of Pannonia the Pre-Celtic language disappeared. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
By the first half of the 1st century BCE the language of the Illyrians in Northern Dalmatia was completely Celticized. There is an abundance of Celtic names in Illyria sometimes making the Illyrian ones seem few. Those parts of Pannonia that had not been conquered by the first Celtic invasion were already Celticized by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
In the Alpine region as a whole, there is evidence that the non-Celtic elements had, by the time of Augustus, been assimilated by the influx of Celtic tribes and had adopted Celtic speech. According to Livy, the "sound" of the Raeti's original tongue (sonum linguae) had become corrupted as a result of inhabiting the Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
In the modern era, there are attempts made to reverse the effects of centuries of Anglicisation and other assimilations and re-introduce Celtic languages. Most particularly in Wales, the Welsh language has seen a halt in its decline and even signs of revival, with approximately half a million fluent speakers. There hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celticisation |
In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse. For example, the English question "Does Maria speak Spanish or French?" is inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Most transcription conventions have been devised for describing one particular accent or language, and the specific conventions therefore need to be explained in the context of what is being described. However, for general purposes the International Phonetic Alphabet offers the two intonation marks shown in the box at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Here the rising pitch on street indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. Yes, he found it on the street. How did you ever escape? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Here, as is common with wh- questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question. In many descriptions of English, the following intonation patterns are distinguished: Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice rises over time. Falling Intonation means th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Dipping or Fall-rise Intonation falls and then rises. Peaking or Rise-fall Intonation rises and then falls.It is also common to trace the pitch of a phrase with a line above the phrase, adjacent to the phrase, or even through (overstriking) the phrase. Such usage is not supported by Unicode as of 2015, but the symbols ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
All vocal languages use pitch pragmatically in intonation—for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use intonation in addition to using pitch for distinguishing words. Many writers have attempted to produce a list of distinct functions of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Lee, who proposed ten. J.C. Wells and E. Couper-Kuhlen both put forward six functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Wells's list is given below; the examples are not his: attitudinal function (for expressing emotions and attitudes)example: a fall from a high pitch on the 'mor' syllable of "good morning" suggests more excitement than a fall from a low pitchgrammatical function (to identify grammatical structure)example: it is claimed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
", while I ↘saw a man in the garden answers "Did you hear a man in the garden? "discourse function (to show how clauses and sentences go together in spoken discourse)example: subordinate clauses often have lower pitch, faster tempo and narrower pitch range than their main clause, as in the case of the material in paren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The description of English intonation has developed along different lines in the US and in Britain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
British descriptions of English intonation can be traced back to the 16th century. Early in the 20th century the dominant approach in the description of English and French intonation was based on a small number of basic "tunes" associated with intonation units: in a typical description, Tune 1 is falling, with final fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The nucleus may be preceded by a head containing stressed syllables preceding the nucleus, and a tail consisting of syllables following the nucleus within the tone unit. Unstressed syllables preceding the head (if present) or nucleus (if there is no head) constitute a pre-head. This approach was further developed by Ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
This "Standard British" treatment of intonation in its present-day form is explained in detail by Wells and in a simplified version by Roach. Halliday saw the functions of intonation as depending on choices in three main variables: Tonality (division of speech into intonation units), Tonicity (the placement of the toni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
A typical example would be: We ˌlooked at the ↗sky | and ˈsaw the ↘cloudsIn this example, the | mark indicates a division between intonation units. An influential development in British studies of intonation has been Discourse Intonation, an offshoot of Discourse Analysis first put forward by David Brazil. This approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The dominant framework used for American English from the 1940s to the 1990s was based on the idea of pitch phonemes, or tonemes. In the work of Trager and Smith there are four contrastive levels of pitch: low (1), middle (2), high (3), and very high (4). (The important work of Kenneth Pike on the same subject had the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Some generalizations using this formalism are given below. The American linguist Dwight Bolinger carried on a long campaign to argue that pitch contours were more important in the study of intonation than individual pitch levels. Normal conversation is usually at middle or high pitch; low pitch occurs at the end of utt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Very high pitch is for strong emotion or emphasis. Pitch can indicate attitude: for example, Great uttered in isolation can indicate weak emotion (with pitch starting medium and dropping to low), enthusiasm (with pitch starting very high and ending low), or sarcasm (with pitch starting and remaining low). Declarative s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
If the last syllable is prominent the final decline in pitch is a glide. For example, in This is fun, this is is at pitch 2, and fun starts at level 3 and glides down to level 1. But if the last prominent syllable is not the last syllable of the utterance, the pitch fall-off is a step. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
For example, in That can be frustrating, That can be has pitch 2, frus- has level 3, and both syllables of -trating have pitch 1. Wh-questions work the same way, as in Who (2) will (2) help (3↘1)? and Who (2) did (3) it (1)?. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
But if something is left unsaid, the final pitch level 1 is replaced by pitch 2. Thus in John's (2) sick (3↘2) ..., with the speaker indicating more to come, John's has pitch 2 while sick starts at pitch 3 and drops only to pitch 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Yes–no questions with a 2↗3 intonation pattern usually have subject-verb inversion, as in Have (2) you (2) got (2) a (2) minute (3, 3)? (Here a 2↗4 contour would show more emotion, while a 1↗2 contour would show uncertainty.) Another example is Has (2) the (2) plane (3) left (3) already (3, 3, 3)?, which, depending on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
or Has (2) the (2) plane (2) left (2) already (2, 3, 3)? And for example the latter question could also be framed without subject-verb inversion but with the same pitch contour: The (2) plane (2) has (2) left (2) already (2, 3, 3)? Tag questions with declarative intent at the end of a declarative statement follow a 3↘1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
But tag questions exhibiting uncertainty, which are interrogatory in nature, have the usual 2↗3 contour, as in We (2) should (2) visit (3, 1) him (1), shouldn't (3, 3) we (3)? Questions with or can be ambiguous in English writing with regard to whether they are either-or questions or yes–no questions. But intonation in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
For example, Would (2) you (2) like (2) juice (3) or (2) soda (3, 1)? emphasizes juice and soda separately and equally, and ends with a decline in pitch, thus indicating that this is not a yes–no question but rather a choice question equivalent to Which would you like: juice or soda? In contrast, Would (2) you (2) like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
has yes–no intonation and thus is equivalent to Would you like something to drink (such as juice or soda)?Thus the two basic sentence pitch contours are rising-falling and rising. However, other within-sentence rises and falls result from the placement of prominence on the stressed syllables of certain words. For decla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
A more recent approach to the analysis of intonation grew out of the research of Janet Pierrehumbert and developed into the system most widely known by the name of ToBI (short for "Tones and Break Indices"). The approach is sometimes referred to as autosegmental. The most important points of this system are the followi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
In addition to the two tones mentioned above, the phonological system includes "break indices" used to mark the boundaries between prosodic elements. Breaks may be of different levels. Tones are linked to stressed syllables: an asterisk is used to indicate a tone that must be aligned with a stressed syllable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
In addition, there are phrasal accents which signal the pitch at the end of an intermediate phrase (e.g. H− and L−), and boundary tones at full phrase boundaries (e.g. H% and L%). A full ToBI transcription includes not only the above phonological elements, but also the acoustic signal on which the transcription is base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
French intonation differs substantially from that of English. There are four primary patterns. The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase). The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement. The y... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The most distinctive feature of French intonation is the continuation pattern. While many languages, such as English and Spanish, place stress on a particular syllable of each word, and while many speakers of languages such as English may accompany this stress with a rising intonation, French has neither stress nor dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
For example (as before the pitch change arrows ↘ and ↗ apply to the syllable immediately following the arrow): Hier ↗soir, il m'a off↗ert une ciga↘rette. (The English equivalent would be "Last ↗evening, he ↗offered me a ciga↘rette (BrE) / ↘cigarette (AmE)). Le lendemain ma↗tin, après avoir changé le pansement du ma↗lad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
As can be seen in the example sentences above, a sharp fall in pitch is placed on the last syllable of a declarative statement. The preceding syllables of the final rhythm group are at a relatively high pitch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Most commonly in informal speech, a yes/no question is indicated by a sharply rising pitch alone, without any change or rearrangement of words. For example Il est ↗riche?A form found in both spoken and written French is the Est-ce que ... ("Is it that ...") construction, in which the spoken question can end in either a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Information questions begin with a question word such as qui, pourquoi, combien, etc., referred to in linguistics as interrogatives. The question word may be followed in French by est-ce que (as in English "(where) is it that ...") or est-ce qui, or by inversion of the subject-verb order (as in "where goes he?"). The s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
For example: ↗Où ↘part-il ? OR ↗Où ↘part-↗il ? ↗Où ↘est-ce qu'il part ? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
OR ↗Où ↘est-ce qu'il ↗part ? OR Où ↗est-ce qu'il ↗part ? ↗Com↘bien ça vaut ? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
OR ↗Com↘bien ça ↗vaut ?In both cases, the question both begins and ends at higher pitches than does a declarative sentence. In informal speech, the question word is sometimes put at the end of the sentence. In this case, the question ends at a high pitch, often with a slight rise on the high final syllable. The questio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language so pitch contours within a word distinguish the word from other words with the same vowels and consonants. Nevertheless, Mandarin also has intonation patterns that indicate the nature of the sentence as a whole. There are four basic sentence types having distinctive intonation: decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
A-not-A questions go from 6 to 9 to 2 to 1. Yes–no ma questions go from 6 to 9 to 4 to 5. Unmarked questions go from 6 to 9 to 4 to 6.Thus, questions are begun with a higher pitch than are declarative sentences; pitch rises and then falls in all sentences; and in yes–no questions and unmarked questions pitch rises at t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Because Mandarin distinguishes words on the basis of within-syllable tones, these tones create fluctuations of pitch around the sentence patterns indicated above. Thus, sentence patterns can be thought of as bands whose pitch varies over the course of the sentence, and changes of syllable pitch cause fluctuations withi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Intonation in Punjabi has always been an area of discussion and experimentation. There are different studies that explain intonation in Punjabi, according to their respective theories and models. Chander Shekhar Singh carried forward a description of the experimental phonetics and phonology of Punjabi intonation based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The first experiment (at the horizontal level) is conducted to investigate three utterance types: declarative, imperative, and interrogative. In his second experiment, the investigation of sentences is conducted to view intonation but in vertical sense. 'Vertical' here means a comparative analysis of intonations of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Cruttenden points out the extreme difficulty of making meaningful comparisons among the intonation systems of different languages, the difficulty being compounded by the lack of an agreed descriptive framework.Falling intonation is said to be used at the end of questions in some languages, including Hawaiian, Fijian, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The corpus and notation system can be downloaded from the project's website. Following on this work is a paper explaining that the dialects of British and Irish English vary substantially.A project to bring together descriptions of the intonation of twenty different languages, ideally using a unified descriptive framew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Those with congenital amusia show impaired ability to discriminate, identify and imitate the intonation of the final words in sentences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
The cultural mulatto is a concept introduced by Trey Ellis in his 1989 essay "The New Black Aesthetic". While the term "mulatto" typically refers to a person of mixed black and white ancestry, a cultural mulatto is defined by Ellis as a black person who is highly educated and usually a part of the middle or upper-middl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_mulatto |
Ellis writes: "Just as a genetic mulatto is a black person of mixed parents who can often get along fine with his white grandparents, a cultural mulatto, educated by a multi-racial mix of cultures, can also navigate easily in the white world" (235). Cultural mulattoes are skillful code-switchers (alternating between mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_mulatto |
Examples of cultural mulattoes offered by Ellis include: Bill Cosby's daughters Barack Obama Lisa Jones, Yale alumna and founder of Rodeo Caldonia (a performance art group for black women) Kellie Jones, Visual Arts Director of the Jamaica (Queens) Arts Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_mulatto |
In many legal jurisdictions, the manner of death is a determination, typically made by the coroner, medical examiner, police, or similar officials, and recorded as a vital statistic. Within the United States and the United Kingdom, a distinction is made between the cause of death, which is a specific disease or injury,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
A death by natural causes results from an illness and its complications or an internal malfunction of the body not directly caused by external forces, other than infectious disease. For example, a person dying from complications from pneumonia, diarrheal disease or HIV/AIDS (infections), cancer, stroke or heart disease... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
An unnatural death results from an external cause, typically including homicides, suicides, accidents, medical errors, alcohol intoxications and drug overdoses. Jurisdictions differ in how they categorize and report unnatural deaths, including level of detail and whether they are considered a single category with subca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
"Mechanism of death" is sometimes used to refer to the proximate cause of death, which might differ from the cause that is used to classify the manner of death. For example, the proximate cause or mechanism of death might be brain ischemia (lack of blood flow to the brain), caused by a malignant neoplasm (cancer), in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
In the United States, a manner of death is expressed as belonging to one classification of a group of six possible: Natural Accident Suicide Homicide Undetermined PendingIn some jurisdictions, some more detailed manners may be reported in numbers broken out from the main four or five. For example: Legal intervention (e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
In the United Kingdom, when people die, either a doctor writes an acceptable natural cause of death medical certificate, or a coroner (procurator fiscal in Scotland) investigates the case. Coroners are independent judicial officers who investigate deaths reported to them, and subsequently whatever inquiries are necessa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
Some jurisdictions place deaths in absentia, such as deaths at sea and missing persons declared dead in a court of law, in the "Undetermined" category on the grounds that due to the fact-finder's lack of ability to examine the body, the examiner has no personal knowledge of the manner of (assumed) death; others classif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
A death ruled as homicide or unlawful killing is typically referred to police or prosecutor or equivalent official for investigation and criminal charges if warranted. Deaths caused by capital punishment, though homicides, are generally assumed to be lawful and are not prosecuted. Most deaths due to war are not prosecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death |
The Strong Heart Study is an ongoing cohort study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors among American Indian men and women. The original cohort began in 1984 with 4,549 participants ages 35–74 from 13 tribal nations and communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The need for speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Community members were involved in all stages of conception, design, and implementation of the research. Now in its seventh phase, the extensive research has led to many important findings about heart disease and unique risk factors in native populations. It is a project funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Prior to 1980, Indian Health Service (IHS) data showed low mortality rates from CVD. After 1980, CVD became the leading cause of death in American Indians. However, the Secretary of Health and Human Service's Task Force on Black and Minority Health determined that information on cardiovascular disease in American India... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Phase I of the study was conducted among adult tribal members from 1984 to 1988 and consisted of three parts: a mortality survey to estimate cardiovascular disease mortality rates, a morbidity survey to estimate incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke, and a comprehensive clinical examination of 4,549 tribal memb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Phase II continued the mortality and morbidity surveillance into 1988 to 1994 but added comparative analysis among the three centers. It repeated and expanded the clinical examination from Phase I, in order to monitor changes in risk factor prevalence over time and expand incidence rates beyond CVD to include hypertens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
In 1997, Phase III launched the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) with 900 first-degree relatives and grandchildren of members of the original cohort. The SHFS participants provided clinical examinations matching earlier phases, as well as DNA samples for genome-wide linkage analysis of cardiovascular disease biomarkers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Phase IV expanded the SHFS, bringing the total number of participants to 3,776 and continuing the ongoing morbidity and mortality surveillance of the original cohort. At the end of Phase V, a community withdrew their consent to participate, reducing the total number of tribal nations represented in Phase VI from 13 to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
The Strong Heart Study was the first research funded by the NHLBI focusing on specific ethnic groups in rural communities. The 13 American Indian communities were involved in partnership with investigators in all aspects of the study design to ensure the recruitment of participants and conduct of examinations was cultu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
The study is a longitudinal observational study. In its initial stages, it included three components: The first was a community mortality study to determine CVD mortality rates from 1984 to 1994 among tribal members aged 35–74 years of age residing in the three study areas. The second was the clinical examination of 4,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Due to the importance of genetics in the occurrence of CVD, the SHS expanded genetic research in later phases. Phase III launched a pilot study which recruited approximately 30 families consisting of more than 900 family members. The pilot SHFS expanded into a fullblown SHFS conducted in Phase IV to investigate the her... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
The study found the incidence of CVD to be increasing among American Indians. The study confirmed that similar to the general population, the key risk factors for heart disease are type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking. The research shows that for American Indian populations, type 2 diabet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
In young adults, diabetes and prediabetes was found to be independently associated with early adverse effects of heart structure and function. The study also examined environmental exposure to toxic metals and CVD. It found that arsenic and cadmium exposures are prospectively associated with higher cardiovascular risk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
Findings from the SHS have led to risk calculators for American Indians to estimate personal risk of developing coronary heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_Heart_Study |
No Secrets, also known coequally as Adult Safeguarding, was a UK Government publication from the Department of Health which provided guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect adults deemed "at risk" from harm and/or abuse. Its full title was "No secrets: guidance on develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
The No Secrets (England) and In Safe Hands (Wales) documents were issued as guidance in 2000, under section 7 of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970. Section 7 guidance does not carry the same status as legislation; instead local authorities have their compliance assessed as part of a statutory inspection proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
There is no current national guidance or minimal standards relating to the training of social workers in the UK who investigate Adult Protection / Adult Safeguarding matters. However, in 2011, Keele University developed a master's degree in Adult Safeguarding. The MA in Safeguarding Adults: Law, Policy and Practice is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
A similar such course of study is provided by the Ulster University, in partnership with the Health and Social Care Trusts in Northern Ireland. The course is provided at Master's level. There are four modules available regarding various aspects of Social Work practice when safeguarding adults who are at risk of harm. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
The Cornwall Adult protection committee serious case review into Mr Hoskins death referred to No Secrets.The main reason for these and other failings (Stafford Hospital scandal, Margaret Panting, are the fact that these are the only government documents addressing the development of multi-disciplinary structures for ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
The majority of elder abuse occurs within the community, and specifically within people’s own homes and is often perpetrated by family members and relatives. In legislative terms however the primary thrust of government protective policy has focused upon the much smaller number of people in receipt of social care, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
The guidance has been effective in facilitating the creation of some form of adult protection system in all local authority areas, it has failed to deliver on a number of important issues, e.g.there is a lack of consistency and equality across areas in terms of the construction and level of adult protection systems pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
Another criticism is personalisation -empowering people’s choice and control over care through the provision of direct payments or individual budgets – no effective safeguards being pre-planned or proposed -by accepting a personalisation package someone loses the automatic safeguards of the Care Standards Act 2000 and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
On 1 April 2015 the 'No Secrets' guidance document was repealed by the Care Act 2014. This act contains replacement and mandatory requirements specifically around adult safeguarding and guidance now issued has statutory force and effect. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Secrets_(adult_protection) |
A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors" or "private military contractors". The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically simila... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
However, contractors that use armed force in a warzone may be considered unlawful combatants in reference to a concept that is outlined in the Geneva Conventions and explicitly stated by the 2006 American Military Commissions Act.The services of private contractors are used around the world. P. W. Singer, the author of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Singer noted that in the 1990s, there were 50 military personnel for every contractor and that the ratio is now 10 to 1. He also pointed out that the contractors have a number of duties, depending on who hires them. In developing countries that have natural resources, such as oil refineries in Iraq, they are hired to g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
They are hired also to guard companies that contract services and reconstruction efforts such as General Electric. Apart from securing companies, they secure officials and government affiliates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Private military companies carry out many missions and jobs. Some examples have included close protection for Afghan President Hamid Karzai and piloting reconnaissance airplanes and helicopters as a part of Plan Colombia. According to a 2003 study, the industry was then earning over $100 billion a year.According to a 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Modern PMCs trace their origins back to a group of ex-SAS veterans in 1965 who, under the leadership of the founder of the SAS, David Stirling and John Woodhouse, founded WatchGuard International (formerly with offices in Sloane Street before moving to South Audley Street in Mayfair) as a private company that could be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Stirling also organised deals to sell weapons and military personnel to other countries for various privatised foreign policy operations. Contracts were mainly with the Gulf States and involved weapons supply and training. The company was also linked with a failed attempt to overthrow Colonel Muammar Gaddafi from power... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
In 1989 United Nations Mercenary Convention banning the use of mercenaries was initiated and it entered into force on 20 October 2001. As of August 2021, the convention had been ratified by 37 states, and signed but not ratified by 9 states. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Dramatic growth in the number and size of PMCs occurred at the end of the Cold War. The exodus of over 6 million military personnel from Western militaries in the 1990s expanded the recruiting pool for PMCs. Some of the larger corporations were: Vinnell and Military Professional Resources Inc. in the United States; G4S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
Units that were allegedly severely affected included the British Special Air Service, the US Special Operations Forces and the Canadian Joint Task Force 2.The Center for Public Integrity reported that since 1994, the Defense Department entered into 3,601 contracts worth $300 billion with twelve U.S.-based PMCs, specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_military_company |
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